2ndMat

esBr
idgeEqui
pment(
BEQ)Not
es
Ov
erv
iew

Aspar toftheint
ernati
onalmar i
ti
mecommuni t
y’swi
de-r
angi
ngresponsetot
hegrowing
thr
eatfrom ter
ror
ism worl
d-wide,t
heInter
nati
onalMari
ti
meOrgani
zation(I
MO)deci
dedto
establ
i
shanewsy st
em fortheglobal
identi
fi
cati
onandtr
acki
ngofships.

The LRI
T syst
em consists ofshipbor
ne LRITinformati
on tr
ansmitt
ing equi
pment,
Communicat
ionServi
ceProvi
der(
s),Appl
icat
ionSer
viceProvi
der
(s),LRI
TDataCent r
e(s)
,
theLRI
TDataDist
ri
buti
onPlanandtheInt
ernati
onal
LRITDataExchange.

Cert
ainaspectsoftheperf
ormanceoftheLRI
Tsy st
em arerevi
ewedoraudit
edbyt he
LRI
TCoor di
natoracti
ngonbehalfofallCont
ract
ingGovernmentst
ot heInt
ernat
ional
Convent
ionfortheSaf
etyofLi
featSea(
SOLAS).I
MSOhasbeenappointedtobetheLRIT
Coordi
nator
.

Fi
gur
e1pr
ovi
desani
l
lust
rat
ionoft
heLRI
Tsy
stem ar
chi
tect
ure.

Fi
gur
e1

Compi
l
edatARI
,NewDel
hiPage1
 2ndMat
esBr
idgeEqui
pment(
BEQ)Not
es
Undernew SOLASRegulat
ionV/
19-
1,shi
pswil
lber
equi
redtor epor
tthei
rposi
ti
on( LRIT
i
nformat
ion)automat
ical
ly
,toaspeci
alshor
edatacol
lect
ion,stor
ageanddistri
bution
syst
em,atleastf
ourt
imesaday.

LRITinf
ormati
onispr
ov i
dedtoContr
acti
ngGov ernment
sandSearchandRescueser vi
ces
enti
tl
edtorecei
vetheinfor
mati
on,uponrequest,thr
oughasystem ofNati
onal,Regi
onal
,
andCooper at
iveLRI
TDat aCentr
es,usi
ngwher enecessar
y,theInter
nat
ionalLRITData
Exchange.

TheRegul
ator
yBasi
sforLRI
T

Theobligationsofshi
pstot r
ansmi
tLRI
Ti nfor
mationandtheri
ght
sandobli
gati
onsof
Cont
ractingGov er
nmentsandofSARser
vicestorecei
veLRI
Tinf
ormati
onar
eestabl
ished
i
nregulationV/19-
1ofthe1974SOLASConventi
on.

I
MOhasal soestabl
ishedaser i
esofAssemblyResolut
ionsandMSCCir
cul
arst
hatpr
ovi
de
det
ail
softhetechnicalandoperati
onalcri
ter
ia,andar
rangement
sfort
hei
mplement
ati
on
oft
heLRITsystem worldwide.Theseincl
ude:

Resol
uti
on Rev
isedPer
for
manceSt
andar
dsandFunct
ionalRequi
rement
sfor
MSC.263(84) LRI
T
Techni
calDocumentat
ion (
part1)– I
nter
im Rev
ised Techni
cal
MSC.
1/Ci
rc.
1259
Speci
fi
cat
ionsf
ortheLRITsyst
em
MSC.
1/Ci
rc.
1294 Techni
cal
Document
ati
on(
par
t2)

MSC.
1/Ci
rc.
1298 Gui
danceont
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heLRI
Tsy
stem

Resol
uti
on
Appoi
ntmentoft
heLRI
TCoor
dinat
or
MSC.275(85)

Note:Aful
lli
stofal
ldocumentsr
elev
anttot
heest
abli
shmentandi
mpl
ement
ati
onofLRI
T
canbefoundontheIMOpublicwebsit
e:www.i
mo.
org.

Indi
vidualFlagStatesareexpect edtopubli
shspeci
fi
cregulat
ionsf
ortheshi
psont hei
r
Registerprovidi
ng detai
led guidance on t
he impl
ementat
ion ofLRIT,i
ncl
uding shi
p
equipmentconf or
mancet estarr
angements,pl
ustheAppli
cati
onServi
ceProv
ider(
s)and
DataCent r
echosenbyt heFl agconcer
ned.

Shi
pbor
neEqui
pment

Ther
egul
ati
onsappl
ytot
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ypesofshi
psengagedoni
nter
nat
ional
voy
ages:

Compi
l
edatARI
,NewDel
hiPage2
 2ndMat
esBr
idgeEqui
pment(
BEQ)Not
es
1.passengerships,i
ncludi
nghigh-
speedpassengercr
aft;
2.cargoships,i
ncludi
nghigh-
speedcraft
,of300grosstonnage3andupwar
ds;
and
3.mobileoffshoredri
l
li
ngunit
s.

However
,shipsoperat
ingi
nSeaAr eaA4mustcompl
ynotl
atert
hant
hef
ir
stsur
veyoft
he
r
adioi
nstal
l
at i
onaft
er1July2009.

The“shi
pborneequipment”ut
il
isedforLRITcanbeanycommuni cat
ionster
minalonboard
thev
essel t
hatiscapabl
eofautomatical
l
yt r
ansmit
ti
ngtheship’
sLRITinf
ormati
on,wi
thout
humanintervent
ion,
at6-
hourl
yinter
valstoanLRITdatacent
re.

I
naddi
ti
on,
theshi
pboar
dequi
pmentmustbecapabl
eof
:

 bei
ngconf
igur
edr
emot
elyt
otr
ansmi
tLRI
Tinf
ormat
ionatv
ari
abl
eint
erv
als;
 t
ransmi
tt
ingLRI
Tinf
ormat
iononr
ecei
ptofaspeci
fi
crequestf
rom t
heshor
e(i
e
whenpol
l
ed)
;and
 bei
ngi
nter
facedwi
thanext
ernalgl
obalnav
igat
ionsat
ell
i
ter
ecei
ver(
egGPS)
,or
hav
eani
nter
nal
posi
ti
oni
ngcapabi
l
ity
.

TheLRI
TInf
ormat
ion

TheLRI
TI nf
ormat
ionthati
sr equi
redtobetr
ansmi
tt
edbyt
heshi
pisspeci
fi
edi
nnew
SOLASRegul
ati
onV/19-
1.5andisli
mitedt
o:

1.i
dent
it
yoft
heshi
p;
2.posi
ti
onoft
heshi
p(l
ati
tudeandl
ongi
tude)
;and
3.dat
eandt
imeoft
heposi
ti
onpr
ovi
ded.

Communi
cat
ionSer
vicePr
ovi
der
(s)

TheCommuni cati
onSer vi
ceProvider(
CSP)provi
desthecommuni cati
onsservi
ceswhich
tr
ansf
erLRITdat asecurel
yfrom shipt
otheASPonshor e.Themeansofcommuni cati
on
wil
loft
enbev iasatell
i
te,buttheLRI T sy
stem i
tsel
fisindependentofthemeansof
communicat
ion,andanymet hodcanbeused, asl
ongasthecorrecti
nformat
ionarr
iveson
shor
eattherightper
iodi
cityorwhendemanded.

TheI
MOPer
for
manceSt
andar
drequi
rest
hat
:

“Theshi
pboar
dequipmentshoul
dtr
ansmittheLRI
Tinformati
onusingacommuni
cat
ion
syst
em whi
chprovi
descover
agei
nal
lareaswher
etheshipoperat
es.
”

Compi
l
edatARI
,NewDel
hiPage3
 2ndMat
esBr
idgeEqui
pment(
BEQ)Not
es
Appl
i
cat
ionSer
vicePr
ovi
der
(s)

TheAppli
cat
ionServ
icePr ov
ider(ASP)recei
vestheLRI
Treport
str
ansmit
tedbytheshi
p
viat
heCSP,addscertai
nadditi
onali
nformati
ontoeachr
epor
t,andf
orwar
dstherepor
tst
o
theDat
aCentrenominatedbytheship’
sFlagStat
e.

Thei
nfor
mat
iont
obeaddedt
oeachLRI
Trepor
tbyt
heASPi
ncl
udes:

1.I
MOshi
pident
if
icat
ionnumberandMMSIf
ort
heshi
p;
2.nameoft
heshi
p;
3.uni
quei
dent
if
icat
ioncodef
ort
heLRI
TDat
aCent
re;
and
4.anumberoft
imest
ampsusedf
ort
racki
ngandaudi
tpur
poses.

Inaddi
tion,t
heASPisresponsibl
efortest
ingandconf
igur
ingt
heshi
p’scommunicati
ons
ter
minal,bot
hwhent heterminalisnew andduri
ngconti
nuedLRI
Treport
ing,i
ncludi
ng
execut
ing“ondemand”t
ransmissi
onsofLRITdata.

Ithasbeenseenthattheship’
scommuni cat
iont er
minal
sdonotal way sconti
nuerepor
ti
ng
automati
cal
lywit
houtf ur
theri
nter
vent
ion,andt heASPi sresponsi
bleforidenti
fyi
ngwhen
at er
minalhasceasedaut omati
creporti
ngf oranyr easonandr esett
ingitsrepor
ti
ng
funct
ionwhenrequir
ed.

Lastly
,theASPmustensur et
hatLRI
Tinf
ormat
ioni
scol
l
ect
ed,st
oredandr
out
edi
na
rel
iableandsecur
emanner
.

The ASP i
s wi
lloft
en be a commerci
alenti
ty,and i
s chosen and r
ecogni
zed bya
Cont
ract
ingGov
ernmenttopr
ov i
deLRI
TDatatothei
rDataCentr
e.

LRI
TDat
aCent
res

The pr
imarypurpose ofan LRIT Dat
a Cent
re(DC)ist
o collectand st
orethe LRIT
i
nformati
onrecei
vedfrom shi
psandmakeitavai
l
ablet
oauthor
isedenti
ti
esasinst
ructed
bythei
radmini
str
ati
ons.

I
ncar ryi
ngoutthesecoref unct
ions,theDCi srequir
edtoensur ethatLRITdat ausersare
onl
ypr ov i
dedwiththeLRI Tinformationt heyareent i
tl
edtor eceiveundert hetermsof
SOLASRegul ati
onV/19.1.
I
n addi t
ion,the LRI
T DC act s as a “cleari
ng house”byr ecei
v i
ng requestsf orLRIT
i
nformat i
onlodgedinot herDCsf rom itsassociatedAdministrat
ion(s)andobt ai
ningthe
datar equest
ed.GenerallyLRITr epor t
s so requested wi
llbe exchanged t hr
ough the
I
nternati
onalDataExchange.

Compi
l
edatARI
,NewDel
hiPage4
 2ndMat
esBr
idgeEqui
pment(
BEQ)Not
es
LRI
TDCsmaymakeachar
gef
orLRI
Tdat
atheypr
ovi
det
oot
herDCs.

DCs maybe ei
therNational(establ
ished t
o prov
ide ser
vice t
o onl
yone Cont
ract
ing
Gov
ernment
);Cooper
ative(est
abli
shedt opr ov
ideservi
cest oanumberofContract
ing
Gov
ernment
s)orRegional(est
ablishedt oprovi
deservi
cest oanumberofContract
ing
Gov
ernment
sacti
ngthrougharegionalenti
tyofsomekind).

TheI MO Perf
ormanceStandardenv i
sagesalsoanInt
ernat
ionalDataCent
re(I
DC),to
provideLRITser
vicesonani nter
nati
onalbasi
stomanycount ri
esthatdonotwishto
establi
shthei
rownDCs,butt heI MO Mari
ti
meSafetyCommi ttee(MSC)hasnotyet
decidedtoest
abl
ishsuchanIDC.

I
nter
nat
ional
LRI
TDat
aExchange

TheInt
ernationalLRITDataExchange(I
DE)routest heLRITinf
ormati
onbet weenLRITDCs
usi
ngthei nfor
mat i
onprovi
dedintheLRITDataDi stri
buti
onPlan.I
tistherefor
econnect
ed
vi
atheinternettoallLRI
TDCsandt heLRITDataDi str
ibut
ionPl
anserver.

TheI DEcannotaccessanddoesnotar chiv

et heLRI
Tdatait
self,butitdoesmai ntai
na
j
ournalofmessageheaderi nfor
mation– whi chcanbeunder stoodast he“env el
ope”
containi
ngtheLRI
Ti nf
ormat
ion.Thi
sj our
nalisusedfori
nvoi
cingf unct
ionsandforaudit
purposes.

LRI
TDat
aDi
str
ibut
ionPl
an

TheLRITDat aDistri
butionPl an(DDP)ispr i
ncipal
lyadatabaset hatholdsinf
ormati
on
neededtoallowt heinternati
onalLRITsyst
em t ooperat
ecorrect
ly.TheDDPi sconsult
ed
byanyDCinor dertodet er
mi newhetherarequestforLRI
Tinformationshoul
dbeal l
owed
undert
herulesf orthedistr
ibutionofLRI
Tdata.
TheDDPinfor mationincl
udes:

1.al
i
stoft
heuni
quei
dent
if
icat
ioncodesassi
gnedt
okeyel
ement
sint
heLRI
Tsy
stem;
2.t
he coor
dinat
es whi
ch def
ine t
he v
ari
ous geogr
aphi
calar
eas decl
ared by
Cont
ract
ingGov
ernment
swi
thi
nwhi
cht
heywi
sht
oexer
ciset
hei
rri
ght
stor
ecei
ve
orr
est
ri
ctt
hedi
str
ibut
ionofLRI
Tinf
ormat
ionasaFl
agorCoast
alSt
ate;
and
3.al
i
stoft
hepor
tsand por
tfaci
l
iti
eswi
thi
nthet
err
it
oryand pl
acesundert
he
j
uri
sdi
cti
onofeachCont
ract
ingGov
ernment
.

LRI
TSy
stem Secur
it
y

Cur
rentLRI
Tinf
ormat
ion can hav
ebot
h asecur
it
yand acommer
cialv
alue.I
tmust

Compi
l
edatARI
,NewDel
hiPage5
 2ndMat
esBr
idgeEqui
pment(
BEQ)Not
es
thereforebest r
ictl
yprotectedfrom unauthor
isedaccessi nstor
ageandwheni tisbei ng
exchanged.TheLRI T Perf
ormanceSt andardprov i
desf ortheprotecti
onofLRI T data
throught heprotect
ionnotonl yofthedatabasesthemsel v
es,butal
sot hecommuni cati
on
l
inks used t o exchange dat a.Recommended met hods ofdat a protect
ion include:
authorizati
onpriortoaccess;aut hent
icat
ionoft hoseaccessingthedat a;conf
identiali
ty
(usuallybyencrypti
onoft hedata)anddataint
egritychecki
ng.

TheLRI
TCoor
dinat
or

I
MSOhasbeenappointedast heLRI
TCoor
dinat
orbyt
heMar
it
imeSafetyCommitt
ee;and
hasimplement
edt
hatdeci
sionbyamendmentst
otheI
MSOConvent
ionandit
soperat
ional
procedur
es.

Thef
unct
ionsoft
heLRI
TCoor
dinat
ori
ncl
ude:

1.assi
sti
ngi
ntheest
abl
i
shmentoft
heI
DEandI
DCt
hroughi
ssui
ngandev
aluat
ing
Request
sforPr
oposal
stopot
ent
ial
oper
ator
s;
2.f
aci
l
itat
ingt
het
est
ingandi
ntegr
ati
onofnew DCsandot
herel
ement
sint
othe
i
nter
nat
ional
LRI
Tsy
stem;
3.r
evi
ewi
ngt
heper
for
manceoft
hesy
stem onanannualbasi
s,t
hroughr
evi
ew and
audi
tofASPs,
DCsandt
heI
DE,
ver
if
yingi
npar
ti
cul
art
hatCont
ract
ingGov
ernment
s
andSear
chandRescueser
vicesr
ecei
vet
hei
nfor
mat
iont
heyar
eent
it
ledt
o,andnot
anyi
nfor
mat
iont
owhi
cht
heyar
enotent
it
led;
and
4.pr
ovi
dinganannualr
epor
ttot
heMar
it
imeSaf
etyCommi
tt
eeont
heper
for
manceof
t
he LRI
T sy
stem i
ncl
udi
ng any non-
conf
ormi
ti
es,and maki
ng any appr
opr
iat
e
r
ecommendat
ions wi
thav
iew t
oimpr
ovi
ng t
he ef
fi
ciency
,ef
fect
iveness and
secur
it
yoft
heLRI
Tsy
stem.

TheLRI
TCoor
dinat
ori
saut
hor
isedt
ochar
gef
ort
heser
vicesi
tpr
ovi
des.

