LESSON ONE

Text: A Glimpse of London.

Grammar: The Verb. There + to be. Word Order. Questions. Subject-verb agreement.
The Noun: Number and Case. The Pronoun: Indefinite Pronouns.
Imperatives: Requests, Warnings, Instructions, Prohibition. Reported
Speech. The Article.

A GLIMPSE OF LONDON
London is the capital of Great Britain. 1 The full name of the country is the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland2. London is one of the largest cities in the world. It is
situated on both sides of the Thames. There are fourteen bridges across the river.
In fact there are several Londons3, as its different areas seem like different cities. There is the
ancient City4, the oldest part of London, which includes the place of the original Roman town
once London used to be. There are no dwelling houses in the City, only large office buildings.
The City is the country’s financial and business centre. The Stock Exchange 5, the Royal
Exchange6, and the Bank of England7 are all there. As the City is one of the major banking
centres of the world, there are a lot of banks of many nations in Threadneedle Street and
surrounding area. In Leadenhall Street is Lloyds, the most famous insurance company in the
world. London’s new financial and commercial center is the Docklands area to the East of the
City, dominated by the Canary Wharf complex. Fleet Street still stands for “the press”, but in
fact most newspaper offices have moved to other areas of London. Although hundreds of
thousands of people work in these offices during the day, the City is almost deserted at night.
Only about eight thousand live within a square mile. There is no traffic and very few people.
There are some historic buildings in the City. St. Paul’s Cathedral and the Tower of London
are the most famous of them.
Westminster is a part of London connected with royalty and government. It contains several
important buildings including the Houses of Parliament8, Whitehall9, Downing Street10 and
Buckingham Palace11. They are all in the West End. Whitehall, used as a name for the
government, is the heart of the government of Great Britain.
During the day the whole London is busy. At night, offices are quiet and empty, but the West
End stays alive. Its name is associated with glamour and bright lights as there are a lot of
famous shops and hotels, theatres and cinemas, museums and picture galleries, long streets of
fine shops and many big houses. There are beautiful parks there, too.
If the City is the “money” of London, and the West End is the “goods” 12 of London, then the
East End is the “hands” of London. The East End is the area closest to the original Port of
London. The East End grew with the spread of industries to the East of the City, and the
growth of the port of London. It covers a wide area. Down the river there are many wharfs and
warehouses. It is a district of docks, factories, poor little houses and narrow streets. Housing

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conditions in this part of London are very bad. Lots of old houses have no modern
conveniences. They are damp, dirty and dark. The East End is unattractive in appearance, but
very important to the country’s commerce. In fact, it is the district where mostly working
people live. The East End is one of those areas of London, where people from abroad have
come to find work. Some brought new skills and started new industries. The East End is
especially famous as the centre of the clothing industry in London. The East End markets are
famous throughout the world. Every large city has many faces, and London is one of them.

NOTES
1. Great Britain: Велика Британія. Though Britain, or Great Britain, is often used as a name
for the country as a whole, it is, in fact, the name of the larger of the British Isles, and
comprises England, Wales, and Scotland. The other big island, which lies to the West of Great
Britain, is Ireland comprising Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
2. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Oб’єднaне Королівство
Великої Британії та Північної Ірландії. This is the country’s full official name since 1921
when the Irish Republic became independent. The following shorter names are also correct: the
United Kingdom (informally the UK, Great Britain, and Britain.)
3. London stands for: the City of London (ділова частина міста); the county of London –
графство Лондон; and Greater London (London with its suburbs) – Великий Лондон (місто
з передмістями).
4. The City: Сiтi. The City, the oldest part of London, has an area of just over one square
mile, and many centuries ago, there was a wall around the City with gates in it. Used
figuratively, the City stands for the country’s commercial circles, and is often called
“London’s square mile of money”.
5. The Stock Exchange: Лондонська фондова бiржа. It is the place where professional
brokers buy and sell stocks, bonds and other securities of the big commercial firms. The Stock
Exchange is an important part of the financial machinery of the country.
6. The Royal Exchange: Королiвська бiржа. At one time the building was used as a meeting
place for the City merchants. Now it is no longer used commercially, the building houses the
offices of several insurance companies.
7. The Bank of England: Англійський державний банк. The central bank of the United
Kingdom acts as banker to the government and the commercial banks. It is responsible for
managing the government’s debt and implementing its policy on other monetary matters:
established in 1694, nationalized in 1946; in 1997 the government restored the authority to set
interest rates to the Bank. The Bank of England is in Threadneedle Street. The Bank’s other
name is “The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street”. Old Lady refers to its traditional conservatism
in financial matters. The name of the street comes from “to thread a needle” – вдіти нитку в
голку. In olden times it was a tailors’ street.
8. The proper name for the Houses of Parliament is the Palace of Westminster. The building

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of the Palace of Westminster is the seat of the British Parliament. The British Parliament has
two Houses (Chambers): the House of Lords (палата лордів) and the House of Commons
(палата общин). Used figuratively, Westminster stands for the British Parliament.
9. Whitehall: Уайтхол. It is the street where all most important offices of the Government are
situated: the Home Office – Міністерство внутрішніх справ; the Treasury – Скарбниця,
Мiнiстерство фінансів; the Ministry of Defense – Мiнiстерство оборони, etc. Whitehall is
synonymous with the British Government (its offices, or policy).
10. Downing Street: Даунінг-Стріт. This small street off Whitehall contains the Foreign
and Commonwealth Office (Мiнiстерство закордонних справ та у справах
Співдружності), and №10 is the official London residence of the Prime Minister. Thus,
Downing Street may stand for the British Government, Prime Minister, or Foreign Office.
11. Buckingham Palace: the official Residence of the Queen was built in the 18th century.
12. goods: тут – вітрина, де все виставлено для огляду.

VOCABULARY
across prep – через; по інший бік (чогось). e.g. The post office is across the street. Вжив.,
коли йдеться про рух з одного боку площини до іншого. e.g. They walked across the road. –
Вони перейшли дорогу. There is a bridge across the river. – Через річку є міст. Syn.
through prep – через, крізь, вжив., коли йдеться про рух у трьохвимірному просторі. e.g.
They walked through the forest. – Вони йшли крізь/через ліс. Syn. over prep – над, вжив.,
коли йдеться про рух над чимось. e.g. The plane was flying over the sea. – Літак пролітав
над морем.
differ v – відрізнятися, різнитися; відрізняти. e.g. The new Kyiv differs greatly from the
old Kyiv. She differs from her sister in the colour of her eyes. – У її сестри інший колір
очей./Вона відрізняється від сестри кольором очей. Tastes differ. – Про смаки не
сперечаються.
difference n – відмінність, різниця; несхожість. Означає сам факт несхожості одного
об’єкту з іншим, але не уточнює, у чому ця різниця. There is no (little, some, a wide,
big/major/important/significant, small/minor etc) difference between them; a difference in
living conditions (colour, temperature, meaning, etc). e.g. Calculate the difference between the
amount you started with and what you have left. Syn. distinction n – різниця, відмінність,
розбіжність; характерна ознака, особливість, відмінна риса. Вказує на ясність та
очевидність тієї риси, яка робить об’єкти несхожими. e.g. He saw no distinction between
them.
different adj – 1. несхожий, відмінний, інший. The street has a different name now.
basically/entirely/completely/totally different – зовсім інший/несхожий, slightly different
– незначний/неяскраво виражений. e.g. The place looks completely different now. The
absolute size of population gains and losses gives a slightly different picture of regional
changes. – Дійсний показник доходів та збитків населення дає дещо іншу картину
регіональних змін. Phr. be different from smb/smth – відрізнятися від когось/чогось. e.g.

