339

This is veriÞed by the Root Locus shown below where the branch
of the locus to the left of the pole is from K < 1.

iii. Unstable system G3 (jω): The −1/K point will be encircled if

K > 10, however, P = 1, so

0 < K < 10 : N = 0, P = 1 =⇒ Z = 1 =⇒ Unstable

10 < K : N = −1, P = 1 =⇒ Z = 0 =⇒ Stable

This is veriÞed by the Root Locus shown below right, where the
locus crosses the imaginary axis when K = 10, and stays in the
LHP for K > 10.

Problems and Solutions for Section 6.4

23. The Nyquist plot for some actual control systems resembles the one shown
in Fig.6.92. What are the gain and phase margin(s) for the system of
340 CHAPTER 6. THE FREQUENCY-RESPONSE DESIGN METHOD

Figure 6.92: Nyquist plot for Problem 23

Fig. 6.92 given that α = 0.4, β = 1.3, and φ = 40o . Describe what
happens to the stability of the system as the gain goes from zero to a very
large value. Sketch what the corresponding root locus must look like for
such a system. Also sketch what the corresponding Bode plots would look
like for the system.
Solution :
The phase margin is deÞned as in Figure 6.33, P M = φ (ω = ω ∗ ),
but now there are several gain margins! If the system gain is increased
1
(multiplied) by |α| or decreased (divided) by |β|, then the ststem will go
unstable. This is a conditionally stable system. See Figure 6.39 for a
typical root locus of a conditionally stable system.

gain margin = -20 log |α|dB (ω = ω H )

gain margin = +20 log |β|dB (ω = ω L )

For a conditionally stable type of system as in Fig. 6.39, the Bode

phase plot crosses -180◦ twice; however, for this problem we see from the
Nyquist plot that it crosses 3 times! For very low values of gain, the entire
Nyquist plot would be shrunk, and the -1 point would occur to the left of
the negative real axis crossing at ω o , so there would be no encirclements
and the system would be stable. As the gain increases, the -1 point occurs
between ω o and ω L so there is an encirclement and the system is unstable.
 341

Further increase of the gain causes the -1 point to occur between ω L and
ω H (as shown in Fig. 6.92) so there is no encirclement and the system is
stable. Even more increase in the gain would cause the -1 point to occur
between ω H and the origin where there is an encirclement and the system
is unstable. The root locus would look like Fig. 6.39 except that the very
low gain portion of the loci would start in the LHP before they loop out
into the RHP as in Fig. 6.39. The Bode plot would be vaguely like that
drawn below:

24. The Bode plot for

100[(s/10) + 1]
G(s) =
s[(s/1) − 1][(s/100) + 1]
is shown in Fig. 6.93.

(a) Why does the phase start at -270o at the low frequencies?
(b) Sketch the Nyquist plot for G(s).
(c) Is the closed-loop system shown in Fig. 6.93 stable?
(d) Will the system be stable if the gain is lowered by a factor of 100?
Make a rough sketch of a root locus for the system and qualitatively
conÞrm your answer

Solution :

(a) From the root locus, the phase at the low frequencies (ω = 0+) is
calculated as :