Accesst
oLRI
TInf
ormat
ion

Undertheter
msofSOLASRegul
ati
onV/ 19-1.
8,gover
nmentsareent
it
ledtoreceiv
eLRIT
i
nformati
on,i
ftheywi
sht
odoso,
forsecuri
tyandotherpur
poses,
inf
ourbasi
csituati
ons:

1.asaFl
agSt
ate,
anAdmi
nist
rat
ioni
sent
it
ledt
orecei
veLRI
Tinf
ormat
ionaboutshi
ps
ent
it
ledt
ofl
yit
sfl
agi
rr
espect
iveofwher
esuchshi
psmaybel
ocat
ed;
2.asaPor
tSt
ate,aCont
ract
ingGov
ernmenti
sent
it
ledt
orecei
veLRI
Tinf
ormat
ion
Compi
l
edatARI
,NewDel
hiPage6
 2ndMat
esBr
idgeEqui
pment(
BEQ)Not
es
aboutshi
pswhi
chhav
eindi
cat
edt
hei
rint
ent
iont
oent
erapor
tfaci
l
ityorapl
ace
undert
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hatCont
ract
ingGov
ernment
,subj
ectt
ocer
tai
nrest
ri
cti
ons;
3.asaCoast
alSt
ate,
aCont
ract
ingGov
ernmenti
sent
it
ledt
orecei
veLRI
Tinf
ormat
ion
aboutshi
psent
it
ledt
ofl
ythef
lagofot
herCont
ract
ingGov
ernment
s,noti
ntendi
ng
t
o ent
era por
tfaci
l
ity ora pl
ace undert
he j
uri
sdi
cti
on oft
hatCont
ract
ing
Gov
ernment
,nav
igat
ingwi
thi
nadi
stancenotexceedi
ng1,
000naut
icalmi
l
esofi
ts
coast
,subj
ectt
ocer
tai
nrest
ri
cti
ons;
and
4.t
heSear
chandRescueSer
viceofaCont
ract
ingGov
ernmentmayr
ecei
ve,f
reeof
anychar
ges,LRI
Tinf
ormat
ioni
nrel
ati
ont
othesear
chandr
escueofper
sonsi
n
di
str
essatsea.

I
naddit
ion,
theMSChassubsequentl
ydecidedt
hatCont
ract
ingGover
nmentsmayrequest
,
r
ecei
veanduseLRI
Tinf
ormationforsaf
etyandmari
neenvir
onmentprot
ect
ionpur
poses.

Contracti
ngGov ernment
swillgenerall
yhav etopayasmal lcharge,ref
lecti
ngl ar
gelythe
costsofdat acollect
ionandstorage,f ortheLRITi nf
ormationtheyuse.TheMSC has
deci
dedt hatshipsthemsel
vesshallnotbechar gedforthetransmissionorot hercostsof
part
icipat
ionintheLRITsyst
em.Si mi l
arl
y,t
heLRITsy st
em hasbeendesi gnedsot hatthe
capabili
ti
es of many existi
ng sat el
li
te communi cat
ion terminals( eg Inmar sat C)
,
mandat ori
lyf
it
tedinmostSOLASshi ps, wi
ll
besuf f
ici
entforLRITpurposes.

Asaresul
t,i
tshoul
dnotbenecessaryf
orthemajor
it
yofshi
pst
oincuranysi
gni
fi
cantcost
i
nimplementi
ngthenewLRI
Tr epor
ti
ngrequi
rement
s.

Compi
l
edatARI
,NewDel
hiPage7
 2ndMat
esBr
idgeEqui
pment(
BEQ)Not
es
AUTOMATI
CIDENTI
FICATI
ONSYSTEM

WHATI
SAI
S?

Verysi
mply
,theAut
omati
cIdent
if
icat
ion Sy
stem i
sabr
oadcastt
ranspondersy
stem,
oper
ati
ngi
ntheVHFmar
it
imemobil
eband.
I
tiscapableofsendinginf
ormati
onsuchasi denti
fi
cat
ion,posi
ti
on,cour
se,speedand
more,to ot
herships and t
o shore.AI
S operat
es pri
ncipal
l
yon two dedicat
ed VHF
f
requenci
esorchannel
s:
AI
S1-161.
975MHz-channel
87B(
Simpl
ex,
forshi
ptoshi
p)and
AI
S2-162.
025MHz-channel
88B(
Dupl
exf
orshi
ptoshor
e).
AISusesSelf-
Organi
zingTimeDivi
sionMultipleAccess(SOTDMA)t echnol
ogytomeetthi
s
hi
ghbr oadcastrat
eandensur er el
iabl
eshi p-t
o-shi
poperati
on.Itnormall
ywor ksi
nan
autonomousandcont inuousmode,regar
dlessofwhet heri
tisoperati
ngintheopenseas,
coastal
orinl
andareas.
Althoughonlyoneradi
ochanneli
snecessary
,eachstat
iontr
ansmitsandr
ecei
vesovertwo
radiochannelstoavoi
dint
erf
erenceprobl
emsandt oallowchannel
stobeshi
ftedwit
hout
communi cati
onslossf
rom ot
herships.
Eachstat
iondet
erminesi
tsownt r
ansmissi
onschedul
e(slot
),basedupondat
ali
nkt
raf
fi
c
hi
stor
yandknowledgeoffut
ureacti
onsbyotherst
ati
ons.
Apositi
onrepor
tfr
om oneAI
Sst
ati
onf
it
sint
ooneof2250t
imesl
otsest
abl
i
shedev
ery60
seconds.

AISstat
ionscont
inuousl
ysy
nchr
oni
zet
hemsel
vest
oeachot
her
,toav
oidov
erl
apofsl
ot
tr
ansmissi
ons.
Slotsel
ecti
onbyanAI Sstati
oni
sr andomizedwi
thi
nadefi
nedinter
val
.Whenastati
on
changesitssl
otassi
gnment,i
tpr
e-announcesbot
hthenew l
ocat
ionandthet
imeoutf
or
thatl
ocati
on.
Inthi
sway
,newstat
ionsi
ncludi
ngthosestat
ionswhi
chsuddenlycomewi
thi
nradi
orange
closet
oot
herv
essel
swill
alwaysberecei
vedbythosevessel
s.

WHATDOESAI
SCONSI
STOF?

Compi
l
edatARI
,NewDel
hiPage8
 2ndMat
esBr
idgeEqui
pment(
BEQ)Not
es
EachAISsystem consi
stsofoneVHFt r
ansmit
ter
,twoVHFTDMArecei
vers,
oneVHFDSC
recei
ver
,andast andar
dmar i
neelect
roniccommunicat
ionsl
i
nkt
oshipboar
ddispl
ayand
sensorsyst
ems.
HOW DOESAI
SWORK?
Posit
ionandtimingi
nfor
mat i
onisnor
mal l
yder
ivedf
rom abui
l
t-inorext
ernalgl
obalGPS
recei
ver,i
ncl
udingadiff
erent
ialGPSreceiv
erforpr
eci
seposi
tionincoastalandinl
and
waters.
Otheri nf
ormati
on br
oadcastbyt he AI
S,ifavai
labl
e,is el
ect
roni
cal
l
yobt
ained f
rom
shipboardequi
pmentthr
oughstandar
dmar i
nedat
aconnecti
ons.
Headi
ng,cour
seandspeedov
ergr
oundwoul
dnor
mal
l
ybepr
ovi
dedbyal
lAI
Sequi
pped
shi
ps.

Otheri
nfor
mat i
on,suchasrat
eoft
urn,angl
eofheel
,pi
tchandr
oll
,anddest
inat
ionand
ETAcouldalsobeprovi
ded.

DATATRANSMI
TTED
AI
Str
ansmitsf
oll
owingcategori
esofi
nfor
mat
ion:
Stati
c inf
ormation
Dynamic inf
ormation
Voyage r
elated
inf
ormati
onShortsaf ety
-
rel
atedmessages
St
ati
cinf
ormati
on:(
Every6mi nandonrequest
)
■ MMSI
■ IMOnumber( whereavail
able)
■ Callsi
gn&name
■ Lengthandbeam
■ Typeofshipand
■ Locati
onoftheposit
ion-f
ixi
ngant
enna
Dy
namici
nformat i
on: (Dependantonspeedandcour sealter
ati
on)
■ Shi
p'sposi t
ionwi thaccuracyindi
cat
ionandintegr
ityst
atus
■ Positi
ontimest amp( i
nUTC)
■ Courseov ergr ound(COG)
■ Speedov ergr ound(SOG)
■ Heading
■ Navigati
onal status(e.
g.atanchor,underway,agroundetc.And
■ Rateofturn( wher eavail
able)
.
Voy
ager
elatedinformati
on(Ev6mi
n,wheni
sdat
aamended,
oronr
equest
)
■ Shi
p'sdraught
■ Hazardouscar go(t
ype)
■ Desti
nationandETAand
■ Routeplan( waypoi
nts)
Shortsaf
ety
-rel
atedmessages:Freefor
matt extmessage(sentasneeded)addr
essedto
oneormor especifi
eddesti
nati
onsortoal lstati
onsinthearea.Thecont
entshouldbe
rel
evantt
osafetymessagese.g.buoymissi
ng,ice-
bergsi
ghtedetc.

Compi
l
edatARI
,NewDel
hiPage9
 2ndMat
esBr
idgeEqui
pment(
BEQ)Not
es
REPORTI
NGI
NTERVAL

SHIP REPORTINGI
NTERVAL
MANOEUVRI NG
AtAnchor 3minut
es
Speed0-14Kt s 10secs
And changi
ng4secs
course
Speed14-23Kt s 6secs
And changi
ng 2secs
course
Speed>23Kt s 3secs
And changi
ng 2secs
course

MODESOFOPERATI
ONS
Ther
ear
e3modesofoper
ati
onofAI
S:
Autonomous and cont i
nuous mode:Int hi
s mode AIS automati
cal
l
ydef ines i
ts own
report
ingr at
einaccordancewithi
tsnavi
gationalmode,speedandcourse.Theuni tal
so
select
si t
sownt i
meslots.Thisi
snormalmodef oroper
ati
oninallar
easbutthemodemay
beswi tchedfrom/t
oAssi gnedorPol
led/
Cont r
oll
edmodebyacompet entauthori
tyviaa
basest ati
ononshore.
Assi
gnedMode:Acompet entauthor
it
yresponsi
blefortr
aff
icmonit
ori
ngmayr emotel
y
settransmi
ssi
ons i
nter
vals and/orti
me slotsf orthe vesselmobi
le st
ati
ons.In
Assi
gnedmodet hemobilestati
ondoesnotchangei tsreport
ingr
atewhenchanging
cour
seandspeed.
Poll
ed/Cont
rol
led Mode:Int hi
s mode mobile stat
ion wi l
lautomatical
l
yrespond t
o
i
nterr
ogati
onmessagesfrom ashi porcompetentaut
hor i
ty.Theresponseist
ransmi
tt
ed
onthechannelwheretheint
errogati
onmessagewasr ecei
ved.Operat
ioninPol
ledmode
doesnotconfl
i
ctwitht
heoperationinot
hert
womodes.

PSEUDOAI S
VTScent ersmaysendinf or
mat i
onaboutvessel
swhichar enotcar ry
ingAISandwhi ch
aretrackedonlybyVTSr adar,
v i
atheAIStovessel
sequippedwi thAIS.AnypseudoAI S
targetbroadcastbyVTSshoul dbeclearl
yident
ifi
edandpar t
icularcareshouldalways
bet akenwhenusi ngi
nformationwhichhasbeenr el
ayedbyat hir
dpar t
y.Accuracyof
theset arget
smaynotbeasaccur ateasact ualdir
ectly
-received t
arget
sand t he
i
nfor mati
oncontentmaynotbeascompl et
e.

OPERATI
ONOFAI
S
AI
Sshouldal
waysbeonwhenunder wayoratanchorunl
esstheMast
erf
eel
stheoper
ati
on
mightcompr
omisewi t
hsecur
ity
,suchaspir
acyareas.Ent
ryinl
ogbookshoul
dbemade
st
atingt
imeandreasons.I
tmustbeswi
tchonassoonaspossibl
e.

AI
SASSURVEI
LLANCETOOL

Compi
l
edatARI
,NewDel
hiPage10
 2ndMat
esBr
idgeEqui
pment(
BEQ)Not
es
I
ncoast alwat er
s,shoresi deaut hor
iti
esmayest abl
i
shautomat edAIS stati
onst o
moni torthemov ementofv essel
st hr
ought hearea.Thesestat
ionsmaysi mplymonitor
AISt r
ansmi ssi
onsf r
om passingships,ormayact iv
elypoll
vesselsvi
atheAI Schannel
s,
requesting data such as ident
if
icati
on,dest i
nati
on,ETA,t ype ofcargo and other
i
nf ormation.Coast stations can al so use t he AIS channelsf or shore-
to-
ship
transmissions,tosendi nformati
onont ides,noti
cest omar i
nersandl ocalweather
forecasts.
Coastalnat
ionsmayuseAI Stomonit
orthemov ementofhazar
douscar
goesand
cont
rolcommerci
alf
ishi
ngoper
ati
onsi
nthei
rter
ri
tor
ial
water
s.
Mul
ti
pleAIScoaststat
ionsandrepeat
ersmaybet
iedt
oget
heri
ntoWi
deAr
eaNet
wor
ks
(
WAN)f orex
tendedcoverage.

AI
Sdatacanbel
oggedaut
omat
ical
l
yforpl
aybacki
ninv
est
igat
inganacci
dent
,oi
lspi
l
lor
ot
herev
ent.
AIS wil
lalso bea usef ultooli
n sear
ch and r
escue(SAR)operat
ions,al
l
owing SAR
coordi
nator
st o monitorthemov ementsofallsurf
aceships,ai
rcr
aftand hel
i
copter
s
i
nvolvedintherescueeff
ort.

AI
SASANAI
DTOCOLLI
SIONAVOI
DANCE
AI
Shaspot ent
ialt
osi
gni
fi
cant
lycontr
ibutet
osafetyofnavi
gati
on.Itpr
ovidesposit
ive
i
dent
if
icat
ionoftar
get
sfi
tt
edwithAISalongwit
hthei
rstat
icanddynamicinfor
mation.
Thi
s enhances t
he nav
igat
ionaleff
ecti
veness and i
tcan gr
eat
lyi
mpr
ove si
tuat
ional
awarenessanddeci
si
onmakingabil
i
ties.

AISal
soassi
stsOOW i
ntr
acki
ngandmonit
ori
ngt
arget
s,asitalsopr
ovidesinf
ormat
ionon
CPAand
TCPA.
WhenusingtheAISintheship-
to-
shi
pmodeforanti
-col
l
isionpurposes,thefol
l
owing
shoul
dbebornei
nmind:
1)Donotrel
yonAISast
hesol
einf
ormat
ionsy
stem,maki
nguseofal
lsaf
ety
-rel
evant
i
nfor
mati
onavai
l
abl
e.
2)AISisanadditi
onalsourcef
ornavi
gati
onalinf
ormati
on.AI
S doesnotr
epl
ace,but
suppor
ts,
nav
igat
ionalsy
stemssuchasr
adartar
get-
tr
acki
ngandVTS.
3)TheuseofAI S onboar d shi
pisnotintended to hav
eanyspecialimpactonthe
composi
tion ofthe nav
igat
ionalwatch,which shoul
d cont
inue t
o be det
ermi
ned i
n
accor
dancewitht
heSTCW Conv enti
on.
TheuseofAI
Sdoesnotnegat
ether
esponsi
bil
i
tyoft
heOOW t
ocompl
y,atal
lti
mes,wi
th
theCol
l
isi
onRegul
ati
ons.

LI
MITATI
ONSOFAI
S

Compi
l
edatARI
,NewDel
hiPage11
 2ndMat
esBr
idgeEqui
pment(
BEQ)Not
es
1)Theaccur
acyofAISi
nfor
mat
ionr
ecei
vedi
sonl
yasgoodast
heaccur
acyoft
heAI
S
i
nformat
iontr
ansmi
tt
ed.

2)
Posi
ti
onofshi
psr
ecei
vedonAI
Sdi
spl
aymaynotber
efer
encedt
oWGS84dat
um.

3)Overreli
anceonAI Sinfor
mationf ornavi
gati
onalsaf
etyshoul
dbeav oidedunt
ilst
eps
canbet akent oensurethatal
ltransmitt
ingshipsprov
idethenecessar
ydegreeofdata
accuracyandintegr
it
yforall
connectedsensors.
4)Theuser
smustbeawar ethatt
ransmissi
onofwr onginf
ormat
ionimpl
iesari
sktoot
her
shipsaswellastheirown.Theusersremainresponsibl
eforal
linf
ormati
onenter
edi
nto
thesyst
em andtheinfor
mati
onaddedbyt hesensor
s.
5)Cert
ainel
ementsofthedynamici
nformati
ont
ransmi
tt
edbyAISmaybepr ov
idedfr
om
sensorswhi
chlackcomprehensi
vei
ntegr
it
ymonit
ori
ngandwhoseaccur
acyhasnotbeen
test
ed.
6)Notal
lshipswil
lbefi
tt
edwit
hAIS,parti
cul
arl
ysmallcraftandf
ishi
ngboat
s.Ot
her
fl
oati
ngobj
ectswhi
chmaygiv
eaRadarechowil
lnotbedet
ectedbyAI
S.
Mariner
sshould beawareofthi
sI mit
ati
on when v
iewi
ng i
nfor
mati
on on shi
p bor
ne
navi
gati
onaldi
splay
.ThusOOW shouldbeonguardagainstmakingapi
ctureoftraf
fi
c
scenari
oonthebasi
sofAISal
one.
7)TheOOW shouldalway
sbeawar ethatothershi
ps,f
it
tedwithAISasamandat ory
carr
iager
equir
ement
,mightswi
tchoffAISundercer
tai
ncircumst
ancesbypr
ofessi
onal
j
udgmentofthemast
er.
8)I
twoul
dnotbepr
udentfort
heOOW toassumethatt
heinfor
mationr
ecei
vedfr
om ot
her
shi
psisofacomparabl
equali
tyandaccur
acyasthatwhichmightbeavai
labl
eonown
shi
p.

SOLASREQUI
REMENT
ThecarriageofAI Sonboar
dshi psisgov
ernedbySOLASregulat
ionV/ 19.
2.4.Thecar
ri
age
ofAISismandat oryforal
lshipsof300grosstonsandgreaterengagedoni nter
nat
ional
voyages,cargoshipsof500gr osstonsandgreat
ernotengagedoni nter
nati
onalvoy
ages
andalltankersandpassengersships.