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Our daughters are very different from each other. 2. різний, усілякий, різноманітний, усякий:
different people (things, goods, places, questions, problems, etc). There are many different
types of cloth. Syn. various adj – різний, різноманітний; різносторонній, різнобічний.
Вжив. у функції означення зі злічуваними іменниками у множині. e.g. You must do
various exercises on that rule. – Ви повинні робити різні вправи на це правило.
empty a – 1. порожній, пустий; незаповнений: an empty bag (room, bus, seat, etc). e.g. The
fuel tank’s almost empty. An empty room – кімната, в якій немає людей, a bare/naked
room – кімната, у якій немає меблів, a vacant room – вільна, ніким не зайнята кімната.
e.g. The room seemed quite bare. – Кімната здавалася досить порожньою. I came into the
room and saw that it was empty. – Я увійшов до кімнати і побачив, що вона порожня (там
нікого не має). The teacher asked us to look for a vacant room in which we could have a
consultation. – Учитель попросив нас знайти вільну кімнату, де б ми змогли провести
консультацію.2. легковажний, несерйозний, беззмістовний, пустопорожній: an empty
promise (talk, etc). e.g. Unfortunately, his repeated promises to pay the money back were just
empty words.
famous аdj – відомий, славетний,уславлений: a famous writer (name, picture, monument,
etc). e.g. Many famous people have stayed in this hotel since it was built. Syn. well-known adj
– відомий, популярний, добре відомий багатьом людям, e.g. He was a well-known person
in our town. – Він був добре відомою особою в нашому місті. Syn. Notorious (neg.) adj –
горезвісний, сумнозвісний, що користується лихою славою. e.g. He was a notorious
criminal in London’s suburbs. – Він був кримінальним авторитетом, що користувався
лихою славою в передмістях Лондону. Phr. be famous/well-known/ notorious for
smb/smth – славитися, бути відомим кимось/чимось. e.g. What famous English writers of
the XIX century do you know? France is famous for its wine.
full adj – 1. повний (заповнений вщент). e.g. The bus is completely full. Don’t talk with your
mouth full. Phr. half-full/three-quarters full etc – наполовину/три чверті повний. e.g.
McAllister filled his glass until it was three-quarters full. 2. наповнений, заповнений
(кимось/чимось.): be full of people (books, buses, ideas, light, etc). e.g. Life’s full of
surprises, isn’t it? 3. повний, нескорочений: a full name (answer, text, story etc). e.g. I don’t
think he’s telling us the full story 4. повний, вичерпний: a full account of smth. e.g. The
charity helps disabled children reach their full potential. 5. багатий: a lake full of fish. e.g.
The music papers were full of gossip about this band.
government n уряд; держава. e.g. Kyiv is the seat of the Ukrainian Government. Neither
party had the majority necessary to form a government.
modern аdj – сучасний, новий: a modern author (museum, style, dress, industry, model, etc);
modern history (literature, art, architecture, etc). Syn. contemporary. e.g. Smaller families are
a feature of modern society. Computers are an essential part of modern life.
nation n – держава, країна, нація. e.g. Japan has become one of the richest nations in the
world. The President’s speech to the nation lasted about ten minutes.
population n – населення, мешканці, жителі. e.g. Several European countries now have
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declining populations. Most of the world’s population don’t get enough to eat.
quiet adj – тихий, спокійний: a quiet place (street, sea, day, night, child, person; voice, etc).
Вказує на відсутність шуму, галасу, звуків. e.g. I know a quiet place in the mountings. The
child is very quiet, maybe he is ill. – Дитина дуже спокійна, можливо, вона нездорова.
Phr. be quiet – мовчати. Syn. still adj – спокійний, нерухомий; тихий, безшумний,
безмовний. Підкреслює повну нерухомість, або тишу. Phr. keep still – не рухатися. e.g.
Sit still. I am going to take your photo. – Сиди і не рухайся. Я фотографуватиму тебе.
Keep still while I tie your bow. Syn. calm adj – спокійний, тихий у значенні несердитий, не
розгніваний. e.g. Everyone praised David for the calm way in which he handled the situation.
He tried to behave calm for everybody not to be worried. – Він намагався поводитися
спокійно, щоб нікого не потурбувати.

WORD COMBINATIONS
be situated – бути розташованим, знаходитись;
in fact – фактично, дійсно, насправді;
picture gallery – картинна галерея;
housing conditions – житлові умови;
modern conveniences – сучасні зручності (газ, водопровід, телефон, центральне
опалення).

EXERCISES
COMPREHENSION
Exercise 1. Answer the following questions in small groups.
1. Where is Great Britain situated? What is the country’s full name? 2. What is the capital of
Great Britain? How big is London? What is its population? Where is London situated? How
many bridges are there across the Thames? 3. What is the oldest part of London? How
important is the City in the life of the country? What is it like during the day? Why is it quiet
and empty at night? 4. What other parts of London are there? 5. What is the West End famous
for? 6. Where are the Government offices situated? What is in Downing Street? 7. Why is the
City the “money” of London and the West End the “goods” of London? 8. What kind of
district is the East End? Why is it the “hands” of London? What arе the housing conditions in
that part of London? What are the houses of the working people like? 9. Why is London the
city of contrasts? 10. Why does London have many faces? Explain the Dr. Samuel Jonson’s
words: “A man who is tired of London is tired of life”.

Exercise 2. Look through the text and notes once again, and explain:
1) the difference between:
(a) the British Isles, Great Britain, Britain, the United Kingdom, and England.
(b) London and Greater London;
2) what each of the following stands for:

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 (а) the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street, London’s square mile of money.
(b) the “money”, the “goods”, the “hands”, the “lungs” of London.
3) the literal and figurative meanings of: the City, Westminster, Whitehall, Downing Street.

Exercise 3. Find in the text the English for:

повна назва; житлові будинки; адміністративні споруди; фінансовий та діловий центр;
район доків та фабрик; головні банківські центри; більшість газетних офісів; пов’язаний
з королівською родиною та урядом; що асоціюється з розкішшю та яскравими вогнями.

KEY STRUCTURES AND WORD STUDY

Exercise 4. Make up groups of three words associated in meaning or area of usage and
explain your choice.
river district home house metropolis region
country lake capital area sea part
city state residence county nation room

Exercise 5. In (A) find words in the text opposite in meaning to the following. In (B)
replace the words in bold type by their opposites. Make all necessary changes. Translate
the sentences into Ukrainian.
(A) small, modern, many, noisy, full, short, ugly, rich, big, wide, good, dry, clean, light.
(B) 1. The bottle is less than half full. 2. Turn down the radio, please. It’s too loud. 3. The area
is rich in minerals. 4. The weather was damp and cold. 5. The sun was up. It was light. 6. The
bag was full and very heavy. 7. Every time he tells the same story. 8. The girl wants a shorter
dress. 9. Old cities usually have narrow streets. 10. The film is too long. 11. That’s a bad joke!
12. The country has a dry climate. 13. She likes this sort of heavy humour. 14. My friend lives
in a noisy street. 15. The traffic is not so heavy in the morning as in the afternoon.

Exercise 6. Compare the meanings of the words in bold type.

(i) This is a new building; (ii) This is a modern building. 2. (i) The painter was a big man. (ii)
The painter was a great man. 3. (i) He is a new writer. (ii) He is a modern writer. 4, (i) It was a
damp day. (ii) It was a wet day. 5. (i) This is fine silk. (ii) This is beautiful silk. 6. (i) The girl
was quiet. (ii) The girl was silent.

Exercise 7. In the following pairs of sentences, bring out the difference in meaning
between the words in bold type through suggesting other word combinations, giving
situations, paraphrasing, or translating.
1. (i) There’s heavy traffic in the dock area, (ii) He speaks with а heavy accent. 2. (i) These
are all empty boxes. (ii) These are all empty words. 3. (i) It was a dark morning. (ii) It was a
dark secret. 4. (i) There is a wide avenue across the city. (ii) There is a wide difference

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between these two ideas. 5. (i) It was a quiet colour. (ii) He was a quiet child. 6. (i) Long hair
is no longer fashionable. (ii) Her sister was ill for a long time. 7. (i) This is a big place you
have here. (ii) “Love” is a big word. 8. (i) The bag is light. (ii) The colour is light. 9. (i) This is
dry wood. (ii) This is a dry subject. 10. (i) The tree is still green. (ii) The boy is still green. 11.
(i) The house is damp. (ii) The climate is damp. 12. (i) It is a fine morning. (ii) This is a fine
museum.

Exercise 8. The words below are names of parts of the body. Complete the sentences by
one of the words (used as a noun) and translate them into Ukrainian.
Ear, heart (2), hand, face, eye, head, foot, mouth, body
1. There was a small house in the ______ of the forest. 2. We were tired to get to the ______ of
the matter. 3. This year the camp is situated at the ______ of the hill. 4. The painter is very
famous. He has a wonderful ______ for colour. 5. The boy has a very good ______ for foreign
languages. 6. They have some very nice watches in that shop, quite modern, too, with square
______ and three ______, one for the hours, another for the minutes, and still another for the
seconds. 7. Father's seat was at the ______ of the table. 8. A legislative ______ is a group of
persons who make laws. 9. London lies in the ______ of the Thames.

Exercise 9. Choose the correct word.

1. They drove home (across/through/over) the darkness. 2. She was watching him
(across/through/over) the rim of her cup. 3. He stared at the houses (across/through/over) the
street. 4. You must make a (difference/distinction) between travellers and tourists. 5. It makes
no (difference/distinction) whether he is a citizen or not. 6. There is an essential (difference/
distinction) between computers and humans. 7. California is (famous/well-known/notorious)
for raisins. 8. The area was (famous/well-known/notorious) for murders. 9. It is a (famous/
well-known/notorious) fact, that smoking can cause lung cancer. 10. It was very
(quiet/still/calm) there, you could hear the wind moving the trees. 11. Around them the forest
was very (quiet/still/calm). 12. The streets are (quiet/still/calm) after last night’s disturbances.
13. I think (history/historic/historical) novels are my favourite literary genre. 14. He reads
(history/historic/historical) at university. 15. St. Sophia Cathedral is an impressive (history/
historic/historical) monument. 16. Man walking on the Moon was a (history/historic/
historical) event. 17. Where’s the (history/historic/historical) museum? 18. Romeo and Juliet
is an important (history/historic/historical) play by Shakespeare.

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences. Note the pattern.

hundred hundreds
five thousand workers thousands of workers
million millions
1. У 2050 році населення Землі буде понад 9,2 мільярди. 2. Щорічно сотні киян купують
квартири у нових районах міста. 3. У Великому Лондоні більше десяти мільйонів
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жителів. 4. У суботу та неділю Лондон порожніє. Сотні лондонців виїжджають за місто.
5. Вдень вулиці будь-якої столиці світу заповнені тисячами машин. 6. В Угорщині одне
велике озеро. Це – Балатон. А у Фінляндії десятки великих та сотні малих озер.

Exercise 11. Answer the following questions, using “both” and “all” according to the
model.
Model 1. Which of these two exercises is difficult?
(a) They are both difficult.
(b) Both of them are difficult.
Model 2. Where are the government offices in London?
(a) They are all in Whitehall.
(b) All of them are in Whitehall.
(A) 1. Which of his brothers is a worker? 2. Are the students in your group English? 3. Where
are your French books? 4. Are these two stamps German? 5. What are your parents? 6. Where
are the children? 7. Are rooms 30 and 32 on the left-hand side of the corridor?
(B) 1. What cities are Kyiv and Lviv? 2. Where are the theatres situated in London? 3. Are the
Stock Exchange, the Royal Exchange and the Bank of England in the City? 4. Are Cambridge
and Oxford University towns?

Exercise 12. Fill in the blanks with “it” or “there” according to the sense.
1. 1. The Lake District in England is called so, because ____ are really a lot of lakes there.
____ is a very beautiful part of the country. At the beginning of the 19th century ____ was a
group of poets who lived in this district. They were known as Lake Poets.
2. Prince Edward Island is the smallest province in Canada, both in territory and population. In
fact, ____ is like one large, well-kept farm. ____ is no place more than a few miles from the
coast. ____ is a very quiet island. ____ is almost like being in another world. ____ is no heavy
industry on the island. Its main industry is agriculture. Yet ____ is a historical place for ____ is
the birthplace of Canada.

Exercise 13. Add the correct form of “there is”, or “it is” to the following.
1. ______ a beautiful cathedral in this place before the war. 2. ______ a short way from here to
the station? 3. ______ a shorter way to the station if you are in a hurry. 4. ______ a pity that
you won’t be at the party. 5. ______ a woman standing here a minute ago. 6. ______ a fact that
he is a clever man. 7. ______ no time for tea if we are in a hurry. 8. ______ time to go to bed.
9. ______ no place like home. 10. ______ a problem to get to Oxford from London? ______
no problem at all. You can get there either by boat or by bus. 11. ______ one empty seat in the
plane when I arrived. 12. ______ a beautiful park here in a couple of years. 13. Don't you think
______ time for another cigarette? 14. ______ a place I know where you can have good coffee.
15. ______ a crossing here?

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Exercise 14. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs. Retell the passages.
(A) 1. The full name ____ Great Britain is the United Kingdom ____ Great Britain and
Northern Ireland. London, its capital, is one ____ the largest cities ____ the world. It is
situated ____ both sides ____ the Thames.
2. ____ the heart ____ England, about 112 miles north-west ____ London, is Birmingham, a
city ____ over a million inhabitants. The district around Birmingham is a district ____
factories and mines. The nearest port is Liverpool ____ the mouth ____ the river Mersey ____
the Irish Sea.
3. One ____ the towns, right ____ the centre ____ England is Stratford, Shakespeare's
birthplace. ____ the bank ____ the river Avon there is a monument to ; Shakespeare. Not far
____ it there is Shakespeare's house; a small house ____ small rooms, and a small garden. Now
Stratford is a busy town streets full ____ people and cars.
4. The streets ____ the West End ____ London are all famous ____ something: Piccadilly
____ its clubs, Harley Street ____ its doctors, Charring Cross Road ____ its bookshops.
5. If the City is a busy place ____ the day and a quiet place ____ night, Soho (____ the heart
____ the West End) which is famous ____ its French, Italian arid Swedish restaurants, is a
busy place ____ night, but quiet ____ the day.
(B) Scotland is ____ the north ____ the British Isles. It is ____ the north ____ England.
Scotland is a country ____ its own traditions, traditions which are alive even now and are rare
____ the modern world. Scotland is a part ____ Britain, but Scotland is not England. It differs
____ England ____ many ways. Scotland has her own administration of government 1 which is
centred ____ Edinburgh. She has her own national heroes, a national dress, the kilt 2 (which is,
strictly speaking, only ____ men); her own typical instrument, the pipes3 (or the bagpipes); her
own national country dances and songs (some ____ which are very popular ____ England,
too); her poetry (some ____ which is famous ____ the English-speaking world). In short:
Scotland is not England.
1. органи місцевого самоврядування;
2. спідниця шотландського горця;
3. волинка.

Exercise 15. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form. Translate the
sentences into Ukrainian.
Several, different (3), difference (4), differ (2), damp (2),
famous (3), full, empty (2), quiet, modern
1. Charles Dickens is a _________ 19th century English writer. He is ________ for his novels
about working-class of England. 2. There are _______ paintings by Rembrandt in the
Hermitage, the world _______ museum. 3. The Ukrayina hotel in Kyiv is an interesting
example of _______ architecture. 4. In the words of the great American writer Mark Twain the
_______ between the right word and the almost right word is the _______ between lightning
and the lightning bug*. 5. The family was out of town, and the house stood _______. 6. The
play is _______ of humour. 7. You really mustn't smoke on a/an _______ stomach. 8. The
9
woman’s clothes were _______ with the rain. 9. There were _______ people at the bus-stop.
10. There is a world of _______ between “few” and “a few”, “little” and “a little”. 11. October
weather is _______ and foggy. 12. In contrast to his brother who is a noisy sort of man, he is
very _______. 13. The sisters _______ from one another in the colour of their eyes. 14. In fact
there is no _______ in meaning between “have something” and “have got something”. 15.
Three _______ people told me the same story. 16. The two brothers ______ in their judgment
of this piece of music. 17. Our sons are very __________ from each other.
*жук-світляк

Exercise 16. Replace the Ukrainian words, and phrases by suitable English equivalents.
Retell the passage.
I was born in a small town in the north of England. There is a big castle in the centre of the
town and (кілька) fine old churches. Here most of the streets are dark and (вузькі): the houses
are on both sides of the streets and they are not much (відрізняються від) each other. In the
suburbs the houses are bigger and newer, with (усіма зручностями), and the streets are
(ширші).
There are three cinemas in the town. One of them is not far from our house. I usually go there
once a week; but when the film is good we all go to the cinema together. Before the war we
still had trams, but now we only have buses.
The town itself is а (тихе) place now, with very few people in the streets during the day and
very (неінтенсивний дорожній рух). But there was a time (кілька) hundred years ago when
the town was quite (відомим). (Дійсно) it has a long and interesting history.
The country around it is very beautiful. There is a river nearby where one can bathe, or fish.
There are two bridges (через) the river. On the other side of the river there are some low,
green hills.

Exercise 17. Тest translation.

1. Британський музей, відомий своєю бібліотекою, має одне з найбільших зібрань книг у
світі. 2. Лондон розташований на обох берегах річки Темзи. Через Темзу є чотирнадцять
мостів. 3. Уест-Енд – найстаріша частина Лондона. Там багато музеїв, театрів,
картинних галерей, магазинів та парків. 4. Давайте припинимо нашу довгу і
беззмістовну розмову. Три різні людини розказали мені одну й ту ж історію. 5. Він
відрізняється від свого старшого брата. Том має хороший слух. 6. Мій друг мешкає на
шумній/гамірній вулиці. 7. У Сіті немає житлових будинків. Вдень там багато людей, а
вночі вулиці порожні. 8. Ви не отримаєте від нього багато порад. Він занадто молодий.
9. Шотландія є частиною Британії, але це країна зі своїми власними традиціями, які живі
і донині. 10. У суботу та неділю Лондон порожніє. Сотні лондонців виїжджають за
місто. 11. Ваша помилка дуже груба. Це не орфографічна, а граматична помилка. 12. Зал
був наполовину заповнений. 13. Дружина Тома – відома художниця. У музеї сучасного
мистецтва є багато її картин. 14. На цьому фото два брати: один – славетний, а інший –

10
користується лихою славою. Хоча брати були дуже схожі, вони відрізнялися кольором
волосся та ростом. 15. У нього такий спокійний голос. Я можу слухати його годинами.
16. Вони обидва хвилину помовчали. 17. Дитина була тихою як мишка. 18. Не рухайся,
доки я зав’язую твої черевики.

GRAMMAR
Word Order
Exercise 18. Study the following charts and examples.
Verb + direct object + to or for + indirect object I lent my book to Michael.
Verb + indirect object without to or for + direct object. I lent Michael my book.

He always goes to work by car.