AI
STYPES
Cl
assAmandat edbyt heIMOforvesselsof300grosstonnageandupwar
dsengagedon
i
nter
nat
ionalvoyages,car
goshipsof500gr osstonnageandupwardsnotengagedon
i
nter
nat
ionalv
oyagesandpassengershipsir
respect
iveofsi
ze.
ClassBpr ov
idesl
imit
edf unct
ionali
tyandi sint
endedfornon-
SOLASvessel
s.Itisnot
mandatedbyt heI
nter
nat
ionalMar it
imeOr gani
zat
ion(I
MO)andhasbeendev el
opedfor
vessel
ssuchasworkcraf
tandpl easurecr
aft.

AI
STYPESA/
B-DI
FFERENCES

TheCl
assBi
snear
lyi
dent
ical
tot
heCl
assA,
exceptt
heCl
assB:

Compi
l
edatARI
,NewDel
hiPage12
 2ndMat
esBr
idgeEqui
pment(
BEQ)Not
es
■ Hasar eport
ingrat
el essthanaCl assA( e.
g.ev er
y30sec.whenunder14knot
s,as
opposedtoev er
y10sec.f orClassA) .
■ Doesnottransmitthev essel'
sIMOnumber .
■ DoesnottransmitETAordest i
nat i
on.
■ Doesnottransmitnav i
gationalstatus.
■ Doesnottransmitrateoft urni
nf or
mat i
on.
■Isonlyrequir
edt oreceive,nottransmit,t
extsafetymessages.
■ Doesnottransmitmaxi mum pr esentstati
cdraught.

AISFEATURESATAGL ANCE H3S3H

Trans
mito wnp osit
i
ons ndvaasadat a
Receiveposi ti
orf rom Cl
assAv essel s ✓ ✓ ✓
Receiveposi ti
orf rom Cl
assBv essel s ✓ ✓ ✓
Recev en amsa ndcal lsi
grfrom Cl assAv essels ✓ ✓ ✓
Rece ve name ar d ca 1 sigrf rom Cl ass 3 ✓
vessels
Incl
udescer ti
fi
edGPSr eceiver ✓ ✓ X
Trans
mit'SafetyRs tat
edMa s
sag e" ✓ ✓ 1
Meet si
nt ernationalAISstandar ds ✓ ✓ X
Canbef i
ttedt oSOLASv essels ✓ X I
I
Canbef i
ttedt oronSOLASv essels ✓ ✓ ✓
Two par allel receivers for compl ete AI S ✓ ✓ X"
recepti
on
DSC r eceiver f or aut omat ic i nt
er national ✓ ✓ X
channel cont r
ol

AI
SBASESTATI
ON(
REPEATERS)
BaseStat
ionsareprovi
dedbyan"aidstonavi
gat
ionaut
hor
it
y"t
oenabletheshi
ptoshor
e/
shoretoshipt r
ansmissi
onofinformati
on.Net
workedAISBaseStati
onscanassisti
n
prov
idi
ngov er
allmari
ti
medomainawareness.

AI
SAI
DTONAVI
GATI
ON
AISasanai
dtonav i
gat
ionprovideanopport
uni
tytotransmi
tposi
ti
onandstatusof
buoy
sandli
ght
sthr
ought hesameVDL,whichcanthenshowuponanelect
roni
cchart
,
comput
erdi
spl
ayorcompatibl
eradar
.

AI
SSART
Sear
chandRescueTransmi t
ter
susi
ngAI
S canbeusedt
oassi
sti
ndet
ermi
ningt
he
l
ocati
onofav
essel
indi
stress.

AIS ON SAR AI
RCRAFT:Sear
ch and Rescue Ai
rcr
aftmayuse AI
Sto assi
sti
nthei
r
oper
ati
ons.

Compi
l
edatARI
,NewDel
hiPage13
COMPARI
SIONBETWEENAI
SANDLRI
T

LRIT AIS
Satel
li
tebased VHFbased
Nearglobal cov
erage(
INMARSAT)Onl ywher eAIScover
ageisPr ov
ided
SecureDat a Publi
cDat a
Transmits Transmits
Positi
on,IMNNumber ,Dat
e/Time Positi
on,I MO Number,Dat e/Time,
VesselType,Speed,Cour
seet c.
Unli
mi t
edr ange Li
neofsi ght,
upto40NM
Fl
agSt ateOwnsDat a Anyonecanseedat a
Purpose: Purpose:
Mar i
ti
meSecur it
yandAwareness Navigat
ionandAnt i
-col
li
sionTool

14
 AUTOPI
LOT

Descr
ipt
ion&Pr
inci
pleofOper
ati
on

Theautopi
lotisequipmentused t
o mai
ntaintheship'
ssetcourseelect
roni
cal
l
yand
el
ect
ri
call
yforalongper
iodoft
imewhenal
terati
onofcour
sei
snotrequi
red.

Thisi
sachievedbycompar i
ngt
hecoursetost
eerwit
htheshi
p'sheadi
ngobtai
nedbygy ro
ormagneticcompasses.Anydi
ff
erencebet
weenthetwowil
lcauseanerrorsi
gnalvol
tage
tobecreat
edandaccor di
ngl
ycorr
ecti
nghel
m wil
lbeappl
i
edtotheruddertobr
ingtheship
backtothesetcour
se.

Theer rorsi
gnali
sf edtotheerrorampli
fi
erwhichalsogetsfeedbacksignal
sfr om the
rudderregar
dingtherudder'
scurr
entposi
ti
onandi t
'smovement.Theoutputoft heer r
or
amplifi
erisfedvi
atelemotorst
ot hest
eeri
nggearunitwhi
chinturnoperatesther udder
.
Thet el
emotorhast wouni t
s-tr
ansmitt
er(si
tuat
edont hebridge)andr ecei
ver( inthe
steer
ingcompartment).

Whenthedif
ferencebet
weenthet
wosignal
s,i
.e.
,thecour
setosteerandpresentgy
ro(
or
magnet
ic)course,isnil
,ther
ewil
lbeno outputfrom thecontr
olunitand henceno
movementoftherudder
.

TheAut
opi
l
otCont
rol
Uni
t-ThePI
DCont
rol
Uni
t

I
nor dertomaint
aintheshi
p'
scour
seaccur
atel
y,t
hedev
iat
ionsi
gnalhast
obegener
ated
underthefol
l
owingcondi
ti
ons:

a)Whent
hesetcour
seischanged(
bythenavi
gator
)
b)Whent
heshi
pdeviat
esfrom t
hesetcour
se(duetoext
ernal
fact
ors)

Forthispurpose,thehel
m mustbepr
ovi
dedwi
thdat
aregar
dingt
heshi
p'
smov
ement
rel
ati
vetothecoursetost
eerl
i
ne.

Thi
sisachi
evedbyelectr
onicci
rcui
tswi
tht
hehel
poft
hef
oll
owi
ng:
> Pr oport
ional
control
> Der i
vati
vecontrol
> I nt
egralcont
rol

Pr
opor
ti
onal
Cont
rol

Theef
fectonst
eer
ing,whenonl
ytheproporti
onalcont
roli
sapplied,causestheruddert
o
movebyanamountpropor
ti
onal
totheoff
-courseerr
orf
rom thecoursetosteer.

Whent heshiphasgoneof f-courset oport,anerroroccur sandhel m,propor

tionalt othe
deviat
ionandhenceer rorsignal,isusedt obr i
ngherbackt ot hesetcourse.Ast heship
star
tstor et
urnt othesetcour se,thehelmi sgraduall
yeasedandf i
nall
yremov edwhent he
shipisbackont hesetcourse.Ther udderwillbeami dshipswhent heshipreachesi t
sset
courseandt hent heheadingov ershootsresulti
ngi nt hev esseltogomor etost arboard.
Correctinghelmi snowappl i
edcausi ngtheshipt or eturntopor tandbackt otheor i
ginal
course.Thev esselthuskeepsonosci ll
ati
ngtopor tandst arboardofthecourseline.

15
Deri
vat
iveControl
Inderi
vati
vecontrol
,therudderisshift
edbyanamountpr opor
tionaltot herateof
changeoft heshi
p'sdevi
ati
onf r
om thecour se.Anydev
iat
ionofcour set oportwill
causecorr
ecti
ngruddertobeappli
edt ostar
board.
Astherateofchangeofcoursedecreases,t
heautomati
cruddercontroldecreasesand

atapoi
ntX,t
herudderwi
l
lret
urnt
omi dshi
psbef
orethevesselr
eachesi
tssetcour
se.
Theshi
pwil
lnowmakegoodacourseparal
l
elt
otherequi
redcourse.

Int
egralControl
Certai
nerrorsduetothedesignoftheship(
bowgoi ngtoportduet ot
ransv
erset
hrust
,
shapeoft hehull
,cur
rentdraft
,et
c.)haveanimpactont hesteeri
ngcapabi
li
ti
esofthe
shi
pandhav etobecorr
ectedforef
fecti
veover
all
steeri
ngperformance.

Inordertoachi
evethi
s,signal
sar eproducedbysensingtheheadingerroroveraperiod
oftimeandappl yi
nganappr opr i
atedegreeofper manenthelm.Ther udderusedt o
correctt
hecoursewil
lnowbeaboutt hi
spermanenthelm.Thatis,thepermanenthelm
wil
lnow actasmi dships.Additionall
y,t
herearev ari
ouscont r
olspr ovi
dedont he
autopil
otsyst
em al
ongwi thafi
ltersystem f
ortheacti
onoft hewindsandwav eswhi ch
supplymoredatatotheautopil
otwhi chopti
mizestheperfor
manceofi ntegr
alcontr
ol.
Theout putofthesethr
eecont
rol
siscombinedandthenetr
esul
tantt
husobtai
ned
dri
vesthe
ruddermaintai
ningt
heshipont
hesetcour
se.Thi
stypeofaut
opil
otisr
efer
redtoas
PIDauto
pil
ot.

16
17
Cont
rol
sont
hePanel

> Cour
sesel
ect
orknob-cour
set
obest
eer
edi
ssel
ect
edbyt
hisknob.
> Per
manenthel
m -Usedwhent
heshi
pisbei
ngdr
ivenof
f-
cour
sebycr
oss
wi
nds.Rudderangl
eshoul
dbej
ustenought
oof
f-
sett
hedr
if
t.

> Speed-Speedi
nputusual
l
ygi
venf
rom t
hel
ogormanual
l
y.
Speedoftheshipdeter
minestheef
fect
ivenessoft
her
udder
;lowert
hespeed,l
ess
eff
ect
ivet
herudderandvi
ce-
ver
sa.
> Ruddercont
rol-Thi
scont
roldet
ermi
nest
heamountofr
uddert
obeusedt
ocor
rect
thesli
ghtestamountofdev i
ati
onfrom thesetcourse.Thehi ghertheset ti
ng,the
l
argerther udderangleusedt ocorr
ectacour sedeviat
ionandmayr esulti
nov er
corr
ecti
ng.Lesserthesett
ing,l
esserther
udderangleusedandl ongerthet i
met aken
bytheshipt oret
urntothesetcourse.Hencethesetti
nghast obeopt imum sot hat
theshi
pqui ckl
yretur
nstothesetcoursewithminimum overshoot.
> Count
err
udder-Thi
scont
roldet
ermi
nest
heamountofcount
eract
ionbyt
her
udder
t
obeusedt ost
eadytheshipont hesetcoursekeepi
ngtheovershoottothe
mini
mum.Toolowasettingwil
lall
owtheshiptoover
shootandtoohighwil
lbr
ing
t
heshipbackt
osetcour
seslowly
.Henceopti
mum sett
ingi
sdesi
red.
> Yaw-Thi
sset
ti
ngdependsonwi
ndandweat
hercondi
ti
ons.I
nbadweat
herahi
gher
v
alueshoul
dbesel
ect
ed;
incal
m wat
ersal
owv
aluei
spr
efer
red.
> Rudderl
i
mit-Thi
sset
ti
ngspeci
fi
est
hemaxi
mum amountofr
uddert
obeusedwhen
cor
rect
ingt
heship'
sheadorwhenalter
ingcour
seonaut
opi
lot
.Thati
s,ifaset
ti
ngof
10°isappli
edforrudderli
mit,whenalter
ingcour
setherudderwil
lmov etoa
maximum of10°.Thi
sl i
mitcanbev ari
edaccordi
ngtotherequi
rementsofthe
nav
igat
or.
> Of
f-
cour
seal
arm -Thi
sal
armi
sact
ivat
edwhent
heshi
pdev
iat
esf
rom t
heset
coursebymorethanthepresetvaluef edint
ot heequi
pment.Thi
salar
m alsoserves
asawar ningi
ftheautopi
l
otsy st
em f ail
sandt heshipdevi
atesf
rom hersetcourse
bymor ethant
hepresetval
ue.Agai n,thesett
ingisdependantonweather
.Higherin
roughseasandloweri
ncalmerwat ers.
> Synchr
oni
zat
ioncont
rol-Thi
scont
rolt
empor
ari
l
ydi
sconnect
sthegy
ror
epeat
er
f
rom t
hemaingyr
osot
hatt
heheadi
ngoft
her
epeat
ercanbesy
nchr
oni
zedwi
tht
he
mast
ercompass.
> Aut
o/Fol
l
ow-
up/
Nonf
oll
ow-
up-Thi
sswi
tchal
l
owst
henav
igat
ort
oswi
tchbet
ween
v
ari
ousst
eer
ingmodes.
> Di
mmer-Ast
henamest
andsusedf
ori
l
lumi
nat
ingt
hepanelaccor
dingt
o
ones'
requi
rement
s.

Aut
oAdapti
veSteeri
ngSystem
Thi
sisanadvancedversi
onofthePIDcont
rolwhi
chadapt
stot
hest
eer
ingcapabi
l
iti
es
oft
heshi
paswel lasthewindandweat
hercondi
ti
ons.

Theshi p'
shul ldynamiccharacteri
sti
cskeepchangingwiththechangei ntheload
condit
ion,speed,dept
hofwat er,windandweathercondi
ti
onset c.I
nthePI
Dautopil
ot,
thecont r
olshavet obere-adjustedtogettheoptimum steer
ingbutintheadapti
ve
autopi
lot,t
he

18
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-BNWAS

esti
mational
gor
it
hm i
sincor
por
atedsot
hatt
heopt
imum st
eer
ingi
sobt
ainedwi
thout
re¬adj
usti
ngt
hecont
rol
s

Pr
ecaut
ionst
oexer
cisewhenusi
ngAut
opi
l
ot

Checkthefoll
owingfrequentl
y:
> MasterandGy rocompassesaresynchr
oni
zed
> Tryouthandst eeri
ngandemergencyst
eer
ing
> Opti
mum set t
ingsofcontrol
s
> Tryoff-
coursealarm
> Maintenancebecar ri
edoutaspert
hemanual

Theshi
pshouldnotbeonaut opilotmodeundert
hef
oll
owi
ngsi
tuat
ions:
> I
nnarrowchannels
> Atsl
owspeeds
> I
nareasofheav ytr
affi
c
> I
nroughweat hercondi
tions
> Whenv esseli
sunderpil
ot age
> I
npoorv isi
bil
i
ty

Theautopi
l
otshouldnotbeusedf orf
oll
owing:
> Forl
argealter
ationofcourse(unl
esstheaut
opi
l
oti
sdesi
gnedf
ort
hepur
pose)
> Neverforcoll
i
sionavoidance

Not
e:
Modernshi
psar
ebei
ngfit
tedwithrat
eoft
urni
ndicat
orsandl
argealt
erat
ionofcour
ses
canbemadeonaut
opil
otbyfeedi
ngaconst
antROToraconstantr
adiustur
ntechni
que.

19
 BRI
DGENAVI
GATI
ONWATCHALARM SYSTEM

PURPOSEOFBNWAS

Thepurposeofabri
dgenavi
gat
ionalwat
chalar
m syst
em istomoni
torbr
idgeact
ivi
tyand
det
ectoperat
ordi
sabi
li
tywhi
chcoul
dleadtomari
neaccident
s.

Thesystem monitor
sawarenessoftheOffi
ceroft
heWatch(OOW)andautomatical
l
y
al
ert
st he Masteroranot
herquali
fi
ed per
son i
f,f
oranyreason,t
he OOW becomes
i
ncapableofper
formi
ngOOW duti
es.

Thi
spurposeisachi
evedbyser
iesofindi
cati
onsandalar
mt oal
ertf
ir
stt
heOOW and,
ifhe
i
snotrespondi
ng,t
hentoal
ertMasteroranot
herqual
i
fiedper
son.

I
MOREQUI
REMENTS

OPERATI
ONALMODES

TheBNWASshoul
dincor
por
atet
hef
oll
owi
ngoper
ati
onal
modes:

-Aut
omat
ic(
Aut
omat
ical
l
ybr
oughti
ntooper
ati
onwhenev
ert
heshi
p.sheadi
ng

ort
rackcont
rol
syst
em i
sact
ivat
edandi
nhi
bit
edwhent
hissy
stem i
snotact
ivat
ed)

-Manual
ON(
Inoper
ati
onconst
ant
ly)

-Manual
OFF(
Doesnotoper
ateunderanyci
rcumst
ances)

OPERATI
ONALSEQUENCEOFI
NDI
CATI
ONSANDAL
ARMS

Once oper
ati
onal
,the al
arm sy
stem shoul
dremai
n dor
mantf
ora per
iod of
bet
ween3and12mi n(Td).

Attheendoft
hisdormantper
iod,t
heal
arm sy
stem shoul
dini
ti
ateav
isua
l
i
ndi
cat
i
onont
hebri
dge.

Ifnotr
eset
,theBNWASshouldaddi
ti
onal
lysoundaf
ir
sts
tagea
udi
bl
eal
ar
m
ont
hebri
dge15saf t
ert
hev
isual
indi
cati
onisi
nit
iat
ed.