She cleaned the house and also cooked the dinner.
adverb + verb We always have to phone him.
I have never done it and I never will.(= I will never do it)
They were very tired and they were also hungry.
to be + adverb You are always late. You are never on time.
The traffic isn’t usually as bad as it was this morning.
He always says he won’t be late but he always is.(=he is always late)
She can’t even boil an egg.
verb 1 + adverb + You can never remember his phone number.
verb 2 (+ verb 3) The house was only built a year ago and it is already falling down.
They don’t usually smoke in the house.
probably I probably won’t see you. or
I will probably not see you.
(A) Put the words into the correct order.
1. him, money, have, the all, I , paid. 2. lovely, brought, flowers, me, of, he, a lunch. 3. present,
grandmother, have, I, your, for, a hope, you, bought. 4. some, money, give, shoes, the new,
can, for me, you 5. fruit, you, mother, like, this, your, take, to, I’d, to. 6. give, hoping, job, will,
new, they, am, a, me, I. 7. timetable, please, find, Roze, train, can, for, the, you. 8. Andrew,
gave, to, your, letter, I. 9. the, show, why, garden, her, you, don’t. 10. a, everybody, make, for,
will, drink, I.
(B) Use the words in brackets in the correct order.
1. I ___ her name. (remember, never, can) 2. I ___ little sugar in coffee. (take, usually) 3. He is
a good pianist. He ___ very well. (sing, also, can) 4. – Are you tired? – Yes, I ___ at this time
of the day. (am, always) 5. That hotel ___ very expensive. (probably, is). 6. We ___ in the
same place. We haven’t moved. (still, are, living) 7. I ____ hungry when I get home from
work. (am, usually).
(C) Translate the sentences into English.

11
1. Насправді, я йому позичив грошей. 2. Листа я йому показав учора. 3. Принесли вони
мені багато цікавих новин. 4. Дав він мені нову книгу відомого автора. 5. На роботу Том
завжди їздить машиною. 6. Він також вивчає англійську, яка є важливим засобом
спілкування у сучасному світі. 7. Зазвичай я приймаю душ, коли прокидаюся. 8. До
театру я теж пішла, але не змогла дістатися крізь натовп до входу. 9. Хоча всі ми і були
стомлені, ми все ще не спали. 10. Завжди вона обіцяє, що зателефонує, але ніколи цього
не робить. 11. Він відрізняється від своїх одногрупників інтересами.

There + to be. Pronouns

Exercise 19. Study the following charts.
(A) With Countable Nouns
There is a (some) book on the table.
There’s а pen and some pencils in my bag.
There are some (a few) chairs in the room.
There’re a large number of picture galleries in the city.
Is there any (a) river in this place?
There was no* wind yesterday.
There were few factories in this district.
There will be a lot of students at the meeting.
There’ll be a number of financial and business centres in a new district.
There won’t be many visitors tomorrow.
(B) With Uncountable Nouns
some bread in the breadbox.
little sugar in the cup.
There is a little butter on the plate.
There was no money in my bag.
a lot of oil in our country.
much work at our office today.
a (great) deal of sugar in the market.
*Note other possible forms of negative sentences:
There isn’t a book on the shelf.
There aren’t any pictures on the walls.
There isn’t oil in that country.

Exercise 20. Use the correct form of the verb “be”.

1. The hour was late, there ____ no taxis. 2. There ____ a lot of students at our university now,
there ____ more next year. 3. ____ there no talk about it at supper? 4. ____ there ____ any
time to do this work tomorrow? 5. There ____ a lot of people at the meeting tomorrow. 6.

12
There ____ little snow in this part of the country last year. 7. There ____ only a few new
houses here some years ago. 8. The street was very noisy when there ____ a bus line here. 9.
There ____ a lot of coal in the Donbas. 10. There ____ a lot of fruit in our garden next
summer.

Exercise 21. Learn the difference in the meaning of each pair of sentences. Translate the
sentences into Ukrainian.
(А) 1. There’s little milk in left. I’d like a little milk in my coffee. 2. There was little noise in
the studio. He heard a little noise in the studio. 3. He had little patience. All that was needed
was a little patience to finish the job correctly. 4. There was happily little mess after the party.
The puppy left a little mess on the carpet.
(В) 1. He isn’t very popular. He has few friends. I enjoy my life here. I have a few friends and
we meet quite often. 2. – Did you take a few photographs when you were on holiday? – Yes, I
did. But very few of them are of good quality. 3. Things aren’t going so well for her. She has a
few problems. 4. She’s lucky. She has few problems. 5. Most of the town is modern. There are
few old buildings in it. A few old buildings were restored in the centre of Kyiv last year.

Exercise 22. Express the opposite idea.

1. There are few government offices in this part of the town. 2. There is only one bridge across
the river in this place. 3. When I was there last, there were no houses on the left side of the
street. 4. There isn't any sugar in my tea. 5. We had a fine spring; there will be a lot of apples
this year. 6. There is some writing paper on the desk. 7. There was no time to visit the
museum. 8. There are several bookshops in this street.

Exercise 23. Complete the following, using there is ..., there are .... Use a lot of, much,
many, few, a few, little, any, no where necessary.
1. This is the older part of the city (historical places). 2. It is a very big city (more than 5,000
streets, avenues, and squares). 3. The theatre is not far from here (still a shorter way across
the square), 4. This side street is very quiet (traffic). 5. The film was interesting to me (people
who did not like it). 6. It’s very late (time to go there on foot). 7. The sky is dark (a heavy rain
in a few minutes). 8. The lecturer was a very interesting man (questions when the lecture was
over). 9. I am sorry we are late (another train for at least two hours). 10. Nobody is at home
(light in the windows). 11. Don't leave yet (supper soon). 12. We’ll have a hard time this spring
(examinations). 13. I have an invitation to the party (interesting people).

Exercise 24. Replace the Ukrainian words by suitable English equivalents.

1. He takes (мало) sugar in his tea. 2. There is (небагато) sugar in the sugar-bowl. 3. She has
(небагато) books on this subject in her library. 4. There are (багатo) interesting books in my
bookcase. 5. There are (зовсім немає) factories in this town. 6. There is (якась кількість)
bread in the hоuse. 7. There is (небагато) butter in the butter-dish. 8. I had (мало) money on

13
me at the moment. 9. You won't get (багато) advice from him. He is too young. 10. Is there
(яка-небудь) river in those parts of the continent? 11. Give me (будь-яку) book on the
Economy of this country. 12. There is (великий) traffic in this part of the city. 13. There is
(багато) fruit in the Caucasus. 14. Did you get (яку-небудь) information from this manual?

Exercise 25. Study the following charts.

 They bought some flowers.
I am busy. I have some work to do.
Some/ There is somebody at the door.
something He was hungry. He wanted something to eat.
/  What is wrong? Have you got something in your eye?
somebody Would you like something to eat?
Can I have some bread, please? (We expect the answer “Yes”)
 He didn’t buy any book.
Any/ She is lazy. She never does any work in the house.
anything/ There wasn’t anything in the box.
anybody I’m not hungry. I don’t want anything to eat.
 Have you got any information? No, I haven’t.
Has anybody seen him? – Yes, he is in the hall.
 No cars are allowed in the city center.
What did you say? – Nothing.
No/ There is nobody living there.
none/ She had no difficulty in finding a job.
nothing/ We have got no money. (We haven’t got any money.)
nobody I said nothing. (I didn’t say anything).
(no one)/ The station is nowhere near here. (The station isn’t anywhere...).
nowhere  There was no bus. I’ve got no time.
A: How much money have you got? B: None (no money).
 None of the shops were (was) open.
No one in the class did their homework.

Exercise 26. Complete the sentences with some, any, no, none in (A) and with some-,
any-, no- + body, -thing, -where in (B).
(A) 1.This evening I‘m going out with ______ friends of mine. 2. A: Have you seen ______
good films recently? B: No, I haven’t been to the cinema for ages. 3. I didn’t have ______
money, so I have to borrow it. 4. Can I have ______ milk in my coffee, please? 5. I was too
tired to do ______ work. 6. Can you give me ______ information about places of interest in
the town? 7. If there are ______ words you don’t understand use a dictionary. 8. – How many
eggs have we got? – I don’t know. I’ll go and buy ______ from the shop, if you like. 9. I
couldn’t make an omelette because there were ______ eggs.10. What a stupid thing to do!

14
______ intelligent person would do such a thing.
(B) 1. Does ______ mind if I open the window? 2. You must be hungry. Would you like
______ to eat? 3. The bus was completely empty. There was _____ in it. 4. Be quick, let’s go!
There ______at the door and I don’t want _______ to see us. 5. Sally was upset about _______
and refused to talk to me. 6. – Where shall we go on holiday? – Let’s go ______. 7. They stay
at home all the time. They never seem to go ______. 8. – Where did you go for your holidays?
– _______ I stayed at home. 9. What did you buy? – I couldn’t find _______ I wanted. 10.
There was complete silence in the room. _______ said ______.

Exercise 27. Translate the following sentences into English, using “there is/are”.
(A) 1. У Лондона багато облич. Усі вони різні. 2. У Сіті немає житлових будинків. Це
один з головних ділових центрів світу. Там багато банків та інших установ різних
держав. 3. Вдень на вулицях Сіті дуже багато людей, а вночі вулиці порожні. 4. В Іст-
Енді мало парків, там багато фабрик і заводів.
(B) 1. В Україні кілька великих річок. 2. Скільки озер на захід від Києва? 3. На річці
Дніпро багато промислових міст. 4. Скільки річок у Миколаєві? 5. У центрі міста багато
високих гарних будинків. Там багато магазинів та різних установ. 6. У Києві багато
історичних пам’яток.
(C) 1. Скільки слів у цьому словнику? 2. Раніше ця вулиця не була гамірною, а тепер на
ній інтенсивний рух. 3. У цьому році в нашому саду буде дуже багато квітів. 4. У нас в
аудиторії немає годинника. 5. У цій бібліотеці є читальний зал? 6. Скільки буде
аудиторій у новій будівлі вашого університету? 7. – Чому твій портфель такий важкий?
– У ньому словник, підручник та кілька зошитів. 8. У пляшці мало молока. 9. У цій
частині країни мало холодних місяців, але в кожному місяці буває кілька холодних днів.
10. Раніше в цьому місті не було кінотеатрів, а зараз у ньому три кінотеатри та
дискоклуб.
(D) 1. На столі у вітальні для тебе є повідомлення. 2. У тижні 7 днів. 3. У цій частині
передмістя немає приватних будинків. 4. Вона прислухалась. За дверима вітальні хтось
був. 5. В їхній квартирі ще мало меблів, оскільки вони щойно переїхали. 6. Біля тих
будинків були якісь квіти? 7. Чи багато у вашому місті будинків сучасної архітектури?
8. Напроти університету є чудовий парк із зеленими газонами та затишними алеями.

TAG QUESTIONS
Exercise 28. Study the charts.
Question Agreement Disagreement
It’s a beautiful day, isn’t it? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
Those roses are nice, aren’t they? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
You bought a new car, didn’t you? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
That isn’t your car, is it? No, it isn’t. Yes, it is.
She doesn’t live in Lviv, does she? No she doesn’t. Yes, she does.

15
 You don’t like tea, do you? No, I don’t. Yes, I do.

There + be There is a meeting tonight, isn’t there?

everyone, someone, Everything is okay, isn’t it?
everybody, somebody, Everyone took the test, didn’t they?
no one, nobody Nobody called on the phone, did they?
no one, nobody, Nothing is wrong, is it?
nothing, never You have never been there, have you?
I + am I am supposed to be here, am I not? (formal English)
I am supposed to be here, aren’t I? (spoken English)
Echo Tags
– I met Daniel the other day. – Did you?
Positive statement Positive echo tag
– I am not going to apply for that job now. – Aren’t you?
Negative statement Negative echo tag
(A) Give the correct short answers to agree with these questions.
1. A.: You are not angry, are you? B: __________. 2. A: They are staying in a hotel, aren’t
they? B: __________. 3. A: You said good bye, didn’t you? B: __________. 4. A: She hasn’t
had a cup of tea, has she? B: __________. 5. A: They didn’t invite John, did they? B:
__________. 6. A: You haven’t brought your car, have you? B: __________. 7. A: She’s seen
this film already, hasn’t she? B: __________. 8. A: Mary isn’t ill, is she? B: __________. 9. A:
You have heard about the meeting, haven’t you? B: __________. 10.A: Peter’s not coming
tonight, is he? B: __________.
(B) Complete the gaps with a tag question or echo tag.
1. A: I had a letter from Louis yesterday. B: Oh, __________?
A: Yes, he says he is coming to stay this weekend.
B: Really? That’ll be nice, __________?
2. A: I don’t know what to do today, just look at the rain outside.
B: I don’t want to stay in all day. Let’s go and see a film, __________?
A: Why not! Good idea. There’s nothing much on at the local cinema, though, __________?
B. All right. We’ll take the train into town then, __________?
3. A: Eve and Tony are coming round for dinner tonight.
B: __________? Oh, that’ll be nice.
A: Yes. I thought you might like to come too.
B: Well yes, but you haven’t seen them for a long time. I expect you’d like to talk to them
on your own, __________?
4. A.: How did you get in here?
B: I came in through the back door.
A: Nobody saw you coming in, __________?

16
 B: No, I don’t think so.
A: You shouldn’t come and see me like this. It is dangerous. Please, don’t come here again,
__________?
5. A: That’s a beautiful table, __________?
B: Yes, it is __________?
A: It would be lovely in our kitchen, __________? Why don’t we get it?
B: Don’t be ridiculous. Look at the price. We can’t afford it, __________?

Exercise 29. Form disjunctive questions.

(A) 1. You weren’t busy in the morning, ___________? 2. Your school was near home,
_______? 3. Your parents are not in town in summer, ___________? 4. A lot of people will be
present at the meeting today, ____________? 5. There are a lot of interesting things in this
museum, ____________? 6. Everybody will be happy to meet the famous writer,
____________? 7. They had quite a problem with the boy, ___________? 8. The train wasn’t
late today, ___________? 9. We’ll have a meeting on Friday, ____________? 10. Everybody
is busy, ___________? 11. She has a country house near here, _____________? 12. I’m right,
___________? 13. There’s nobody at home, ___________? 14. You’ll be in the cinema on
Saturday, ___________? 15. The book won't be interesting for them, ___________? 16.
Tomorrow’s Sunday, ___________?
(B) 1. She was very far from the shore, ________? 2. They weren’t interested in it, ________?
3. Greg doesn’t like caviar, _________? 4. He will have to go out with his sisters, _________?
5. There was a candle on the table, _____________? 6. So you call it hard job, ___________?
7. Your bike is outside, ___________? 8. Nobody was watching me, ___________.

The Noun: Number.

Countable and Uncountable Nouns, Irregular Plurals.
Subject – Verb Agreement
Exercise 30. (A) Complete the sentences using the plurals of the nouns in brackets. (See
appendix … if necessary.)
Example: I like oranges, apples, peaches and strawberries (orange/apple/peach/strawberry).
1. They’ve got five ____________, three _______ and two _______ (child/girl/boy). 2.
London has many different ___________, __________, __________ and _______
(restaurant/ theatre/cinema/disco). 3. When he fell over, he broke two of his ______ (tooth). 4.
We’ve got enough ______, but we need some more ________ and _______ (plate/knife/fork).
5. On their tour of Europe, they visited seven __________ in six _____ (country/day). 6.
_______ hunt _______ (cat/mouse). 7. Do you know those _______ over there? (person). 8.
These ______ are too small for me. They hurt my ______ (shoe/foot). 9. We’ve got some
_______ and _________, but we haven't got any _________ (egg/tomato/potato). 10. Autumn
is coming. The ________ are starting to fall from the _______ (leaf/tree).
(B) Use the correct plural of each noun, making all necessary changes.
17
1. The sportsman won a gold medal at the Olympic stadium. 2. The deer shelters in the wood
from a storm. 3. The Welshman took a photo. 4. The datum was created using the wrong
formula. 5. Such a phenomenon caused the apparatus to function incorrectly. 6. The city gave
the victorious hero a rousing cheer. 7. Choosing the right criterion for the single series of
judgments was difficult. 8. The basis of the series of results was developed using the very
latest Information Technology and state-of-the-art Physics and Chemistry. 9. The woman
selected her clothes for the journey. 10. The Frenchman took half of the cloth. 11. The
defendant was acquitted as there was no proof. 12. There was a great stimulus to receive a
bonus. 13. The sports stadium was also used as a concert arena. 14. The appendix to the
memorandum was extremely lengthy. 15. There was a squid and an octopus by the reef.

Exercise 31. Choose all the appropriate nouns in the following sentences keeping in mind
the use of the noun determiners. (See appendix … if necessary.)
1. You shouldn’t judge him on one achievement/failure/progress/success. 2. I need a new
underwear/clothes/clothing/suit. 3. It was hard for him to find employment/job/career/work. 4.
One countryside/scenery/scene/view always stays in my mind. 5. His new job is something to
do with publicity/advertisement/advertising/marketing. 6. Did you have a good luck/
experience/fortune/time while you were away? 7. Buy now! It’s a real saving/bargain/
saving/reduction! 8. The officer will have to get a permit/pass/permission/leave to get into the
factory. 9. There is a/an income/ fortune/wealth/money to be made from computer devices. 10.
Bob is always offering assistance/advice/suggestion/idea. 11. There is not enough fun/joke/joy
around these days. 12. Neither computer/equipment/machine/machinery is suitable. 13. Each
bag/baggage/luggage/suitcase should be labeled. 14. Almost every detail/explanation/
information/news is suitable. 15. This picture is not of much importance/price/value/worth.

Exercise 32. Supply the correct plural forms.

What Does it Come Under?
If you’re dieting there are certain (food) foods you really have to avoid: (cake) _______ and
(biscuit) _________ are out for a start. But you can't live forever on (tomato) ________ and
(orange) _________. There аrе (man) _____ and (woman) _________ who spend their entire
(life) ______ counting the calories they take in each day. Some national (cuisine) ________
make you fat. The (Japanese) ___________ have a high protein diet, while the (Swiss)
_________ eat a lot of milk (product) _________. Personally, I'm lucky not to have to diet.
But my friend John can't eat anything without looking it up in his Calorie Chart. This is
carefully organized so that (strawberry) _____________ and (peach) __________ are under
“Fruit”; (potato) __________, and (spaghetti) ___________ come under “Starchy Foods” and
so on. I entertained John to a nice low calorie meal yesterday and at the end I offered him some
jelly. “What does “jelly” come under?” he asked looking at his chart. “Half a litre of double
cream” – I said pouring the stuff over my plate!