Ifnotr
eset
,theBNWASshoul
dadditi
onall
ysoundase
c ondsta
geremoteaudi
bl
ealar
m
i
ntheback-upoff
icer
'sand/
orMast
er'
slocati
on15saf t
erthefir
ststageaudi
blealar
mi s
i
nit
iat
ed.

I
fnotreset
,theBNWASshouldadditi
onal
lys
oundat
hir
ds t
ager
emoteaudi
bl
eal
ar
m at
thelocat
ionsoffurthercr
ew memberscapabl
eoftaki
ngcorr
ecti
veact
ions90saft
erthe
secondstageremoteaudibleal
armi
sini
ti
ated.

20
Invessel
sothert
hanpassengervessel
s,thesecondorthir
dstageremot
eaudibleal
arms
maysoundinallt
heabovelocati
onsatthesamet i
me.Ifthesecondst
ageaudi
bleal
armis
soundedint
hisway,
thethi
rdstagealar
m maybeomi t
ted.

I
nlargerv essels,thedelaybetweenthesecondandthi
rdstageal
ar msmaybesettoa
l
ongervalueoni nst
all
ati
on,uptoamaximum of3min,
toall
owsuffi
cientt
imef
ort
heback-
upoffi
cerand/ orMast ert
oreachthebri
dge.

EMERGENCYCAL LFACILI
TY
Means may be pr ovi
ded on t
he bri
dge t
oimmedi
atel
y act
ivat
ethe second,and
subsequent
lyt
hird,st
ageremot
eaudibl
ealar
msbymeansofan. Emer
gencyCall.push
butt
onorsimil
ar.

RESETFUNCTION
Itshouldnotbepossibl
etoini
ti
atetheresetf
unct
ionorcancelanyaudi
ble
al
armf r
om anydev i
ce,equi
pmentorsyst
em notphysi
cal
lylocat
edinareasoft
he
bri
dgeprovi
dingpr
operlookout
.

The r
esetfuncti
on should,bya singl
e oper
atoraction,cancelthe v
isual
i
ndi
cati
onandal laudi
blealarmsandi ni
ti
ateafurt
herdormantper i
od.Ifthereset
f
unct
ioni sact
ivat
edbef or
et heendoft hedormantperiod,theperiodshoul
dbe
r
e¬i
nit
iatedt
orunforit
sfulldur
ati
onfr
om theti
meofthereset.

Toi ni
ti
atet
heresetf uncti
on,aninputrepr
esenti
ngasingl
eoperat
oracti
onbyt heOOW i s
requir
ed.Thisi
nputmaybegener at
edbyr esetdev
icesfor
mingani ntegr
alpartoft he
BNWASorbyext ernalinputsfr
om otherequi
pmentcapabl
eofregist
eri
ngphy si
calact
ivit
y
andment al
aler
tnessoft heOOW.

Aconti
nuousact
ivat
ionofanyresetdevi
ceshouldnotpr
olongthedor
mant
per
iodorcauseasuppr
essionofthesequenceofi
ndicati
onsandalar
ms.

ACCURACY
Thealar
m syst
em shouldbecapableofachievi
ngt heti
mi ngsst
atedi
nsect
ion
contai
ning dor
mantperiod and al
arm durati
onswi th an accuracyof5% or5 s,
whicheveri
sless,
underall
envir
onmentalcondi
tions.

SECURITY
Themeansofselecti
ngtheOperat
ionalModeandthedurat
ionoftheDormant
Peri
od( Td)shoul
dbesecur
itypr
otect
edsot hataccesst
othesecontr
olsshoul
dbe
rest
ri
ctedtotheMast
eronl
y.

MAL
FUNCTI
ONS,
ALARMSANDI
NDI
CATI
ONS

4.4.
1Malf
unct
i
on
Ifamal f
uncti
onof,orpowersuppl
yfail
uretotheBNWASi sdet
ected,t
hisshouldbe
i
ndicat
ed.Meansshal
lbeprov
idedtoal
l
owt herepeatoft
hisi
ndi
cat
iononacentralal
arm
paneli
ffi
tt
ed.

21
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-BNWAS
5 ERGONOMI
CCRI
TERI
A

5.
1Ope
rat
i
ona
lcont
rol
s

5.
1.1Apr
otect
edmeansofsel
ect
ingt
heoper
ati
onal
modeoft
heBNWAS.

5.
1.2Apr
otect
edmeansofsel
ect
ingt
hedur
ati
onoft
hedor
mantper
iodoft
heBNWAS.

5.
1.3Ameansofact
ivat
ingt
he.
Emer
gencyCal
l
.funct
ioni
fthi
sfaci
l
ityi
sincor
por
ated
wi
thint
heBNWAS.

5.
1.4Re s
e tfa
c i
l
it
ie
s
Meansofact ivat
ingther esetf
uncti
onshoul donlybeav ai
lableinposit
ionsonthe
bri
dgegiv i
ngpr operlookoutandpr ef
erablyadjacenttov i
sualindi
cat
ions.Meansof
act
ivat
ingt heresetfuncti
onshouldbeeasilyaccessibl
efrom theconni
ngpositi
on,
the
workst
ationf ornavigati
ngandmanoeuv ring,thewor kst
ati
onf ormonitor
ingandthe
bri
dgewi ngs.

5.
2Pr
ese
nta
ti
onofi
nfor
mat
i
on

5.
2.
1Oper
ati
ona
l mode
Theoperati
onal
modeoft
heequi
pmentshoul
dbei
ndi
cat
edt
otheOOW.

5.2.
2Vi sua
lindica
ti
ons
Thev isualindicati
oni ni
tiatedattheendoft hedormantper i
odshouldtaket he
form ofaf l
ashingi ndicat
ion.Flashingindi
cati
onsshouldbev i
sibl
ef r
om al
loperati
onal
posit
ionsont hebr idgewher et heOOW mayr easonabl
ybeexpect edtobest ati
oned.
Thecol ouroft heindi cat
ion(s)shouldbechosensoasnott oimpairni
ghtv i
sionand
dimmi ngfacili
ti
es( alt
houghnott oexti
ncti
on)shouldbeincor
porated.

5.
2.
3Fi
r
sts
tagebr
i
dgea
udi
bl
eal
ar
m

Thef i
rststageaudiblealarm whichsoundsont hebri
dgeattheendoft hev i
sual
i
ndicati
onper i
odshoul dhav eitsownchar acteri
sti
ct oneormodul at
ioni nt
endedt o
al
ert,butnott ostartl
e,theOOW.Thi sal arm shoul
dbeaudi bl
efrom alloperati
onal
posit
ionsont hebridgewher etheOOW mayr easonablybeexpectedt obest ati
oned.
Thi
s f uncti
on may be engi neered usi ng one or mor e sounding dev i
ces.
Tone/modul ation character
ist
ics and v olume levelshoul d be selectabl
e during
commi ssioni
ngoft hesy stem.

5.
2.4Se condandt hi
rdst
ageremotea udi
bl
ea lar
m
Theremot eaudi
bleal
ar m whichsoundsi nt helocationsoftheMaster,of
fi
cers
andf urt
hercrewmember scapableoft akingcor r
ectiveactionattheendofthebridge
audiblealar
m per i
odshouldbeeasi l
yident i
fi
ablebyi t
ssoundandshoul dindi
cate
urgency.Thev olumeofthisalarm shouldbesuf fi
cientforittobeheardt
hroughoutthe
l
ocat i
onsabov eandt owakesleepingper sons.2
6 DESIGN AND I NSTALLATION 6.1
General
22
 The equipmentshould comply wit
hI MO resol
uti
ons A.694(17),A.
813(19)
,thei
r
associat
ed i
nter
nati
onalstandards3 and MSC/Cir
c.982 regardi
ng Gui
deli
nes f
or
ErgonomicCri
ter
iaf
orBri
dgeEquipmentandLayout.

6.
2Spe
cif
icr
equi
r
eme
nts

6.
2.1Sy st
em phy
sic
ali
ntegr
i
ty:
Alli
temsofequi
pmentf
ormi
ngpar
toft
heBNWASshoul
d
betamper -pr
oofsot hatnomemberoft hecr
ew mayint
erf
erewit
hthesy
stem'
s
operat
ion.

6.2.
2Re setdevi
ces:Resetdev
icesshoul
dbedesignedandinstal
l
edsoastomi ni
mise
thepossibil
i
tyoft hei
roper
ati
onbyanymeansotherthanacti
vati
onbyt
heOOW.Reset
devicesshouldallbeofaunifor
m desi
gnandshouldbeil
l
uminatedf
ori
dent
if
icati
onat
night.
6.
2.3Alter
nat
iv
erese
ta r
rangement
smaybei ncorpor
atedtoini
tiat
et heresetf
uncti
on
fr
om otherequi
pmentont hebr
idgecapabl
eofr egi
ster
ingoper
atoracti
onsinposi
ti
ons
gi
vingproperl
ookout.

6.
3Powersupply
TheBNWASshoul dbepower edfrom t
heshi p.
smainpowersuppl
y.Themal f
unct
ion
indi
cat
ion,andallelement
soft heEmer gencyCal
lfaci
l
ity
,ifi
ncor
porat
ed,shoul
dbe
poweredfrom abatt
erymaint
ainedsuppl
y .

23
PURPOSE

Thepur
poseofabr
idgenav
igat
ionalwat
chal
arm sy
stem i
stomoni
torbr
idgeact
ivi
ty
anddet
ectoper
atordi
sabi
l
itywhi
chcoul
dleadt
omar
ineacci
dent
s.

Thesy
stem moni
tor
sawar
enessoft
heOf
fi
ceroft
heWat
ch(
OOW)andaut
omat
ical
l
y
al
ert
stheMast
eroranot
herqual
i
fiedper
soni
f,f
oranyr
eason,t
heOOW becomes
i
ncapabl
eofper
for
mingOOW dut
ies.

Thi
spur
posei
sachi
evedbyser
iesofi
ndi
cat
ionsandal
armt
oal
ertf
ir
stt
heOOW and,
if
hei
snotr
espondi
ng,
thent
oal
ertMast
eroranot
herqual
i
fiedper
son.

Addi
ti
onal
l
y,t
he BNWAS pr
ovi
dest
he OOW wi
th meansofcal
l
ing f
ori
mmedi
ate
assi
stancei
frequi
red.

OPERATI
ONALMODES

BNWASshoul
dincor
por
atet
hef
oll
owi
ng3oper
ati
onal
modes:

 Aut
omat
ic

 Manual
‘ON’

 Manual
‘OFF’

Aut
omat
ic:TheBNWASi
saut
omat
ical
l
yact
ivat
edwhent
hev
esseli
snav
igat
ingby
meansofheadi
ngort
rackcont
rolsy
stem (
aut
opi
l
ot/t
rackpi
l
ot)andi
nhi
bit
edwhen
t
hissy
stem i
sdeact
ivat
ed.

Manual
ON:
TheBNWASi
sal
way
sinoper
ati
on

Manual
OFF:
TheBNWASi
stur
nedof
fcompl
etel
y

MANUALSWI
TCHON

Aut
hor
izedper
son(
Mast
er)swi
tchesonsy
stem bysi
ngl
etur
ningt
hekey
-swi
tcht
o
posi
ti
on"
ON/
OFF"
.

Sy
stem'
srunni
ngi
sindi
cat
edbyact
ivat
ingl
astchoseni
l
lumi
nat
ingpushbut
ton(
3mi
n,
9mi
n,12mi
n)aswel
lasact
ivat
ingi
l
lumi
tat
ingpushbut
ton.

Oncedor
mantper
iod(
3mi
n,9mi
n,12mi
n)i
sset
,theaut
hor
izedper
sonpul
l
soutt
he
key
.Dor
mantper
iodst
art
sfr
om t
hemomentt
hesy
stem hasbeenswi
tchedon.

ALERTSEQUENCE
24
I
fdor
mantper
iodi
sov
erwi
thoutt
heOOW r
eset
ti
ng,
thesy
stem act
ivat
esal
lresetuni
ts
byf
lashl
i
ght
.

ALERTSTAGE1

I
fdor
mantper
iodandf
lashl
i
ghtper
iod(
15sec)ar
eov
erandt
heOOW hasnoty
et
r
eset
tedt
hebut
ton,
thesy
stem act
ivat
esel
ect
roni
cbuzzeront
ermi
nal
boar
daswel
las
addi
ti
onal
buzzer
slocat
edont
hebr
idgeandwi
ngar
ea.

ALERTSTAGE2

I
fdor
mantper
iod,
flashl
i
ghtper
iod(
15sec)andal
ertst
age1(
15sec)ar
eov
erwi
thout
OOW'
sreset
,sy
stem act
ivat
esf
urt
heral
ertv
ia opt
ic/acoust
ical
arm dev
icesi
n
of
fi
cer
'sar
ea(
cabi
nsorst
air
case)aswel
lasf
orVDRl
i
nk.

ALERTSTAGE3

I
fdor
mantper
iod,
flashl
i
ghtper
iod(
15sec)
,al
ertst
age1(
15sec)andal
ertst
age2(
90
sec)ar
eov
erwi
thoutOOW'
sreset
,thesy
stem act
ivat
est
heGener
alAl
arm aswel
las
f
orVDRl
i
nk.

EMERGENCYCALL

TheOOW shoul
dbeabl
etogener
ateanemer
gencycal
lbypushi
nganyr
esetuni
t
l
ongert
han5sec.Thatact
ivat
eswi
thoutdel
ayal
ertst
age2andsubsequent
lyal
arm
st
age3.Af
teremer
gencycal
lhasbeenr
eleased,r
eseti
spossi
blebypushi
ngar
eset
uni
t.

REQUI
REMENTS

Thebr
idgenav
igat
ionalwat
chal
arm sy
stem shal
lbei
noper
ati
onwhenev
ert
heshi
pis
under
wayatsea.

Sy
stem shoul
dbepower
edbyshi
psmai
npowerbutMUSThav
eabat
ter
ybackup
gi
vi
ngami
nimum of6hour
susage.

CARRI
AGEREQUI
REMENTS

 Car
goshi
psof150gr
tandupwar
dsandpassengershi
psi
rr
espect
iveofsi
ze
const
ruct
edonoraf
ter1Jul
y2011;

 Passengershi
psi
rr
espect
iveofsi
zeconst
ruct
edbef
ore1Jul
y2011,notl
ater
t
hant
hef
ir
stsur
veyaf
ter1Jul
y2012;
25
 Car
goshi
psof3000gr
tandupwar
dsconst
ruct
edbef
ore1Jul
y2011,notl
ater
t
hant
hef
irstsur
veyaf
ter1Jul
y2012;

 Car
goshi
psof500gr
tandupwar
dsbutl
esst
han3000gr
tconst
ruct
edbef
ore1
Jul
y2011,
notl
atert
hant
hef
ir
stsur
veyaf
ter1Jul
y2013;
and

 Car
goshi
psof150gr
tandupwar
dsbutl
esst
han500gr
tconst
ruct
edbef
ore1
Jul
y2011,
notl
atert
hant
hef
ir
stsur
veyaf
ter1Jul
y2014.

26
27
Ther
eisnopr
inci
pledi
ff
erencebet
weenav
oyagedat
arecor
der(
VDR)andasi
mpl
i
fied
v
oyagedat
arecor
der(
S-VDR)
.Thedi
ff
erencei
stheamountofi
nfor
mat
ionr
equi
redt
o
ber
ecor
ded.TheVDRr
equi
resmor
edat
atober
ecor
dedt
hant
heS-
VDR.

Dat
aty
pes

 Dat
eandt
ime:Ref
erencedt
oUTCwi
thani
ndi
cat
ionoft
hesour
ce.Thesour
ce
coul
dbet
heGPS

 Shi
p’sposi
ti
on:I
nlat
it
udeandl
ongi
tudewi
tht
hedat
um used.Thesour
cecoul
d
bet
heGPS

 Speed:Thr
oughwat
erorspeedov
ergr
oundwi
thi
ndi
cat
ionofwhi
chi
tis.The
sour
cecoul
dbet
hespeedl
og

 Headi
ng:Asi
ndi
cat
edbyt
heshi
p’
scompass.Thesour
cecoul
dbet
hegy
ro
compass

 Br
idgeaudi
o:Aspi
ckedupbyoneormor
emi
crophonesposi
ti
onedont
hebr
idge
sot
hatconv
ersat
ionatorneart
heconni
ngst
ati
ons,
radardi
spl
ays,
char
ttabl
es,
et
c.,i
s adequat
elyr
ecor
ded.As f
ar as pr
act
icabl
e,t
he posi
ti
oni
ng of
mi
crophonesshoul
dal
socapt
urei
nter
com,publ
i
caddr
esssy
stemsandaudi
ble
al
armsont
hebr
idge

 VHFcommuni
cat
ions:
Rel
ati
ngt
oshi
poper
ati
onsshoul
dber
ecor
ded

 Radardat
a:El
ect
roni
csi
gnali
nfor
mat
ionf
rom wi
thi
noneoft
heshi
p’sr
adar
i
nst
all
ati
onswi
thr
ecor
ding ofal
lthei
nfor
mat
ion whi
ch wasact
ual
l
ybei
ng
pr
esent
edont
hemast
erdi
spl
ayoft
hatr
adaratt
het
imeofr
ecor
ding

 AI
S dat
a:I
fiti
simpossi
blet
o obt
ainr
adardat
a byusi
ng a commer
cial
l
y
av
ail
abl
eint
erf
acet
henAI
Star
getdat
ashoul
dber
ecor
dedasasour
ceof
i
nfor
mat
ionr
egar
dingot
hershi
ps.I
fradardat
aisr
ecor
ded,
AISi
nfor
mat
ionmay
ber
ecor
dedaddi
ti
onal
l
yasabenef
ici
alsecondar
ysour
ceofi
nfor
mat
iononbot
h
ot
herand own shi
p.AI
S dat
aisnotmandat
ory
,butan opt
ion when i
tis
i
mpossi
blet
oobt
ainr
adardat
abymeansofacommer
cial
l
yav
ail
abl
eint
erf
ace

28
  Addi
ti
onaldat
a:I
temsl
i
stedbyI
MOwi
tht
her
equi
rement
ssetouti
nresol
uti
on
A.
861(
20)shoul
dber
ecor
dedwhent
hedat
aisav
ail
abl
einaccor
dancewi
tht
he
i
nter
nat
ionaldi
git
ali
nter
face st
andar
d NMEA0183 usi
ng appr
oved sent
ence
f
ormat
ter
s.Theaddi
ti
onaldat
ali
stedbyI
MOwi
tht
her
equi
rement
sinr
esol
uti
on
A.
861(
20)ar
e:
–Echosounder
–Mai
nal
arms
–Rudderor
derandr
esponse
–Engi
neor
derandr
esponse
–Hul
lopeni
ngsst
atus
–Wat
ert
ightandf
ir
edoorst
atus
–Accel
erat
ionsandhul
lst
resses
–Wi
ndspeedanddi
rect
ion

Hence,t
hepr
inci
pledi
ff
erencebet
weenVDRandS-
VDRl
aysi
nther
equi
rement
sfor
r
ecor
dingofaddi
ti
onal
dat
a.

29
 pri
ncipl
eofoperat
ion
Dopplerspeedlogswor ksont heprincipl
eof" Doppl
erEffect"
,or,of"Doppl
erShi
ft
",
whichisanappar entshif
tinfrequencyr ecei
vedduet orelat
ivemotionbetweent
he
sourceandtheobserver
.Thereceivedfrequencyiscal
cul
atedbyt hef
ormulae:

Fr=Ft(c+v)/(c-v) (i
)
Wher e,
Fr =Fr eq.oftherecei
vedwaveFt=Freq.of
t het ransmi
ttedwav ec=speedofwav ein
wat erv=ship'
sspeed

I
ncaseofshi p,thesourceofthetr
ansmissi
onandthe
r
eceiverofthatwav ear
ebot ht
heshi
ponly.
Howev er
,ther el
ati
vemot i
onisimpl
iedbytheseabedorst
ati
onar
ymassofwat
eri
n
r
elat
iontowhi chtheshipis
moving.

shi
pbornedopplerl
oginstal
l
ati
onset
up.
..
Atransducer
,i.
e.,sourceofacoust
icwave,tr
ansmit
sacont inuousbeam ofsound
vi
brat
ionsatabouta60°anglefr
om t
hekeelatafr
equencyofabout150KHz.

Not
e:Acousti
cwav esaremechanicalwaveswhi
ch r
equi
rea medi
um t
o pr
opagat
e.
Exampl
e-soundwave,
rippl
eint
hewater
,etc.

Asecondt ransducerreceiv
est hedi
ff
usel
yrefl
ect
edsignalret
urni
ngfr
om theseabed.
TheDoppl erspeedl ogr egist
ersthechangeinfrequencybetweenthetransmi
tt
ed
signalandthereceivedsignalandthencal
cul
atesthev el
oci
tyofthev
esselbasedon
theamountoft hefrequencyshift
.

t
hebasi
c"l
ogspeed"f
ormul
a

v=c(Fr-
Ft)/2Ftcosa (i)
Wher e,
v =shi p'sspeed
c=speedofacoust icwave
Fr =Fr eq.oft hereceiv
edwave
Ft =Fr eq.oft hetransmit
tedwave
a=angl eofacousticwavetr
ansmissi
on

Theaboveformulaei
sbasedont heassumpt i
onthattheshi
pismovingsteadil
yint he
for
ward di
rect
ion,which is nott he case.Ship atsea under
goes various other
mov ement
s.TheDoppl erLogi nstall
ati
onisimprovi
sedtocompensatet heheav ing
motionoft
heshipbyJanusconf igurati
on.(
Deri
vefor
mulaefr
om cl
assroom lect
ures)

THE'
SPEED'FORMULAWI
THSHI
PMOVEMENTSCORRECTI
ON-JANUSCONFI
GURATI
ON

Astheshi
pmov esfor
ward,sheal
sohasanupanddownmoti
oni
nthev
ert
icaldi
rect
ion,
cal
led'
heav
ing'
.Thever
tical
moti
oncomponenti
svsi
na.

Ast hi
smovementoftheshiphasaneff
ectont hefr
equencyshif
t,i
tshoul
dbe
account
edf
or.Thi
sisdonebyi
nst
all
i
ngasecondsetoft
ransducer
s(f
ortr
ansmi
tti
ng
30
 andr eceiv
ing)intheaf
tdirect
ionatthesameangl eof60°.(Ref
erfi
gure)
.Thi
stypeof
inst
allat
ionsetupiscal
ledJanusConfigurat
ion.
Theeffectoff r
equencyshif
tduet overt
icalmot i
on(t
hecomponentvsi na)oftheship
getscancel l
edoutinJanusConfigur
ationandt her
esul
tantshi
pspeediscal
cul
atedby
theformulae:

v=c(Fr/-Fr„)/4Ftcosa
Wher e,
v =shi p'
sspeed
c=speedofacoust i
cwav
einwat
er

31
 Frf=Freq.oftherecei
vedwav e,fr
om
fwddir
ecti
onFro=Freq.oft
her ecei
ved
wave,f
rom af
tdir
ect
ionFt=Freq.ofthe
tr
ansmit
tedwavea=angl eofacoust i
c
wavetr
ansmissi
on

(
Der
ivef
ormul
aef
rom cl
assr
oom l
ect
ures)SPEEDOVER

GROUNDANDSPEEDTHROUGHWATER:

TheDoppl erLogpr ocessesther ef

lect
edacoust i
cwav esfr
om theseabedf orspeed
calcul
ati
onandt herei snoi mpli
cati
onoft hemassofwat erunderkeel,exceptt
hatthe
acousti
cwav estravelthroughthewater.Theref
oretheabovef
ormulaegives"SpeedOver
Ground",unaff
ectedbysetanddr i
ft
.Speedov erGr oundi
salsorefer
redt oas'Bott
om
TrackorGroundTr ack'
.

Whent hedepthoft hewateri

smor et
han200met er
s,thestr
engthoft heref
lectedwav eis
tooweakt obepr ocessedbyt heequipmentandhencecal culatethespeed.I npr acti
ce
howev er,ther
ei salmoststati
onarymassofwat er10t o30mt rbelowt heship'sbot tom.
Thisst ati
onerymassofwat eralsoref l
ectstheacoust icwaves.Whent hedept hoft he
seabedi smor et han200mt rs,theDoppl erlogaut omati
call
yshif t
st oprocessi ngt he
signalsfrom thest at
ionarywatermass.Thespeedcal cul
ati
oni nthiscasei st henwi th
referencet othewat er.Thespeedcal culat
edt henisspeedt hroughwat er.Thisi sal so
calledWat erTrack.

EFFECTOFTRI
MONCALCULATEDSPEEDOFTHESHI
P:
Tr
im has mi
nimalef
fecton t
he f
ore-
aftspeed and no ef
fecton t
he

at
hwar
tshi
pspeedcal
cul
ati
ons.Ei
therdownbyst
ernordownbyhead,t
he

speedoft
heshi
piscal
cul
atedbyt
hef
ormul
ae:

v=c(Fr/-Fra)/4Ftcosacos(
3
Where,
v=ship'sspeed,withtr
im correct
ion
c=speedofacoust icwav einwat er
Frf=Fr eq.ofther
eceivedwav e,from fwddi
recti
on
Fro=Fr eq.oftherecei
vedwav e,
f r
om aftdi
rect
ion
Ft=Fr eq.ofthetr
ansmi t
tedwav e
a=angl eofacousticwav etransmi ssi
on
3=angl eoftr
im(bysternorhead)

Or,ActualSpeed=I
ndi
catedspeed/cos(
3

Si
ncetheangl
eoftri
misgener
all
yver
ysmal
l
,cosi
neoft
het
ri
m angl
ehasnegl
i
gibl
eef
fect
onthei
ndi
catedspeed.

Maxi
mum per mit
tedtri
m underMARPOLAnnexIReg.13i
s1.
5%
oft
heship'
slength.Hence,
3 = Tan-1 1.5/
100=0.86°

32
Or
, Cos0.
86°=0.
9998874

(
Der
ivef
ormul
aef
rom cl
assr
oom

l
ectures)ATHWARTSHI
PSPEEDOFTHESHI
P:
Asi nthecaseofcal cul atingfor
war d/
aftmot i
onoftheship,at
hwar
t-
shipspeedoft
he
vesselisal so cal cul atedbyi nstall
i
ngt ransducer
sinJanusconfi
gurat
ioninpor
tand
star
boarddi rect i
ons.( Ref ertot
hefigureabove.)

EFFECTSOFSHI
PCONDI
TI
ON&MOTI
ON:

HEAVING
Heavi
ngist
hev
ert
ical
mov
ementoft
heshi
p.

33
 DuetoJanusconfi
gur
ati
on(tr
ansducersi
nst
all
edi
nfor
war
dandaf
tdi
rect
ions)
,heav
ing
hasnoef
fectont
helogspeedresul
ts.

PITCHING
Theeff ectofpitchingissimil
artothecont inuouschangeoft ri
m.Pit
chi
ngdoesnotaf f
ect
theathwar t
-shi
pspeed.Whent hev esseli spi tchi ng,t hei ndi
cat
edspeedwi l
lfluct
uate
betweent heact ualspeedandav al
uel owert hant heact ualspeeddependingont heangle
atwhichi tispit
ching.
Effectoflistonathwart-
shipsspeedwi l
lbet hesameast heeff
ectoft
ri
m
ont heforwar dandaftspeed.Actualspeed(ath)=I
ndi
catedSpeed(Ath)/CosLi
st
LIST&ROLLI NG
Thisi sr egardl
essofthesi dethevessel
i
sl isted.Li standr ol
li
ngdonotef fect
thef oreandaf tspeed.
Whent hev esseli
sr oll
ing,theindi
catedat
hwart-
shi
pspeedwil
lfl
uct
uat
ebetweent
he
actualspeedandt heindicat
edlowerspeedworkedoutbythef
ormul
adependi
ngont
he
angleofr ol
l.

ERRORSOFDOPPLERLOG
TheLogspeedi ndicat
edissubjectt
ov ari
ouser
ror
s,spanningi
nst
all
ati
on,
equi
pment
,dat
a
pr ocessi ng, var
yingpropagat
ioncondit
ionsandseacondit
ions.

Err
orintransducerori
entat
ion:
Thetransducersshouldmakeaper f
ectangl
eof60°wi
thr
espectt
othekeelorel
set
he
speedindicat
edwi l
lbeinaccur
ate.

Err
orinosci
ll
atorfr
equency:
Thefr
equencygenerat
edbyt heosci
l
lat
ormustbeaccur
ateandconst
ant
.Anydev
iat
ioni
nthe
fr
equencywil
lresul
tinthespeedshowi
nginer
ror
.

Err
orinpr opagat i
on:
Thev elocit
yoft heacousti
cwav eatatemperatur
eof16° Candsali
nit
yof3. 2% i
s1505
m/secbutt akenas1500m/ secforcal
cul
ati
on.Thisv el
ocit
ychangeswithtemper ature,
sal
ini
tyandpr essure.Tocompensatetheerr
orduetot emperatur
echange,athermisteris
mount edneart het r
ansducerandchangeinv el
ocit
yoft heacousticwavet hr
ought he
waterfrom thest andardval
ueduetothechangeinseawat ertemper
atur
eisaccountedf or.
Err
ori nshi
ps'moti
on:
Duringtheperi
odoftransmi
ssionandr ecept
ion,t
heshipmayhav eamargi
nalrol
lorpi
tch
and therebytheangleoft r
ansmi ssi
on and recept
ion can changeand a t
wo degree
di
fferenceint heangleoftransmissi
onandr ecepti
oncanhav ea0.10% errorinthe
i
ndicatedspeed,whi
chismarginalandcanbenegl ect
ed.

Err
orduetor oll
ing/
pit
ching:
Theeff
ectofpitchingwil
lcauseanerr
ori
ntheforwardspeedandnottheathwar
tshi
pspeed.
Simil
arl
y,r
oll
ingwi l
lhaveaneff
ectont
heathwart
shipspeed,
notthefor
wardspeed.Act
ual
speed=Indicatedspeed/Cos^
Er
rorduetoinaccuracyinmeasurementoffrequency:
Thedif
fer
encei nt hefrequenciesrecei
vedbyt hef or
wardandafttransducersmustbe
measuredaccuratel
y.Anyerrori
nthiswil
lbedirect
lyr
efl
ect
edi
nthespeedoft hev
essel
.

34
 Err
orduetosi delobe:
Whent hesidel ober ecepti
ondomi nat
esov erthemai nbeam recept
ion,ther
ewi llbean
err
orinthespeedi ndicated.Theerr
orismor epronouncedonasl opi
ngbot t
om ast hesi
de
l
obei sref
lectedatamor efavour
ableangleandwi l
lhavepathlengthlessthant hemain
beam.
Thi
serrorcanbeel iminatedwiththehelpoftheJanusconf i
gurat
ionandt oreducethiserr
or,
thebeam ofthet r
ansmi tt
edacousticwaveisreduced.

35
 CALI
BRATI
ON
Bef
orebei
ngputint
ouse,i
tisessent
ialt
hatal
linst
rument
sbecal
i
brat
ed.Thecal
i
brat
ionof
Doppl
erLog,
isdonei
ntwosteps.
Fi
rststepistosett
hezer
oonscal
ewhent
heshi
pisatanchororal
ongsi
deaber
thwhent
he
speedovergr
oundi
szero.
Thesecondst
ep(scal
ecal
ibr
ati
on)shoul
dbecarri
edoutduri
ngseat
ri
alwhent
imet
akent
o
coverameasur
edmilei
snotedandthespeedi
scal
cul
ated.
Thi
scalcul
atedspeedmustmatchwi
tht
hedi
spl
ayedr
eadi
ngandi
ncaseofanydi
scr
epancy
,
theequi
pmentcanbeadjust
ed.

Af
teroneoft
heset
woar
ecal
i
brat
ionsar
edone,
theDoppl
erLogcanbeusedef
fect
ivel
y.

Masterdi
splayuni
t,cont
rol
sandi
ndi
cat
ors.(
Repr
oducedcour
tesyofLi
tt
on
Mari
neSystems.
)
*
***
***
**xxxxxxxx**
***
****
***
***
**xxxxxxxx*
***
***
***
***
***
**xxxxxxxx**
***
**

36
ELECTRONI
C CHART DISPLAY &
I
NFORMATIONSYSTEM I
NTRODUCTION:

TheInternat
ionalConvent
ionont heSafetyofLif
eatSea( SOLAS)incl
udesar equi
rement
foral
lshipstocarrytoup-
to-dat
enaut i
calchar
tsandpublicati
onsfortheint
endedvoyage.
Thisrequir
ementwassat isfi
edbyt heshipsbymaintai
ningpaperchar tswhichwaskept
updat
edbyweekl ycor
rect
ions.

Progressivel
yf r
om 2012,t
hechartcar
ri
agerequi
rementforcert
aincl
assesofvessel
sis
tobesat isfi
edbyel ect
roni
cmeansusi nganElectr
onicChartDispl
ayandInformati
on
System (ECDI S).Thi
smeantt hatthet r
adi
ti
onalpaperchart
sar etober eplacedby
el
ectroniccharts.

ECDIS,howev er,includesnotonl ythevisuali

sat
ionofal lpaperchartinformationona
computerscreen,butal sopr ov
idesawider angeofotherdat arequi
redf ornav i
gat
ional
pur
poses.ECDI Si s a hi ghlycomplex and sophi
sti
cated syst
em,whi ch besides the
navi
gationalfunctionsi ncludescomponentsofacomput er-
based i
nfor mationsystem
del
iver
ingar eal-t
imedi splayoft henavi
gator'
sownv essellocat
edwi threferencetot he
sur
roundingseaar ea.

InJune2009,v i
deAmendmenttoSOLASchapterV/
19,I
MOdeclaredMandatoryECDIS
carr
iage requi
rementsforal
lSOLAS vessel
s.SOLAS r
equi
res allshi
ps engaged i
n
i
nternat
ionalvoyagestobef
it
tedwit
hECDISinaphasedmannerfrom Jul
y2012t oJul
y
2018.
I
n June 2010,vide Manil
a Amendment
st o STCW,ECDI S compet
ence was made
mandat
oryfornav
igat
ional
Offi
cer
sandMaster
sasfrom 01/
2012.

I
MPORTANTDEFI
NITI
ONS:

Elect
ronicChar tSystem (
ECS):Ingener
al,ECSisatermforal
lelectr
onicequipmentthat
i
sabl et odisplayashi p'
sposit
iononachar timage.Theterm coversawi derangeof
capabil
iti
esand ev en a smartphone can be an ECS.An ECS doesnotmeett he
mandat orychar tcarr
iagerequi
rementssetby.AnECScannot ,ther
efore,beusedasa
primarytoolfornav i
gati
ononSOLASshi ps,meani
ngthatnavi
gati
onhast obeperformed
onpaperchar ts.

Electroni
cChar tDispl
ayandI nformat i
onSy stem (ECDI
S)meansanav igationinformation
system whi chwit
hadequat eback- uparr
angement scanbeacceptedascompl yi
ngwi t
ht he
up-to-datechartrequi
redbyr egulati
onV/ 20oft he1974SOLASConv ention,bydi spl
aying
selectedi nfor
mationfrom asy stem electr
onicnav i
gat
ionalchar
t(SENC)wi t
hposi t
ional
i
nf ormationf r
om nav i
gat
ionsensor stoassi stthemar i
nerinroutepl anningandr oute
moni tori
ng,andifrequi
reddisplayadditi
onal navi
gati
on-
rel
atedinf
ormation.