18
Exercise 33. Use the appropriate form of the verb.
1. No news (is, are) a good news. 2. The police (was, were) interested in the accident. 3. The
number of books in her library (has, have) increased. 4. The family (is, are) sitting under the
oak tree. 5. Everything (was, were) spoiled. 6. The white horse and its owner (is, are) waiting
for the final results. 7. “Romeo and Juliet” (is, are) one of the most famous plays by
Shakespeare. 8. The wounded (was, were) transported to the nearest hospital. 9. Three school-
leavers and a headmaster (is, are) discussing the script. 10. Potatoes (was, were) very cheap
last autumn. 11. The old man and the boy (has, have) to do a lot before being able to leave.

Exercise 34. Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences. (See appendix
… if necessary.)
1. John, along with twenty friends, (is/are) planning a party. 2. The picture of the soldiers
(bring/brings) back many memories. 3 The quality of these recordings (is/are) not very good.
4. If the duties of these officers (isn’t/aren’t) reduced, there will not be enough time to finish
the project. 5. The effects of cigarette smoking (have/has) been proven to be extremely
harmful. 6. The use of credit cards in place of cash (have/has) increased rapidly recently. 7.
Advertisements on television (is/are) becoming more competitive than ever before. 8. Living
expenses in this country, as well as in many others, (is/are) high. 9. Mr. Jones, accompanied by
several members of the committee, (have/has) proposed some changes of the rules. 10. The
levels of intoxication (vary/varies) from subject to subject.

Exercise 35. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb.
1. The trousers you bought for me ________ me. (to not fit) 2. Fortunately the news _____ not
as bad as we had expected. (to be) 3. Please lend me your scissors, mine _______ not sharp
enough. (to be) 4. The scales _______ put on the counter. (to be) 5. There _______ a series of
programmes on TV about Japan. (to be) 6. Be careful, the stairs _______ a bit dangerous. (to
be) 7. The police ______ checking all the cars entering the city. (to be) 8. “There _____ money
in my pocket,” I said. (to be) 9. The water _______ brought immediately. (to be) 10. Where
_______ my clothes? (to be)

Exercise 36. Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences. (See appendix
… if necessary.)
(A) 1. Neither Bill nor Mary (is/are) going to the play tonight. 2. Anything (is/are) better than
going to another movie tonight. 3. Skating (is/are) becoming more popular every day. 4. A
number of reporters (was/were) at the conference yesterday. 5. Everybody who (has/have) a
fever must go home immediately. 6. Your glasses (was/were) on the table last night. 7. There
(was/were) some people at the meeting last night. 8. The committee (has/have) already reached
a decision. 9. A pair of jeans (was/were) in the washing machine this morning. 10. Each
student (has/have) answered the first three questions. 11. Either John or his wife (make/makes)
breakfast each morning. 12. After she had looked through the material, the secretary decided

19
that everything (was/were) in order. 13. The crowd at the basketball game (was/were) wild
with excitement. 14. A pack of wild dogs (has/have) frightened all the ducks away. 15. The
jury (is/are) trying to reach a decision. 16. The army (has/have) eliminated this section of the
training test. 17. The number of students who have withdrawn from class this quarter (is/are)
appalling. 18. There (has/have) been too many interruptions in this class. 19. Every elementary
school teacher (has/have) to take this examination. 20. Neither Jill nor her parents (has/have)
seen this movie before.
(B) 1. A group of teenagers in the town (has/have) organized a scheme to help old people with
their shopping. 2. A number of people (has/have) complained about the noise. 3. Do you think
three pounds (is/are) a big enough tip? 4. Hamburger and chips (is/are) not a very healthy
lunch. 5. In the latest rail union vote, the majority (has/have) voted to go on strike; the rest of
the members (is/are) expected to support the strike fairly solidly. 6. Two kilos (is/are) pretty
small for a newborn baby. 7. Our teenage son thinks there (is/are) a number of good reasons
for staying up late and having a good time. 8. A couple of dangerous-looking men (is/are)
waiting for you outside. 9. One of my friends (has/have) just won two free plane tickets to
New York. 10. Six weeks (is/are) a long time to wait for news of your family. 11. The majority
of the children's parents (is/are) unemployed. 12. A lot of shops (is/are) opening on Sundays
now. 13. The Philippines (has/have) signed the new human rights agreement. 14. The police
think that more than one person (was/were) in the stolen car. 15. Tom and Rosie were late, but
the rest of us (was/were) on time. 16. (Is/Are) bacon and eggs what you usually eat for
breakfast? 17. We’ve just learnt that a couple of our club members (has/have) been chosen for
the national team.

Exercise 37. Choose the correct form of the verb, singular or plural. Sometimes either a
singular or a plural verb is possible.
1. The trousers my grandparents bought for me doesn’t/don’t fit me. 2. Physics was/were my
best subject at school. 3. Fortunately the news wasn’t/weren’t as bad as we had expected. 4.
The police wants/want to interview Fred about a robbery. 5. Three days isn't/aren't long
enough for a good holiday. 6. Does/do your family live in town or in the country? 7. Dnipro
has/have lost all their football matches this season. 8. Does/Do the police know anything new
about the stolen money? 9. Can I borrow your scissors? Mine isn’t/aren’t sharp enough. 10.
I’m going to take a taxi. Seven kilometres is/are too far for me to walk.

Exercise 38. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

(A) 1. Візьми гроші і купи трохи цукру. – Де вони? Я поклав їх тут, але зараз не можу
знайти. 2. Дві ложки цукру до чаю цілком достатньо. Лікарі не радять класти більше. 3.
У цій крамниці товар занадто дорогий. 4. Піжама на ньому просто висіла (to be loose). 5.
Вівці, бики, корови, гуси та кури – найбільш поширені свійські тварини та птахи. 6. Три
місяці дуже змінили його. 7. Примірте ці окуляри. Вони вам личитимуть. 8. Щоб
зрозуміти таку складну ситуацію, треба використати кілька критеріїв. 9. Відомий

20
професор має намір дати кілька серій лекцій з сучасної філософії. 10. Ці чудові
незабудки подарував мені однокласник. 11. Помідори – мої улюблені овочі. 12. У цьому
супі занадто багато цибулі. Я краще візьму смажену картоплю та салат. 13. Ножиці
гострі. Дивись, не поранься. 14. Шашки – це гра, яка розвиває логічне мислення.
(B) 1. Сніги та морози Сибіру відомі у всьому світі. 2. Кімната вигляділа жахливо,
оскільки його одяг був повсюди. 3. Усі відомості були дуже важливими для нашого
дослідження. 4. Поліцейські намагалися опитати свідків автомобільної аварії. 5. Фрукти
Іспанії експортуються до багатьох країн. 6. Його заробітної плати було недостатньо,
щоб прогодувати сім’ю. 7. У нашій країні було кілька економічних криз. 8. Його поради
завжди допомагали нам у скрутну хвилину. 9. На свою першу заробітну плату (for her
first pay) вона купила дві пари рукавичок. 10. Учора астрономи спостерігали дуже дивні
явища. 11. Зміст вашої робот мені не зовсім зрозумілий. 12. Сотні людей прийшли на
свято Дня Незалежності. 13. Його знань недостатньо щоб проводити дослідження у цій
галузі. 14. Його успіхи в англійській вражаючі.

The Noun: Case

Exercise 39. Study the following chart.
A girl’s book, a boys’ school; the children’s bicycles;
the government’s decision, our company’s success, tomorrow’s meeting, the club’s
rules; Britain’s system, New York’s traffic;
Mr Evans’s daughter, Jane and Mary’s room, Mr and Mrs Charter’s house; mother-in-
law’s house;
a week’s holiday, a two days’ leave, in an hour or two’s time;
the baker’s, the tobacconist’s.

Exercise 40. (A) Convert the following noun pairs into possessive form.
Children/Bob and Liz; sleep/nine hours; party/yesterday; population/the world; economic
policy/the government; walk/half an hour; title/the article; garden/my parents; exports/Canada;
nephew/ the Greenwoods; holiday/three weeks, name/her husband; letter/their uncle; favourite
colour/Sarah.
(B) Make two noun groups from each set of words as in the model.
Model: file: your secretary, legal documents.
Your secretary’s file, the file of legal documents.
1. story: Helen, the French revolution; 2. bed: the stream, the patient; 3. policy: full
employment, the company; 4. style: my favourite writer, the 1930s; 5. place: language
education, women; 6. arm: the chair, John. 7. rules: the club, football; 8. view: the committee,
the lake; 9. head: the cat, the queue.
(C) Convert the phrases into the Possessive Case as in the model.
Model: my daughter has a husband – my daughter’s husband.
1. The girl applied. 2. Her parents blessed. 3. Mrs. Pitt has a passport. 4. The eldest brother

21
supports the family now. 5. The criminal released the girl. 6. My granny told the story. 7. The
captain wrote a letter. 8. A college for women. 9. A day in the spring. 10. The absence lasted
seven days.

Exercise 41. Translate the sentences. Use the Possessive case.

1. Йому зателефонував секретар Джона. 2. Вона уникає будь-яких коментарів стосовно
подорожі її подруги, чи не так? 3. Ми жили в будинку мого тестя. 4. Дістатися до театру
займе у вас одну хвилину. 5. Це не моя книга. Це когось іншого. 6. Тут ви можете
побачити резиденцію прем’єр міністра. 7. Магазин жіночого одягу за рогом. 8. Усі
слухали промову спікера з великою увагою. 9. Поверхня землі постійно змінюється.

Reported Speech
Imperatives: Requests, Warnings, Instructions, Prohibition
Exercise 42. Study the following chart.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
1. The old lady says/said to the young man, 1. The old lady asks/asked the young man to
“Give, me a hand with my heavy suitcase.” give her a hand with her heavy suitcase
2. “Never say such things again,” father said to 2. Father told/ordered me never to say such
me. things again.
3. Peter said to his wife, “Don't forget to send 3. Peter asked/begged his wife hot to forget to
me a telegram, please”. send him a telegram
Some other changes should be observed in Reported Speech:
now → then; today, tonight → that day, that night; yesterday → the day before, the
previous day; tomorrow → the following day, the next day, here → there; this → that;
these → those; ago → before; last week → the week before, the previous week; next week
→ the following week, the week before.

Exercise 43. Use Reported Speech.

(A) 1. “Don’t repeat this mistake again!” the instructor warned the sportsman. 2. “Leave your
address with the secretary,” the assistant said. 3. “Phone me for an answer tomorrow,” the
manager said to the client. 4. “Don’t be so silly,” the father said to the kid. 5. “Give a smile,”
the photographer said to me. 6. “Don’t leave these books on the table, put them back on the
shelf,” the librarian said to the student. 7. “Please, help me to make a decision,” Ann asked her
friend. 8. “Don’t discuss this question now,” said the chairman. 9. “Leave your things here,”
my companion advised me. 10. “Be a good girl and sit quietly for five minutes,” the nurse said
to the child.
(B) Make up imperative sentences using the words given, then convert them into indirect
speech.
1. A message, to ask, to leave, her. 2. To be, quiet, you. 3. To mind, own, you, your, business.

22
4. You, to sit down, all, of. 5. Gregory, deceived, not to be. 6. The letter, to send, simply,
explanation of. 7. Not to speak, neither, to write, to them. 8. A little, with, to stay, while, me. 9.
Me along, to see, let, him. 10. Rubbish, talking, to stop.

The Article
Exercise 44. Study the following chart.
A. Give me a book. (any book)
Give me the book. (the book in your bag)
B. There is an article in today’s paper.
The article is on modern architecture.
It’s an interesting article.

Exercise 45. Explain the use or the absence of the article before the word(s) in bold type.
1.Can I have a biscuit? 2. Would you mind if I take the last biscuit? 3. Do you like biscuits?
4. Can you see the road sign from here? 5. Is there a road sign anywhere? 6. Are there
readable road signs in Kyiv? 7. I got a goal today. 8. I got the winning goal today. 9. A
designer shirt can look expensive. 10. The designer jeans were expensive.

Exercise 46. Fill in the blanks with articles.

(A) 1. This is ___ very difficult sentence for me. ___ sentence has too many unknown words in
it. 2. Ours is ___ noisy street. ___ street is in the centre of the city. It is ___ street with very
heavy traffic during the day. 3. “Is there ___ theatre in your town?” “Yes, we have one. ___
theatre is in the town's central square.” 4. You have ___ mistake in the second form of the
verb. ___ mistake is bad, it is not ___ spelling but ___ grammar mistake. 5. He has ___
interesting collection of butterflies. ___ collection is the second best in our country. 6. He has
___ elder brother, ___ brother is away the greater part of the year. He is ___ sailor.
(B) I like Elsom. It is ___ seaside resort in ___ South of England. ___ town, is not very far
from Brighton and it has the charm of ___ old town. ___ town was never fashionable. In
winter Elsom was usually ___ quiet place and the Dolphin ___ very comfortable inn. In the
hall of the inn there still is a framed letter from Mr. Thackeray, ___ famous writer. In August
and September ___ town is full of holiday-makers and is for two months ___ noisy place.

Exercise 47. Complete the sentences using uncountable, singular countable or plural
nouns.
1. Could you pass me ______ (glass)? 2. This table is made of ______ (glass). 3. I need a
piece of ______ (wood). 4. The house was near ______ (wood). 5. She looked at him with
______ (pity). 6. It’s ______(pity). Anne isn’t here. 7. ______ (time) goes so quickly! 8. She
phoned six ______ (time) yesterday. 9. Three ______ (beer), please. 10. ______ (beer) makes
you fat. 11. He hasn’t got much __________ (experience). 12. It was __________ (experience)

23
I won’t forget. 13. There’s ______ (chick) in the garden. 14. Do you want ________ (chicken)
or beef?

Exercise 48. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Я вже написав есе. Можна мені здати роботу? 2. Я б хотіла приміряти пальто. Так,
пальто мені дуже подобається. 3. Передай мені, будь ласка, газету. 4. Хто увійшов до
аудиторії? Ти не знаєш, що це за людина? 5. Постав стілець на місце та підійди до столу.
6. – Вам сподобався музей? – Мені дуже сподобався екскурсовод. 7. Учора ми складали
іспит, але я пішов раніше. З нашої групи усі склали іспит? 8. Запрошуємо вас до нас у
гості. Дякую за запрошення. 9. – Ти вчора коли пішов з вечірки? – Я пішов рано, ще не
було й дев’ятої. – А коли вечірка скінчилася? 10. – У кінотеатрі йде новий англійський
фільм. Я вчора нарешті його переглянув. – Як вам сподобався фільм? – Сюжет дуже
цікавий, але мені не сподобався головний герой. 11. Я вам обіцяла принести газету.
Мені дуже незручно, але я її не знайшла.

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Make up sentences of your own according to the patterns in the above charts
given on page 15-16, exercises
1. a beautiful picture; on the wall. 2. a lot of children; in the garden. 3. any factories; in this
town; before the war? 4. a few English books; in my library. 5. one thousand words; in this
dictionary. 6. any water; in the glass? 7. heavy traffic; in the centre of the city. 8. how many
parts; in this book? 9. a picture of London and two maps; on the wall. 10. how many films; at
the festival? 11. any gold; in this part of the country? 12. no guests; in the house last Sunday.
13. milk; a little; in the bottle. 14. much money; not; in my pocket; when I was a student.

Exercise 2. (A) Read and discuss the text.

The people of ancient times had many problems we have today and they sometimes solved
them in much the same way. For example, in ancient Rome there was one-way traffic during
peak hours. There were street-signs in Babylon more than 2,500 years ago. There was the first
street lighting known in history in the ancient city of Antioch.
(B) Ask and answer about the things that there were and there weren't in A.D. 1000.
great civilizations?
big cities?
cigarettes?
great scientists?
good singers?
television?
Was (were) there detective stories?
wars?
electricity?

24
 theatres?
schools?
flying machines?
problems of transport?
Wasn’t (weren’t) there good roads?
air pollution?
journalists?
lawyers?
philosophers?
doctors?
newspapers?

Exercise 3. (A) Read and discuss the text.

Some scientists think that we will destroy ourselves because there are already “too many of us
eating too much”. They think that there will be too many people in the world, that there won't
be enough food for everybody, there won't be enough oil and minerals, and that the seas, the
rivers and even the air will be polluted. There will be no animals and trees and there will be
roads instead of countryside. The idea that the world will end and soon is not new. It is, in fact,
very, very old. So, perhaps, by A.D. 2000, we’ll talk about the world in A.D. 3000.
(B) Ask and answer: What will there be and what won't there be in A.D. 2100? Give full
answers, please.
food tablets?
paper clothes?
moving pavements?
computers solving all our problems?
solar energy warming our houses?
DVD disks instead of books?
Will there not only instant coffee and tea but instant food (meat, for example)?
be teaching machines but no teachers?
flying machines but no cars?
cities with millions of people and no countryside?
television news but no newspaper?
air and water pollution in every part of the world?
gardens in the deserts?
cities in the Antarctic?
no wars in the world?
(C) When do you think life is more comfortable, pleasant, and exciting – in A.D. 1000 or
A.D. 2100. Why?

25
Exercise 4. Make up sentences from the following groups of words, the missing elements
may be added.
1. during their summer vacation; go home; all foreign students.
2. next year; these students; study many more subjects.
3. be his favourite writer; Mark Twain; when he was a schoolboy.
4. bring more chairs; be a lot of guests; at today's meeting.
5. when it began to rain; stop playing football; the boys.
6. be no more wars; if peace-loving people; fight for peace.
7. often; we; have long discussions; the current situation; our teacher.
8. after two years in the army; come back; a different man; I am sure.
9. Bernard Shaw; be born to a poor family; begin to work at an early age.
10. the last years of his life; Nikolai Gogol; Suvorov Boulevard;
11. live; here; read for the first time; to the actors of the Art Theatre; his comedy
«Inspector General».
12. Alaska; leave for; 1897; Jack London together with thousands of other people; not
find gold; write a lot of stories.