Electr
oni cNav i
gati
onalChar t(
ENC)meanst hedat abase,standardizedast ocontent
,
struct
ur e and format,issued f
oruse with ECDIS on t he authori
tyofgov er
nment
authorizedhy drogr
aphicoffi
ces.TheENCcont ai
nsal lthechartinformati
onnecessary
forsaf enav i
gati
onand maycont ai
nsupplementaryi nf
ormat i
oni nadditi
ontot hat
containedi nthepaperchart(e.
g.sail
i
ngdir
ecti
ons)whi chmaybeconsi der
ednecessary
forsafenav igati
on.VectorChar
tsareanexample.

37
System Electronic Nav
igat
ionalChar t(SENC)means a dat abase result
ing fr
om t he
tr
ansformationoft heENC( av ectorchart
)byECDI Sforappropriateuse,updatestot he
ENCbyappr opriat
emeansandot herdataaddedbyt hemari
ner .I
tisthisdatabasethatis
actual
lyaccessedbyECDI Sforthedisplaygenerat
ionandot
hernav i
gat
ionalfunct
ions,and
i
st heequivalentt oanup-to-
datepaperchar t.TheSENCmayal socont ai
ni nf
ormat i
on
fr
om othersour ces.

38
ECDI
Sconver
tseachENCfr
om S-57ENCfor
matint
oaninter
nalfor
matcal
ledtheSy
stem
El
ect
roni
cNavi
gati
onal
Char
t(SENC),
whi
chisopt
imizedf
orchar
timagecr
eati
on.

BENEFITSOFECDI S
o Reducedwor kloadfort henavigator(chartsandnaut i
calpubli
cat
ionsupdat ing,v oy age
pl
anning, al
l
i
nformationi n"
onehand" )o Nav i
gati
oni nr ealti
mei ncr
easingsit
uati
onalawar enessi n
combinat i
onwithproperlookouto Aut omat icroutemoni tori
ng(warni
ngsandi ndi cations
ofhazar dstotheoper ator,inti
mear ri
vals)o Aut omat i
ct r
ackcontrol(reducesbunker
costs)
,ifECDISisconnect edtotheaut opi
loto Predi
ctionofspecialmanoeuv res( predicted
path,t
ri
almanoeuv r
e,dockingmode)o Av ail
abil
it
yofachar tdur
ingthenightwi thoutni ght
vi
sionlosso Accesstoaddi t
ionali
nformat i
onr esources

POTENTI ALDISADVANTAGESOFECDI S
oToomuchi nformationont hescr eenmaycausecl utterandcanbe
distract
ingoSubmenuscanbev erycompl ex
oThesizeofchar tdispl
ayedont hescr eenmonitori
sv er
ymuchr educedcomparedwit
h
thepaperchart
oSomesy mbolsmaybemi sinterpr
etedduet ounfamili
ari
ty
oAut omaticplott
ingofposi ti
oncanl eadt ocomplacencyconcer
ningthev essel
'
sposi
ti
on
and
proximitytodangers.oConf usionwi t
hECS, unaut
hori
sed
usef orprimarynavigation

TYPESOFCHARTSUSEDI
NECDI
S:

VectorChar t:
Av ectorchartisadigi
taldatabaseofal ltheobject
s(points,
li
nes,areas,etc.
)represented
onachar t.Vectorchart
sst orei nformati
on,suchasi sol
ated dangers,depths,dept h
contour s,coast
li
nefeatures,cablesandpi pel
inesetcinsepar at
el ayerswhichcanbe
displ
ay edaspert heuser'
sr equi
rement s.Vectorchart
sar ealsoreferr
edt oasi ntel
li
gent
chartsast heycanbeinter
rogatedf orinfor
mat i
onnotdi
splayedbutst or
edinit'
smemor y.

RasterChar t
:
Rasterchar tdat
aiscr eatedbyscanni ngtheinfor
mat iononapaperchar tandst ori
ng
thisinfor
mat i
onint hef or
m ofpi xel
s.Manyt housandsofpi xel
stogethermakeaf lat
digit
alimage.Eachpi xelcontainsallthedat
aforaparticul
arpoint
;col
our ,
brightnessetc.
Theyar ealsogeogr aphicall
yref er
encedwhichmakest herast
erchartidenticali
nev ery
wayt othepaperchar tonwhi chitisbased.Rasterchar t
scannotbemani pul
atedor
queried.Alsoref
erredt oast heRast erChartDispl
aySy stem (
RCDS),theinf ormati
oni s
containedinonesinglel ayeronly.I
nformati
oncanonlybeaddedt othi
st ypeofchar t.

Radar
/ARPAi
nfor
mat
ioncanbeov
erl
aidont
hist
ypeofchar
tfor
mat
.

COMPARI
SIONBETWEENVECTORANDRASTERCHARTS:

RASTERCHARTS-ADVANTAGES:

• Al
lpa
perchar
tinf
ormati
onisr
etai
ned,i
ncl
udi
ngev
e r
ydept
hsoundi
ng,buoynumbera
nd
de
scr
ipt
i
on,a
ndlandfe
ature
ssuchastownnamesandst
ree
tsbor
der
ingthewat
er.

39
• Becauseras t
erchar
tspe
rfe
ctl
ymat
chthepaperchar
ts,
iti
se a
sywhenunder
wayt
owork
bac
ka ndf ort
hbe t
weent
hewidev
iewofla
rgepaperchar
tsandthes
mallse
cti
ons
eenon
anel
e c
tronicscr
een.

40
 • The
rei
snol
ear
ningc
urv
eforma
ri
ner
sal
r
eadyf
ami
l
iarwi
t
hpa
perc
har
ts.

RASTERCHARTS-DI
SADVANTAGES:

• Chart
sr equir
es i
gni
fi
c antl
ymor es t
orager oom (t
hanv ectorchart
s)one le
ctroni
cde v
ices.
Thes t
orageforallr
asterc hart
sf oras i
ngleregi
onma ye
xc eedthes pacer
equiredbyvect
or
chart
sforthee nt
ir
ec ountry.
• Thetypes i
ze(fontsi
z e
)i sfixed,sot hatlet
tersandnumbe rsbe comelargewhe nyouzoom
i
na ndsma l
lwhenyouz oomout ,becomi nglessreadabl
ea tbothe x
tre
me s.
• Zoomingi ntoofart
os e ey ourboa t
'
spos it
iononas mal
ls cal
echa r
tma ygiv
eami s
leadi
ng
i
mpr essi
on-whe nal argers calec hartwouldbemor eaccurat
e(v e
ctorchar
tsa ut
oma t
i
c a
ll
y
changesc al
e).

VECTORCHARTS-ADVANTAGES:

• Lessel ectr
onicstorager oom i sr equir
ed;mostappsandpr ogramsusi ngv ector
chart
si ncl
udeallU.S.wat ers,
soy oudon'thavet ogetmor echart
swheny ougot oa
newar ea.(Somechar tplott
ercompani esusingpr opri
etaryversi
onsofv ectorcharts
mayst il
lchargeyout ogetmor er egions.)
• Zoomi ng in and outmakes mov ementbet ween smal l-and large-scale charts
unnoticeabl
eandseaml ess.
• Vectorchartshavea" cl
ean"lookbecauset heypr esentlessinfor
mat i
ononanyone
scr
een.
• Programsandappsusi ngv ectorchar tsoft
enbui l
dinaddi t
ionalfeaturesorl ayers
incl
udinginformati
onaboutmar i
nas, soci
alfeatures,et
c.

VECTORCHARTS-ADVANTAGES:

• Lessi
nformati
onispresented,dependi
ngonwhosevectorv
ersiony ouar
eusing.As
i
nt hechartshown,landf eat
uresandnamesar eseldom included-thiscanbe
di
sori
enti
ngtomarinersusedtopaperchart
sandroadmaps.

• Somespeci fi
cinfor
mat i
on( suchasdescri
pti
vebuoydat a)doesnotappearont he
screenunlessy ouselectitormov eacursortoit-compar edtoalwaysbeingthere
onar asterchart.
• Itcanbeconf usingtolookbackandf or
thbet weent hewidev i
ew oflar
gepaper
chartsandt hesmallsecti
onseenonanel ectr
onicscreen.
• Alearningcur vei
sneededt ouseav ectorchartaccuratel
yattheappropri
atel
evels
ofzoom.

ADVANTAGEOFVECTORCHARTOVERPAPERCHART:
o Conti
nuousmoni tori
ngoft hev essel
'sposi t
ion.
o Posit
ionfi
xingatdesiredinterval
swi thouttheindulgenceoftheOOW.
o Chartscanbecor r
ectedaut omat i
call
yelect r
onical
ly.
o Easeofpassagepl anning,withalarmssetf orv ari
ousparameter
s.
o Allr
equir
edpublicati
onsar eincorporatedt ofacil
it
atepassagepl
anni
ng.
o Passageplancanbemoni toredmor eef fecti
vely.

41
o Iftwoposit
ionfi
xi
ngsyst
emsareused,thedi
scr
epancyi
nposi
ti
ons(
ifany
)canbe
i
dentif
iedby
ECDIS.
o Cr
osstrackl
imit
sandal
armscanbeset.

42
 o Moreaccur
ateETAcanbecalcul
atedconsider
ingtheeff
ectofwind,cur
rent
sand
ti
dal
str
eams.o Manymor
efeat
uresavai
labl
etoreducetheworkl
oadofOOW.

DUALFUEL
RNCsalreadycovermuchoftheworl
dandtheconceptofECDI
Soper ati
ngi
nanRCDS
modeisseenasawayofl ett
ingmari
nersmaxi
mizetheuseofthesy st
em whi
l
eENC
cov
erageexpands.Thi
sisr
efer
redt
oast he"
dual
-f
uel
"modeofoperat
ions.
Theimport
antbenefi
tofthedual
-f
uelappr
oachisthatel
ect
roni
cchartnav
igat
ionbased
ent
ir
elyonoff
ici
alandup-
to-
dat
echart
sisavai
labl
eforal
mostanyvoy
age.

CHARTUPDATI NG
TheChar ti
nfor
mat i
ontobeusedi nECDISshouldbet hel
atestedi
ti
onofinf
ormation
ori
ginat
edbyagov ernmentaut
hor
izedhy
drogr
aphi
coffi
ceandconformtoIHOstandar
ds.
Thecontent
softheSENCshouldbeadequateandup-
to-
datef
ortheint
endedv
oyage.
Theupdati
ngmethodscanbesubdi vi
dedint
otwodiff
erentcat
egor
ies:
Aut
omat i
c
Manual
Aut
omat i
cUpdati
ng
I
tconsist
sofanupdati
ngprocessbywhi chtheupdati
nginfor
mati
onisappl
ied,wit
hint
he
ECDI
S, t
otheSENCwithoutoperatori
nter
venti
on.Aut
omat i
cupdat
ingcanbebrokendown
i
ntothefol
lowi
ngtwosub¬classes:
Ful
ly-
automat
ic
Updati
ng Semi-
aut
omat i
cUpdati
ng

Full
y-
automat icUpdati
ng
Theupdat edat areachest heECDI S dir
ectlyfrom thedi str
ibutorwi t
houtanyhuman
i
nterventi
onv iaabroadcasttransmissi
on,INTERNET,et c.Semi-
aut omaticUpdati
ng
Anupdat ingmet hodrequi
ringhumani nterventi
ontoest abl
ishal i
nkbet weenthemedi
a
usedf ortransfer
ri
ngt heupdat einf
ormati
onandt heECDI S,e.g.,inser
ti
nganupdati
ng
di
skette,orestabli
shi
ngat elephonecommuni cat
ionl
ink.

43
FEATURESOFECDI
S

Rout
ePl
anni
ng:

44
 > Car
ryoutroutepl
anni
ng&moni t
ori
nginasimpl
e&r el
iabl
emannerf
orbot
h
st
rai
ghtand curved segments. I tis possi
blet
o adjusta pl
anned r
out
e
al
phanumeri
cal
l
y,graphi
cal
ly
,incl
udi
ng:
■ Del
eti
ngway points
■ Addi
ngwaypoi nts
■ Changi
ngpositionofawaypoint
■ Changi
ngorderofway poi
nts

> Itshoul
dbepossibl
etoplanoneormor ealt
ernati
ver
outesinaddit
iont
othe
sel
ectedrout
e&cl
ear
lydi
sti
ngui
shabl
efr
om t
hecurr
ent&ot
herrout
es.
> I
tshouldbepossi
blef
orthemari
nert
ospeci
fyacr
osst r
ackli
mitofdev
iat
ionf
rom
t
heplannedr
outeatwhichanaut
omat
icof
ftr
ackal
arm shoul
dbeacti
vat
ed.

> Ani
ndi
cat
ioni
srequi
redi
fthemar
inerpl
ansar
out
eacr
oss:

■ Ownshi p'ssaf
etycont
our
■ Closerthanauserspecif
ieddi
stancefrom t
heboundar
yofaprohi
bit
edar
ea.
■ Closerthanauserspeci fi
eddistancefrom apoi
ntobject
,suchasafixedor
fl
oatingaidtonavi
gati
onorisol
ateddanger.

Rout
eMoni
tor
ing:
> Real timeposi ti
onoft hev essel
> Lookaheadv iewpossi ble
> Alltypeofposi t
ionl inescanbepl otted
> Alternativerouteandsel ect edr outecanbeshownsi debysi de
> Timel abel scanbeputont rack
> Alarmsasspeci fi
ed
> Alarm /I ndicati
onasspeci fied
> OOW cansel ectasaf etycont our
> ECDI Sgi vesthesaf et ycont ourmor eemphasi sthanot hercontoursonthedisplay
> Iti
spossi bleforthemar inert osel ectasafetydepth
> ECDI Semphasi zessoundi ngsequalt oorlesst hanthesaf etydepthwhenev erspot
soundi ngsar esel ect edf ordi spl ay
> Forr out emoni t
or ingt hesel ect edr outeandownshi p'spositi
onshoul dappear
whenev erthedispl aycov erst hatar ea
> Itshoul dbepossi blet odi spl ayaseaar eathatdoesnothav etheshiponthedisplay
(e.g.forlookahead, rout epl anni ng),whilerout
emoni toring.
> Itshoul dbepossi blet or etur nt ot her out
emoni tori
ngdi splaycoveri
ngownshi p's
positionimmedi atel ybysi ngl eoper atoracti
on
> ECDI Sshoul dgiveanal armi f,withinaspeci f
iedtimesetbyt hemar i
ner,ownshi p
willcrosst hesaf etycont our .

45
> ECDISshoul dgiveanal arm orindicat
ion,ifwi
thi
naspecifiedti
mesetbythe
mariner,ownshipwil
lcrosstheboundaryofaprohi
bit
ed
> Anal arm shoul
dbegi v
enwhent hespecifi
edli
mitfordev
iat
ionfr
om t
hepl
anned
rout
ei sexceeded.

46
 > Theship'
sposi t
ionshouldbeder i
vedfrom acont
inuousposi
ti
oni
ngsystem of
accur
acyconsi
stentwithther
equirementsofsaf
enavi
gati
on.
> Wheneverpossible,asecondindependentposi
ti
oni
ngmet hodofadif
fer
enttype
shoul
dbeprovided
> ECDI
Sshoul
dbecapabl
eofi
dent
if
yingdi
scr
epanci
esbet
weent
het
wosy
stems.
> ECDI Sshoul dpr ovideani ndicati
onwhent hei nputfrom theposi t
ionfixi
ngsy stem i
s
l
ost
> ECDI Sshoul dal sor epeat ,butonlyasani ndication,anyalarm ori ndicati
onpassed
toitfrom aposi t
ionf ixing,headingorspeedsour ces.
> Anal arm shoul dbegi venbyECDI Siftheshi p, wi
thinaspeci f
iedtimeordi stanceset
bythemar iner,willreachacr it
icalpoi
ntont hepl annedr oute.
> Theposi ti
oningsy stem andt heSENCshoul dbeont hesamegeodet icdatum.
> ECDI Sshoul dgi veanal armift hi
sisnott hecase.
> Itshouldbepossi blet odi splayanalternati
ver outeinaddi t
iontot heselectedroute.
> Duringt hev oyagei tshoul dbepossi blet omodi fythesel ectedsai l
ingr outeor
changet oal ternati
v er oute.
> Thesel ectedr outeshoul dbecl earl
ydistinguishablef r
om theot herroutes.
> Itshouldbepossi blet odi splay:

> Ti me-label
s al ong shi ps t rack manual ly on demand and aut omaticall
y at
i
nterval
s
> Anadequat enumberofpoi nts,freemov ableelectroni
cbear inglines,variabl
e
andfixedr angemar kersandot hersymbols
> ECDI Sshoul dprov i
det hecapabi li
tytoent erandplotmanual l
yobt ainedbear i
ngand
di
stanceLOPandcal culatet heresul ti
ngpositi
onofownshi p.
> ECDI Sshoul dindicatedi screpanci esbet weentheposi ti
onsobtainedbycont inuous
positi
oningsy stemsandposi t
ionsobt ainedbymanual observat
ions.
Voy
ageRecor
ding
> Thef
oll
owi
ngdat
ashoul
dber
ecor
dedatonemi
nut
eint
erv
al:

1. t
oensurear
ecordofownship'
spastt
rack:
time,
posi
ti
on,headi
ng,
andspeed.
2. t
oensurearecor
dofoffi
cialdat
aused:ENCsource,edi
ti
ondatecel
l
,update
andhist
ory
.

> I
naddi tion,ECDISshouldrecordthecompl et
et rackf ortheenti
rev oyage,withtime
mar ksatinterv
alsnotexceeding4hour s.
> I
tshouldnotbepossi bl
etomani pul
ateorchanget her ecordedi
nformation.
> ECDI Sshouldhav eacapabili
tytopreservether ecordoft heprevious12hour sand
ofthev oyagetrack.
> ECDI Sshouldst or
eandbeabl etoreproducecer tainmi nimum el
ement sr equir
edto
reconstructthenavigat
ionandv eri
fytheoffi
cialdat abaseuseddur ingthepr evi
ous
12hour s.

47
Recor
dingPl
ayback
>Thisf eat
ureaut
omati
call
ycapt ur
esallownandothervesseldat
awi
thoutcrew
act
ion,stor
esthedat
acompr essedandencrypt
edi
narchi
vesandenabl
esvoyages
tobereconstr
uct
edfr
om theplaybackf
uncti
on.
RadarI
ntegr
ati
onBoar
d

48
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER

TheRadarI ntegratorboar
disint
erfacedwit
htheRadarandconv er
tst
heRadarv i
deo
signalsintodigitalfor
matandstoresthem.Theadv ant
ageofthi
sboardi
sthatitcan
tracktargetst hatcomewi thi
nit
'srangeregar
dlessoftherangescal
einuse.When
theset argetsappearont heselectedrangescale,thei
rCPA & TCPA ar
er eadil
y
av ai
l
ablewi thoutanydelay.
TheRadarI
ntegr
atorboar
dcant
rackupt
o500t
arget
satanyonet
imei
ncl
udi
ngl
and
andcl
utt
erechoes.
Radar
/Ar
paI
ntegr
ati
on
Radar/
ARPAi nfor
mat i
onand/ orAISinf
ormati
onmaybet ransferr
edf r
om sy st
ems
compli
antwithther el
evantst andar
dsoforganizati
on.OverlayofARPAi nf
ormation
on ECDISimprovesnav i
gationalsafet
yinr estri
cted v
isi
bili
ty,congested waters,
coast
alpassages,portapproachesandanchorages.
Topreventdegradati
onoft heECDISwhensuper i
mposedwi t
hRadarpi
ctur
e,theuser
cansuppresstheclutt
er .I
frequi
red,
onlyapar
ticularsect
oroft
heRadarpict
uremay
besuperimposedont heECDI Ssot hatt
heotherar easontheECDISchartappear
wit
houttheradarpict
ur e.
I
ntegr
ati
on-Adv
ant
ages
Tr
ackedt
arget
sappearont
hechar
tscr
eeni
nthei
rcor
rectposi
ti
on.
Radarpi
ctur
ecanber
ecor
dedandst
oredf
orf
utur
eref
erenceandt
rai
ningpur
poses.
CAUTI
ON!
> PERIODICAL CHECKS AND LOOKOUT MUST BE PERFORMED AND BASI
C
PRINCIPLESOFWATCHKEEPI NGMUSTBEOBSERVED
> ECDIS I S ONLY A NAVIGATI
ON TOOL WHI CH HELPS TO PERFORM
NAVI
GATI ONAL
FUNCTI ONS
> LI
MI TATIONSOFECDI SAND ITSSENSORSMAKEOVER- RELI
ANCEON IT
DANGEROUS

49
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER

ACOUSTI
CECHOSOUNDER

BASI
CPRI
NCI
PLEOFOPERATI
ON

Acoust i
cdepthmeasur ementsy st
emsmeasur et heelapsedti
met hatanacousticpul
se
takestot r
avelfrom agener ati
ngtr
ansducertothewat erwaybott
om andback.Thetravel
ti
meoft heacousti
cpul sedependsont heveloci
tyofpropagati
on(v)inthewatercol
umn.
Thisi sill
ustr
atedint hef igurebelow wherethemeasur eddepth(D)isbet weenthe
transducerandsomepoi ntontheacousti
cal
lyref
lecti
vebottom.

Ift
hev eloci
tyofsoundpr opagati
oninthewatercolumni sknown,alongwit
ht hedi
stance
betweent hetransducerandt heref
erencewatersurface,t
hecorrecteddepth(d)canbe
comput edbyt hemeasur edtravelt
imeoft hepulse.Thisisexpressedbyt hefol
lowing
generalformul
a:

Dept
hcor r
ectedtoref
erencedwatersurf
aced=V( v•t
)+k
+drwhere:
d =cor rect
ed depthfrom ref
erencewat er
surf
acev=av eragevel
ocit
yofsoundi nthe
watercolumn
t=measur edelapsedtimefrom transducertobot
tom andbackt
o
tr
ansducerk=sy st
em i
ndexconstant

50
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER
dr=di
stancef
rom r
efer
encewat
ersur
facet
otr
ansducer(
draf
t)

Fi
gur
e9-
1.Acoust
icdept
hmeasur
ement

51
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER

FEW I
MPORTANTFACTORSAFFECTI
NGACCURACY

Velocit
yofsoundi nwater .Thesoundv elocityvari
eswi ththedensit
yandelast
icproperti
es
oft hewat er
.Thesepr operti
esar epr i
mar ilyaf uncti
onoft hewatertemperatureand
suspendedordi ssol
vedcont ents,i.
e.,salinit
y,andpr essur
e.Duet otheseef f
ects,the
vel
ocity(v
)canr angefrom about1400m/ sect o1525m/ sec.
Atat emperatur
eof16°andsal ini
tyof3.4%t heveloci
tyofsoundi nwateri
s1505m/ sec.I
f
theechosounderi scorrectl
ycalibr
atedf orseawat er
,t henitwil
lshow a3%i ncreasein
depthinfreshwat er
.A10- pptsali
nit
ychangecanv arythev el
oci
tybysome12m/ sec.

Forcal
cul
ati
onpur
posesv
alueofvi
stakent
obe1500m/
sec.

Timeofwav etravel(t
):Theel
apsedtime,t,isdependentonthereflect
ivi
tyofthebott
om
andrelatedsignalprocessi
ngmethodsusedt odiscer
nav al
i
dr et
urn.Itcannotbeper
fectl
y
deter
mi nedduringtheechosoundingprocess.

Syst
em index const
ant(
k):k mustbe det
ermi
ned f
rom per
iodi
c cal
i
brat
ion oft
he
equi
pment.

TheNat
ureofSeabed: Theshape,
orsharpness,oftheretur
ningpulseshowninFi
gur
e
9-
1 wil
lplay a majorr ol
ei nthe accuracy and detect
ion capabi
li
ti
es ofdept
h
measur
ementwhichv erywel
ldependonthenat ureoftheseabed.

TheAngl eofInci
denceofthebeam:I
fthesignal
sstriketheseabedv
erti
call
y,t
heenergyof
ref
lectedechoeswi l
lbemor ethanwhent hesignalsst r
ikeatanangle.I
talsoaddst o
decreaseinaccuracyoft
hedepthmeasurementduringroll
ingandpi
tchi
ngofthevessel
.

Att
enuati
on:Att
enuati
oni
sl ossofacoust
icwaveenergyasittr
avelst
hroughthewaterand
dependsonv ari
ousfact
orssuchast hefr
equencyoft hewav e,beam width,r
efl
ecti
ng
surf
ace,shoal
soff i
shetc.Attenuat
ioni
smoref orhigherfr
equenci
esandl ow f
orlower
fr
equenci
es.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFECHOSOUNDER

1.PulseLengt
h( PL):Thedur
ati
onoft hepul
seinanechosounderisgener
all
yfr
om
0.
2t o2mi ll
iseconds.Thepulselengthchangeswithrangescal
e.Forshal
l
ow
depths,
shor
tpulseisusedandlongpulsef
orgreat
erdept
hs.
Thesty
lusisr
otat
ingatascal
espeedequal
tohalft
hespeedoftheacousti
cwav e.Thati
s,
thet
imetakenbyt hest
ylust
omov efr
om toptobott
om onthepaperisexactl
yequalto
thet
imetakenbythewavetotr
avel
twi
cethedist
anceoft
herangescalesel
ected.
Thetheor
eti
cal
mini
mum measur
abl
edept
hishal
fthepul
sel
engt
handi
scal
cul
atedbyt
he
for
mula:

Dmin=vxl
/2,
Wher
e,
D=minimum measurabl
edept
hv=
vel
oci
ty ofacousti
c wave l=
pul
selengt
hinseconds

52
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER
Forexample,ifpul
selengthi
s2mil
l
iseconds,t
henmi
nimum
dept
hwill
beDmi n =vxl /2
=1500x( 2/1000)x(V)=1.
5m

2.Pul
seRepet
it
ionFr
equency(PRF):Thenumberofpul
sest
ransmi
tt
edpersecondi
s
cal
l
edPulseRepet
it
ionFrequency(PRF)andthi
sdet
ermi
nesthemaximum dept
h
whi
chcanbemeasured.

53
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER

Maxi
mum dept
h(R)=vxt/2
Wher
e, v=thevel
oci
tyofacoust
icwave
t=ti
mebetweentwosuccessi
vepul
sesi
nseconds

Forexampl
e,i
fthePRFis1persecond,
i.
e.,t=1,
then
R =vxt /2=1500
x1/2
=750mtrs(maxmeasurable)

Si
mil
arl
y,f
oraPRFof2persecond,
i.
e.,
t=1/
2,i
.
e0.
5seconds,
R=375mt
rs

Inot
herwor
ds,asthePRFincr
easesthemaxdept
hthatcanbemeasureddecreases
andvi
ce-
ver
sa.Thus,
inshal
l
owwat er
s,t
hePRFishi
ghandlowindeeperwat
ers.

3.Beam Widt
h:Energyconcentr
ati
onofawidebeam i
slessascompar
edt
onar
row
beam andhencedi
rectl
yaffect
stheper
for
manceofthedevice.

Eachtransducerpi
ngensonif
iesanar eaofthebot t
om.Thesi zeofthi
sensoni
fi
ed
areai
saf unct
ionofthet
ransducerbeam wi
dt handt r
ansducerchar
act
eri
sti
cs(
i.
e.,
si
delobes).Thenarr
owbeam ensoni f
yasmallerareaofthebottom;r
esul
ti
nginl
ess
di
stor
ti
onorsmoot hi
ngofbottom feat
ureswi
thinthi
sarea.

4.Transmi ssi
onFrequency/Wav el
ength:I
ft hefr
equencyiswit
hintheaudiofrequency
range,thenthereceiv
ingtransducerwil
l pi
ckuptheotheraudi
blenoisessuchast he
engine noise,v i
brati
ons,wav es hitt
ing the hul
let c.Therefor
e,t r
ansmission
frequencymustbeout sidetheaudibl
er ange.
Higherf r
equencytransducers(100kHzt o1,000kHz)pr ovi
demor eprecisedepth
measur ement,duetobotht hefrequencycharacteri
sti
csandmor e-concentrat
ed(i.
e.,
narrow)beam widthsbutaresubj ectt
osev er
eattenuati
on.Narrowbeam t r
ansducers
(i
.e.lessthan8deg)mayr equirerol
landpi tchcorrecti
onsincet hemor e-f
ocused
beam wi l
lmeasur easlopedi st
anceatnon- vert
icalpoint
s.Howev er,t
hesi delobes
showni nFigurebel
owcoul dprovideavert
icalret
urninshallowwater.

Lowerfrequencytransducers(bel
ow50kHz)t endtohav elargerbeam wi
dths,whichcan
cause dist
ort
ion and smoot hi
ng offeatures i
ni r
regularbot t
oms oron si de sl
opes.
However,lowerfrequenciesarelesssubjecttoat t
enuation,whichall
owsgr eat
erdepth
measurementandpenet rati
onofsuspendedsedi ments.

54
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER
Thef
requencyr
angeofcommer
cial
echosounder
sisbet
ween30t
o55KHz.

POLARCOORDINATEPLOTOF

55
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER

BLOCK DI
AGRAM AND
FUNCTI
ONS

POW
ER
CMDD
IV

Osci
ll
atorUnit
Thi
suni tproducesahighv ol
tageosci
l
lat
ionofdesi
redf
requencyandt
heout
puti
s
gi
ventot hetr
ansmit
ti
ngtransducer
.

Transmit
ti
ngTransducer
Thismaybeael ectr
ostr
icti
ve(pier
cedhull
)ormagnetost
ri
cti
ve(i
nter
nalinst
all
ati
on)
type.I
tconver
tst
heelectr
icalsi
gnalsi
ntoacoust
icwav
esandt r
ansmit
sthem towards
theseabed.

Recei
v i
ngTransducer
Thi
sr ecei
vestheechoesf r
om t
heseabedandconv
ert
sthem i
ntoel
ect
ri
calsi
gnal
s,
whicharethensenttotheampl
if
ieruni
t.

Ampli
fi
erUnit
Thi
sunitamplif
iest
heweakel
ect
ri
calsi
gnal
srecei
vedf
rom t
het
ransducerandgi
ves
i
ttotherecor
deruni
t.

Recor
derUni
t

Thi
suni
tcont
rol
sthet
ransmi
ssi
onoft
heacoust
icpul
sesandr
ecor
dst
hedept
hon

t
hepaper
.PowerSuppl
yUni
t

56
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER
Thi
suni
tgi
vest
her
equi
redv
olt
agest
othedi
ff
erentst
agesoft
heechosoundi
ng

equi
pment
.MOREABOUTTRANSDUCERS

Thefuncti
onoft het
ransducerist oconv er
ttheelectri
calener
gyt oacousticener
gy
duri
ngthetransmi
ssionandr econvertint
oelect
ricalener
gyduringrecept
ionofthe
echo.Ther
eare2typesoftransducers:
El
ectrost
ri
cti
ve,
andMagnet ost
ri
cti
ve

ELECTROSTRI CTIVETRANSDUCER
Thi
st ypeoftransducerworksonthebasi
cpri
ncipleofpi
ezo-el
ect
ri
cef fect
,i.
e.,cer
tai
n
crystal
ssuchasquar t
z,haveapropert
ythatwhenpr essur
eisappl iedtot hetwo
oppositefaces,adif
fer
enceofpot
enti
ali
screatedwhi
chisproport
ionaltotheappli
ed
pressureorwhen

57
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER

analter
nati
ngvol
tagei
sappl
ied,t
hecr yst
alsstar
tvibr
ati
ngorosci
l
lat
ing.Thi
sty
peof
tr
ansduceri
sal
soknownasPi
ezost
rict
ivetr
ansducer
.

The el ect
rost
ri
cti
vet r
ansduceruses t
he pr
opert
y ofa cryst
alfort
ransmi
ssion and
receptionofacousti
cwav esinwater
.Thecry
stali
sfi
rml
yfixedbet
weentwosteelpl
ates
sot hattheyactasasingl
eunit.

Thepur
poseofthesteelpl
atesi
st opr
ov i
desol
i
dandr
obusthousi
ngf
ort
hecr
yst
alaswel
l
asasui
tabl
econtactsur
faceforseawater.

Whenanal ter
natingvolt
agei sappliedbet weent hesteelplates,t
hequartzandt hesteel
plat
esstartv i
brat
ingtogether.Thevibrat
ionwi llbeofveryhighampl i
tude,i
fthefrequency
ofthealternati
ngv ol
tageisequaltot her esonancefrequencyoft hecryst
al.Thel owerof
thetwost eelplat
esisindirectcontactwitht hewater,whichwi l
lcausethevibr
ati
oni nthe
seawater.Thev i
brati
on isal waysper pendiculartot hepl ateand henceal way skept
hori
zontall
y.

Gener
all
yonlyonet r
ansduceri
susedfortransmissi
onandr
ecept
ionoft
hesi
gnal
sand
t
histr
ansduceri
salwaysmountedaspi
ercedhull
.
MAGNETOSTRI CTI
VETRANSDUCER
Ul
tr
asoni
cSound Wav
esi
n

Thistr
ansducerwor ksont hebasi
cpr i
ncipl
eofmagnet ostri
cti
on,i.
e.whenabarof
fer
ro¬magnet
icmater i
aliswoundwithacoilinwhichanalt
ernati
ngv ol
tagei
sappli
ed,t
he
l
engthofthi
smat er
ialwi l
lal
wayscontr
actregardl
essofthedir
ectionofthecur
rentandit
comesbacktoit'
soriginall
engt
hwhent hecurr
entiszer
o.

58
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER
Inthenickelr
ingty
pemagnetost
ri
cti
vetr
ansducer,
alar
genumberofthi
nannul
ardi
sc
ofNickelareheldtoget
herbywelli
nsul
atedwindi
ngsoft
hickf
lexi
blewir
e.Whenan
alt
ernat
ing

Ul
tr
asoni
cSoundWav
esi
nLi
qui
d

Magnet
icFi
eld

59
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER

curr
entispassedthr
ought hewi ndi
ngsoft hecoi
l,t
hecontr
act
ionandt
hesubsequent
expansi
oni
nt heNi
ckelpl
atestakesplaceci
rcumfer
enti
all
y.

Thust hewholeouterareaofthecyl
indri
calpacki
ssetinmot i
onatit
snatur
alresonant
fr
equency and the vi
brat
ions ar
e passed on tothe sur
roundi
ng medi
um i.
e.wat er
(t
ransducerf
it
tedinwatertank)
.

Thesev i
brat
ionsaretransmi
tt
edtotheseabedthroughtheshi
p'
shul
lpl
ateandsi
mil
arl
y
theechoesarealsoreceiv
edt
hrought
heship'
shull
plate.

Twotransducersareused;
onef
ort
ransmi
ssi
onandt
heot
herf
orr
ecept
ion.I
tisf
it
ted
asI
nternali
nstal
lat
ion.

Adv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesofI
nter
nal
Inst
all
ati
on

> Shi
p'shulli
snotcuthencecontinuit
yoft hehull
ismaintai
ned
> Thet r
ansducercanbef i
tt
edandr epairedwhenevernecessar
ywi
thoutgoi
ngt
o
dry
dock.
> Only15%oft ot
alpoweroutputpassest hroughtheshi
p'
shull
> Thelossoccurstwicepersoundingresulti
nginweakechoes.