Exercise 5. Transform the following sentences into “There is ... There are ...” sentences.
Make all the changes to construct clear sentences, including adding verbs.
(A) 1. We have a lot of male and female names in the list of Ukrainian names, but not all of
them are popular today. 2. “Have you got any tram-lines in Kyiv?” “Yes, we have, but not
many.” 3. They still had several empty seats in the plane when we arrived at the airport. 4.
They have a very good dance band in the restaurant. 5. Hurry up! We have no time for tea. 6.
Some five years ago they had no metro in their town. Now they have several lines and no
transport problems. 7. We shall have a heavy rain in a moment, I think. 8. They had no railway
in that part of the country for a long time. 9. They will have a good film on at our local cinema
tomorrow. 12. How many students have you got in your group?
(B) 1. I have a new gas hob in my kitchen. 2. They bought a widescreen colour TV set for their
lounge. 3. They will have two extra rooms after building an extension over their garage. 4. My
granny had a house in a suburb of Glasgow. 5. Tommy’s mother used to have a lawn besides
their garage. 6. Please put this packaged meat into the freezer. 7. The children used the last bit
of shampoo on the dog.

Exercise 6. In each of the following sentences there is one mistake. Find and correct it.
1. There is both white and brown bread on the plate.
2. There was some fundamental mistakes in his essay.
3. There is seventeen department stores on Oxford Street.
4. Are there any soup left in the saucepan?
5. There was blue curtains on the window of her bedroom.
6. There were a lot of snow on the lawn.
7. There are no work in the office today.
26
8 There was few students at the lecture yesterday.

Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps, using the correct form of the verb “be” and retell the text.
PARKS OF LONDON
(А) There ___ more than eighty parks in London. The best known parks near the centre of
London ___ Hyde Park, Regent's Park and St. James’s Park. Hyde Park is a large park of three
hundred and forty acres. At the time of King Henry VIII there ___ wild animals in the park.
Today people walk in the park or sit on the grass. The Serpentine ___ a lake in the middle of
Hyde Park, in summer you can swim in the Serpentine or go out in a boat.
Regent's Park ___ larger than Hyde Park. The London Zoo ___ in Regent's Park. There ___
more than six thousand animals and birds in the Zoo. You can visit the Zoo by boat. The boat
goes along the Regent's Canal. There ___ also an open air theatre in Regent's Park. You can
see Shakespeare's plays there in summer.
St. James’s Park ___ the oldest and the smallest of these three parks. It ___ very near
Buckingham Palace. The lake and gardens in St. James’s Park ___ very beautiful.
(B) In A.D. 61, in the times of the Romans, London (it ___ Londinium in those days) – a
walled city. But there ___ probably a small settlement even before that time. The first
settlements ___ on two hills on the north bank of the Thames. These places today ___
Westminster and St. Paul’s. In the city walls there ___ “gates”. Now there ___ still several:
Bishopsgate and Ludgate ___ two of them.

Exercise 8. Correct the mistakes in the sentences.

1. She has many items of baggages. 2. Mum asked me to buy a bread. 3. Tony took a writing
paper and started her letter. 4. It’s enough room here to put furnitures. 5. He gave me some
useful advices. 6. Bad news don’t make people happy. 7. Through the front windows the
beautiful sceneries can be seen. 8. Last year my husband made some travels. 9. By the end of
the week I have a lot of works to do. 10. She was sitting and brushing her shining hairs.

Exercise 9. Make up situations, explaining the use of the article in the following chart of
sentences.
1. (a) This is a house. (b) This is the house. 2. (a) You can have a new bag. (b) You can have
the new bag. 3. (a) May I have an English dictionary? (b) May I have the English dictionary?
4. (a) This is a famous picture. (b) This is the famous picture. 5. (a) You had a copy of my
report. (b) You had the copy of my report. 6. (a) She is a doctor. (b) She is the doctor.

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 WORD LIST

across/through/over
differ (from) v
difference n/distinction n
different/various adj
basically/entirely/completely/totally/slightly different
be different from smb/smth
empty adj
an empty/bare/vacant room
famous/well-known/notorious аdj
be famous/well-known/notorious for smb/smth
full adj
half-full/three-quarters full etc
be full of smb/smth
government n
modern/contemporary аdj
nation n
population n
quiet/still/calm adj
a quiet place (street, sea, day, night, child, person; voice, etc)
be quiet
keep still
be situated
in fact
financial and business centre
picture gallery
housing conditions
modern conveniences

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 APENDICES

THE VERB

VERB
Finite Form Non-finite Form
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Infinitive Gerund Participle
Continuous

VERB
Notional Auxiliary Modal Link
Is/are/was/were Must/have to Seem/appear
Do/does Can/could be able to
Have/has Should/ought to
Will/shall Be to

VERB
Imperative Indicative Suppositional

THE NOUN

Plural of Nouns
The plural of nouns is formed by adding -es if the noun ends in:
– s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x: buses, classes, bushes, beaches, watches, foxes.
– o: tomatoes, heroes, potatoes, echoes (exceptions: photos, pianos, solos, zeros, radios,
videos, studious, autos, kilos).
– y preceded by a consonant (-y is changed into -i before -es), industries, countries, (but keys,
boys, monkeys).
– f: leaf-leaves, thief- thieves, half- halves (but beliefs, roofs, scarfs).
– fe: wife-wives, knife-knives, life-lives.
1. Some nouns form plurals by changing the root vowel:
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, mouse- mice.
2. Some nouns have the same forms for singular and plural:
aircraft, crossroads, deer, dozen, fish, fruit, means, series, sheep, species,
3. Some nouns have only plural form:
clothes, contents, earnings, glasses, spectacles, grapes, jeans, premises, proceeds, scales,
scissors, trousers.
4. Some nouns borrowed from Latin or Greek keep their plural forms:
analysis-analyses, basis-bases, crisis-crises, criterion-criteria, phenomenon-phenomena, datum-
data, curriculum-curricula, memorandum-memeranda, formula - formulae, appendix-

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appendices, index-indices, stimulus-stimuli.

Article
Noun in the possessive case
Personal pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Indefinite pronouns
Interrogative pronouns
Noun determinants
There is a lamp on the table. The director has just come.
Peter’s father is a doctor.
Where is my pencil? He lives with his mother.
This house is very old. I’ll take those books.
There were many students at the meeting. Come at any
time. He goes there every day.
What book have you read? Whose pencil is this? What kind
of man is he?

e.g.
(that,this,those) e.g.
e.g.
(what,which,whose) e.g.
Note: His first scientific work was a great success. Shevchenko created the Ukrainian literary
language.

Nouns: Countable and Uncountable

1. Some nouns in English are normally uncountable: air, accommodation, advice, applause,
assistance, baggage, beauty, behaviour, bread, butter, camping, cash, chaos, cheese, chess,
clothing, coffee, conduct, courage, cutlery, dancing, dirt, education, employment, equipment,
evidence, flower, freedom, fun, furniture, hair, harm, health, help, homework, housing,
information, intelligence, jewellery, justice, knowledge, leisure, litter, love, luck, luggage,
machinery, meat, money, mud, music, news, nonsense, oil, parking, pay, petrol, permission,
photography, poetry, pollution, produce, progress, publicity, research, rice, rubbish, safety,
sand, scenery, shopping, sightseeing, sugar, sunshine, traffic, transport, travel, underwear,
vine, violence, water, weather.
2. Sometimes a noun is used countably when we are talking about:
a) recognized containers for things:
I prefer tea to coffee. Three teas (= cups of tea), please.
b) a type, brand or make of thing:
There’s some cheese in the fridge left. There were dozens of cheeses (kinds of cheese)
c) a particular example of a physical or concrete thing:
She has blonde hair. There’s a hair in my soup!
d) a particular instance of a substance or an idea:
The statue was made of stone. I had a stone in my shoe.
3. Some nouns have different meanings when they are used countably and uncountably:
accommodation, competition, glass, grammar, iron, jam, lace, paper, property, room, sight,
speech, time, work.

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 Bolivia is one of the world’s largest producers The cupboard was full of tins. (metal food
of tin. (the metal) containers)
4. The noun damage can be used countably, but only in the plural:
Sue is claiming damages (= money paid as compensation) for the injuries caused.
5. The following expressions have no effect on the verb: together with, along with,
accompanied by, as well as
The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.
NOTE: If the conjunction and is used, the verb will then be plural.
The actress and her manager are going to a party tonight.

Study the following chart.

With any of, each of, either of, neither of, or • I don't think any of them knows
none of and a plural noun we can use a (or know) where the money is hidden.
singular or plural verb. However, we prefer a • Neither of the French athletes has (or have)
singular verb in careful written English. won this year.
If either of you takes a vacation now, we will
not be able to finish the work.
With a/the majority of, a number of, a lot of, • A number of refugees have been turned
plenty of, all (of), or some (of) and a plural back at the border.
noun we use a plural verb. But if we say the • The number of books in the library has
number of, we use a singular verb. risen to over five million.
With any of, none of, the majority of, a lot • All the furniture was destroyed in the fire.
of, plenty of, all (of), some (of) and an
uncountable noun we use a singular verb.
With each, every and a singular noun we use • Every room has its own bathroom, but
a singular verb. (For each of, see above.) • The boys have each drawn a picture.
With everyone, everybody, everything (and • Practically everyone thinks that Judith
similar words beginning any–, some– and should be given the job.
no–) we use a singular verb. Everybody who has not purchased a ticket
should be in this line.
Something was under the house.
Nobody works harder than John does.
Collective nouns indicating time, money, and measurements used as a whole are singular.
Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.
Fifty minutes isn’t enough time to finish this test.
Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder.
Two miles is too much to run in one day.

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