SI
TINGOFTRANSDUCER

Thesit
ingofthetr
ansducerwi
llv
aryaccordi
ngtothesi
zeoftheshi
pbuti
tshoul
dbeaway
fr
om anysound/noi
sesourceandawayfrom anyai
rbubbl
es.

> Onlar geships, between1/ 4and1/ 8oftheship'slengthfrom bow

> Onmedi um sizeshi ps,theforemostposi t
ionisbestor3/ 4l
engthifv
esselhasl
ight
draf
t.
> Onsl owershi ps,3/4l engt
hf rom thebow
> Onv erylargeshi ps,twot r
ansducer sarefi
tted,oneatf orwardandtheotherwel
laft
.
> Onoi ltankers,thetransducershoul dbef i
ttedatthef orwardendofE/R
> Incaseofpi er cedhull,thetransducerisfi
ttedneart hecentreli
neandflushwit
hthe
keelplate.

TYPESOFI
NDI
CATORS(
RECORDERS)

Echometer
:Inanechomet er
,thedept
hisindi
catedbyaneonl
ampr otati
ngataconst
ant
speedoveracircul
arscal
e.Apul sei
stransmit
tedwhenthel
amppassest hezer
omark
andthearr
ivi
ngecholi
ghtsupt hel
ampindi
cati
ngthedept
hontheci
rcularscal
e.

Echograph:In an echograph,the st
ylus i
srotat
ing ata cer
tain constantspeed and
tr
ansmi ssi
onoft hepulsetakesplacewheni tpassesthezeromar k.Thespeedoft he
sty
lusissucht hatthet
imetakenforthestyl
ust
ot r
avelfr
om t
optobot t
om isexact
lyequal
tothatforthepulsetotr
aveltwi
cethedist
anceoftherangesel
ected.

60
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER
Ther ecei
vedechoi
sconver
tedi
ntoanelect
ri
calsi
gnalandacur r
enti
sgiventot
he
styl
uswhi chbur
nst
hecoati
ngonthepaper(bl
ackmark)indi
cat
ingthedepthont
he
scal
e.

61
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER
ADVANTAGES:
Echogr
aphv
sEchomet
er

Permanentr
ecordi
ng
> Al
lechoesar
edispl
ayed

RANGI
NG

I
n an echo sounder
,the st
ylusisrotat
ing ata cer
tai
n const
antspeed and t
he
t
ransmissi
ontakespl
acewhent hest
yluspassest
hezeromark.

Whenahi gherrangescal
eisselect
ed,thet
ransmissi
onwi l
lst
il
ltakeplacewhent he
styl
uspassesthezeromarkbutthestyl
usspeedisreducedbecausethest y
lushasto
remainonthepaperforalongerperi
odofti
mesi ncetheechoesarereturni
ngfrom a
great
erdepth.

Thi
ssy
stem i
sknownasr
angi
ngandt
her
angescal
esar
egener
all
ypr
ovi
dedas

0-50m 0-
100m
0-200m andsoon.

Sincethesamel engt
hofpapernow cov
ersalar
gerdepth,thegraduat
ionsbecome
closeranditbecomesdi
ff
icul
ttor
eadthedept
hsaccur
ately.Phasi
ngarrangementi
s
usedt oavoi
d
this.

PHASI
NG

I
nphasing,t
hespeedoft
hest
ylusmot
ori
skeptconst
antbutt
het
ransmi
ssi
onpoi
nt
i
nadvanced.

Foursensorsar eposi
ti
onedaroundthesty
lusbeltandt hestyl
usi
srotat
ingata
constantspeed.Amagnetmount edonthebeltgener
atesthepul
sewhenitpasses
thesensorwhichint
urnacti
vat
esthetr
ansmi
tter.

62
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER
When0-100m rangeissel
ect
ed,sensor1isusedandthedelayci
rcui
tar
rangementi
s
sucht
hatthet
ransmissi
onoccur
sexact l
ywhenthesty
luspassesthezer
omar k.

On selecti
ng the higherscal
e(100-
200 m)
,sensor2 i
s used f
oracti
vat
ing t
he
tr
ansmi ssi
on and thez er
o ofthescal
eisso shi
ft
ed t
hatthetop ofthepaper
corr
espondsto100m.

63
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER

Simil
arl
yforot
herranges,di
ff
erentsensor
sar
eusedandt
het
ransmi
ssi
ont
imewi
l
lbe
accordi
ngl
yadv
anced.

Thespeedofthestyluswillr
emai nsameaslongaseachr
angescal
ecor
respondst
o
si
mil
ardif
fer
enceofdepth,
i.
e.0-100,100-
200et
c.

ECHOSOUNDERCONTROLS

> On-Offswi t
ch
> Rangesel ectorswitch
> Paperspeedcont r
ol knob
> Styl
usspeedcont roladjustment
> Sensiti
vit
ycont rolknob
> Draftsetti
ngcont r
ol knob
> Fi
xmar ker
> Transducersel ect
orswi tch
> Panel bri
ll
i
ancecont r
olknob

CROSSNOI
SE

I
fthesensi t
ivi
tyoft
heampl i
fi
erishigh,sever
ali
rregulardotsappearnearthezeroli
neand
thi
siscalledcrossnoi
se.Thisiscausedaspar toft hetransmit
tedenergyispickedupby
thetransducerinaddit
iontot heaer at
ionpresent.Ifcrossnoi sei
shi gh,t
henshallow
depthsclosetothezer
ol i
newil
l notbeseen.

Toavoidt
his,ampli
fi
cati
onshoul
dbelessaf
tertr
ansmissi
onandgr
adual
l
yincr
eased
sothatweakechoescanbemar kedwit
hclar
it
y.Thisisdoneaut
omati
cal
lybythe
sweptgai
ncontrol
unit.

AERATI
ON

Vi
brat
ioncausesai
rbubbl
esi
nthewat
erandechoescausedbyt
heseappearasdot
s.Thi
s
i
scall
edAerati
on.

Thedensityofairbubbl
esunderthet
ransducervar
iesal
ongthel
engt
hoft
hev
esseland
theechoessuff
ertremendousl
ossbef
orereachingt
herecei
ver
.

64
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER

Sometimesthedensi
tyofairbubbl
esissohi
gh(
e.g.goi
ngast
ern)t
hatnopenet
rat
ion
takespl
aceandhencenoechoappear
s.

ERRORS

> Vel ocit

yofpr opagat ioni nwat er:
The v elocit
yofacoust ic wav es changes wi t
h watert emper ature,sal i
nityand
pressureoft hewat er.Inpr acti
calsit
uation,theseconditi
onsar esubj ecttochanges
andt hisaf f
ect st heaccur acyoft herecordeddept h.Thedept hcanbecor rectedto
truedept hf rom t het ablesoft hev eloci
tiesofsoundi npur ewat erandseawat er
(NauticalPubl icat i
onNP139( HD282) )
> St yl
usspeeder ror :
Thest y
lusspeedshoul dbesucht hatitt r
av el
sfrom thet opoft hepapert othe
bot t
om i nexact l
yt het i
mer equir
edf ort heacoust icwav est ot r aveltwicet he
distanceoft her angescal einuse.Incaseofv olt
agef l
uctuati
ons,orf oranyot her
reasons, i
ft hemot orspeedchanges, itwil
l r
ecor dwrongdept h.Ther eforethest yl
us
speedshoul dbeper iodicall
yadjustedaspert heinstr
ucti
onmanual .
> Py thagoraser ror:
Thiser roroccur swhent wot ransducersar eused,onef ort ransmi ssionandt he
otherforr ecept ion.Itisaf unct i
onofthedi stancebetweent het wot ransducer s.The
errorcanbef oundoutbyt hefot r
mulae-

d2-x2/4)
e=d-V(

where,d ist he r
ecorded dept
h and x i
sthe di
stance bet
ween t
he
tr
ansducers.Theerrorisveryprominenti
sshal
low water
sbutnotso
si
gnifi
cantindeepwater
s.

> Mul t
ipleechoes:
Theechoes,i nrightcondit
ionscanber efl
ectednumberoft i
mesbet weent hekeel
oft heshi pandtheseabed.Oneachr et
urntheechoesar epickedupbyt her eceiving
transducergi vi
ngmul ti
pledepthmar ksonther ecorder.Eachdept hmar kwi llbeat
mul ti
pl e ofthe actualdistance,the lowestdept h bei ng the corr
ectone.Thi s
situationcanal sohappenwhenar angescalei sselectedwhi chismor ethant he
dept hoft heseabed,e.g,r
angescaleof100- 200mt r
swhi lethedept hi
sact uallyonly
60mt rs.Inthiscasethedept hewillbemar kedat120mt rsand180mt rs.Toav oid
this,theequipmentshoul dbest ar
tedatt hemi ni
mum dept hwhenPhasi ngf acili
tyis
prov i
ded.

> Thermal anddensi t

ylayers:
Atseat herearelayersofwat erhavi
ngdif
ferentt
emper atur
esand/ orsal
i
nit
ywhich
serv
easar efl
ectingsurfacetotheacousti
cwav es.Theser esul
tasaf ai
ntl
ineson
therecorderwhichareinbetweent hezer
omar kandact ualdepth.

> Zer
oli
neadj
ust
menter
ror
:

65
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-ECHOSOUNDER
Thesty
lusmustbeadjust
edsothati
tisatzeromarkwhent
hetransmi
ssi
onbegi
ns.
I
fther
eisanyadvanceorl
ag,t
hedepthrecordedwi
l
l bei
ner
ror
.

66
BRI
DGEEQUI
P'
T-EML
OG/PRESS.
TUBEL
OG

MAI
NTENANCE

> Checkstylusspeedandadj ustasrequir

edbyt hemanual
> Transducersmustbefr eeofgreaseandpai nt
> Inport,
checkaccuracybymanual soundings
> Remov ecarbondustfrom allpar
tsoftheequipment
> Lubri
catemov i
ngpartsaspert hemanuf actur
ersi
nst
ruct
ions

67
BRI
DGEEQUI
P'
T-EML
OG/PRESS.
TUBEL
OG
PRI
NCI
PLE

EM l
ogmeanselect
ro-
magneticlogand,asthenamesigni
fi
es,worksonthepri
nci
pleof
el
ect
ro-
magnet
ici
nduct
ion.Si
mplyspeaki
ngi
tmeanscur
renti
nducedbymagnet
ism.

Aspert
hispr
inci
ple,
anelect
romot
iveforce(emf)i
sinducedi
naconduct
orwheni
tmov
esi
n
amagnet
icfi
eldsoastocutthemagneti
clinesoff
orce.

Theemfinducedi
sdi
rect
lypr
opor
tionalt
ostrengthofmagnet
icf
iel
d,l
engt
hofconduct
or
cut
ti
ngt
hemagneti
cfl
uxandvel
oci
tyofconductor
.

Maxi
mum emfisinducedwhenconductorcut
sli
nesoff
orceatar
ightangl
e.Thedi
rect
ionof
t
heinducedemfi
sgivenbyFl
eming’
srighthandr
ule.

Str
etchoutthumb,f
oref
ingerandmiddl
efi
ngerofr
ighthandt
obemut
ual
l
yper
pendi
cul
art
o
eachotherasshownint
hepictur
e.

Then,t
het
humbr epr
esent
sthemot i
onofconduct
or,
for
efi
ngert
hemagnet
icf
iel
dandmi
ddl
e
fi
ngert
hedi
rect
ionofemfinduced.

68
BRI
DGEEQUI
P'
T-EML
OG/PRESS.
TUBEL
OG

OPERATI
ON

I
nthecaseofEM l
ogf
it
tedonshi
ps,
thepr
inci
plei
sappl
i
edasf
oll
ows:

Magnet
icf
iel
dispr
ovi
dedbyasol
enoi
dsuppl
i
edwi
thcur
rent
,whi
chact
sli
keanel
ect
ro-
magnet
.

Thesol
enoi
disenclosedinacasi
ngcal
l
edf
low sensororr
odmet
er.Thi
scasi
ngpr
oject
s
ver
ti
cal
l
ydown-wardsfrom t
hehul
l
.

Thear
rangementensur
est
hatmagnet
icl
i
nesoff
orcer
unv
ert
ical
l
ydownwar
dsf
rom t
her
od.

Asv esselsteams,
seawat
ermov
esr
elat
ivel
yint
heopposi
tedi
rect
ion.Themov
ingseawat
er
for
mst heconduct
or.

Thefl
owsensorisfi
tt
edwit
htwoelectr
odesonopposit
esi desandposit
ionedathwar
tshi
ps.
Thedi
stancebet
weenthet
woelect
rodesrepr
esent
sthelengthoftheconductor
.

Theemfi
nducedi
nthi
sst
ri
pofseawat
eri
spi
ckedupandampl
i
fied.

Thisemfisrepr
esentat
iveofspeedofconduct
or(
seawat
er)
,whi
chi
ssameasv
essel
’
s
speedt
hroughwater
.

Theampl
i
fiedemfsignaldr
ivesaser
vomot
or,whi
chi
ntur
ndi
spl
ayst
hespeedoni
ndi
cat
or
fi
tt
edi
nwheelhouse.

69
BRI
DGEEQUI
P'
T-EML
OG/PRESS.
TUBEL
OG
THEPRESSURETYPELOG(
PITOTTUBELOG)

Thi
sty
peofl
ogconsi
stof

1. Twoopeni
ngsout
sidet
hehul
loft
heshi
p,st
ati
ctubet
hatpr
ovi
desst
ati
cpr
essur
eand
i
mpactorPi
tott
ubet
hatmeasur
esdy
nami
cpr
essur
eort
hewat
erf
lowofpr
essur
e

2. Cont
rol
l
eruni
t(pr
essur
edi
ff
erent
iat
or)

3. Speedanddi
stancet
ransmi
tt
er

4. Speedanddi
stancer
ecor
der

Oper
ati
ons

Theopeni
ngoft
hePi
tott
ubef
acesf
orwar
dsot
hatwhent
hev
essel
mov
esf
orwar
d,t
hewat
er
causesapr
essur
eatt
het
ubet
hisdy
nami
cpr
essur
eispr
opor
ti
onalt
othespeedatwhi
cht
he
v
esselmov
es.Thepr
essur
edi
ff
erent
iat
ormeasur
est
hedi
ff
erent
ialpr
essur
e.TheCont
rol
l
er
uni
tconv
ert
sthepr
essur
edi
ff
erencei
ntospeedanddi
stanceuni
ts.

Thi
sty
peofl
ogcangi
veonl
yspeedt
hroughwat
erandi
sgr
eat
lyaf
fect
edbyt
hemov
ementof
t
hewat
erwhi
chwoul
dinduceanext
rapr
essur
egi
vi
ngr
iset
oer
rori
nreadi
ngs.

COMPARI
SONSBETWEENDI
FFERENTLOGS

70
 BRI
DGEEQUI
P'
T-EML
OG/PRESS.
TUBEL
OG

DOPPLER PRESSURE EM LOG

Speed propor
ti
onal t
o Speed pr
opor
ti
onalt
o emf
Pr
inci
ple:
Doppl
eref
fect
dynamichy
dropressur
e i
nduced

Pr
ovi
desSMG&STW STW STW

speed i
nfor
war
d di
rect
ion
Pr
ovi
desDual
axi
sspeed Speedi
nFor
e&Af
tdi
rect
ion
only

Affect
edbyweat hertemp&
densit
yt ol esserext
entbut Aff
ectedbyweat
hert
emp&
Af
fect
edbyweat
her
effect resolved by using densi
ty
thermist
or.

Aff
ected byv essel
’
s mot
ion
Yes because of pr
essur
e
buterrorsrect
ifi
edbyJanus No
fl
uct
uat
ions
conf
igurati
on

Aff
ected byaer
ati
on butt
o
Af
fect
ed Af
fect
ed
l
esserext
ent

Inst
allat
ion i
s easy & no Needsspecialar
rangement
s, Needsspeci
alar
rangement
s,
special ar
rangement
s W/T box and sl ui
ce v/v W/T box and sl ui
ce v/v
requi
red ar
rangement ar
rangement

Affect
edbyshi p’
svolt
ageas
fl
uctuati
on wi
ll af fect Noef
fect Af
fect
edt
olesserext
ent
tr
ansmi t
tedf
requency

Int
erface wit
h ot
her
Noteasy v
eryeasy
equipmenti
sver
yeasy

Dif
fi
cul
t because pressur
e
Cal
i
brat
ioni
seasy Easy
speedr
elat
ionnotl
i
near

Canbeusedasanai
ddur
ing
No No
anchorwat
ch

ELECTRO-
MAGNETI
CSPEEDLOG

El
ectro-
Magneti
cLogi
sadevi
ceusedtocal
cul
atethevel
oci
tyoftheshi
p.TheEMLogcal
cul
atesthespeedofshi
pwi
threspecttothewater,i
.
e.
,speedthroughwater.

PRI
NCI
PLEOFOPERATI
ON

71
 BRI
DGEEQUI
P'
T-EML
OG/PRESS.
TUBEL
OG

Asthenamei
tsel
fi
ndi
cates,theEMLogworksonMi
chaelFaraday'
spri
nci
pl
eofEl
ectro-
Magneti
cI
nducti
on.

Theoperationreli
esupontheprincipl
ethatanyconductorwhi
chismovedacrossamagneti cfiel
dwi
lhaveinducedi
ntoi
tasmalel ectromotiveforce(e.
m.f.
).Al
ternati
vel
y,thee.m.f.wilalsobei nducedifthe
conductorremainsstati
onaryandthemagneticfi
el
dismovedwi threspecttoi
t.Assumi
ngthatthemagneti
cfi
el
dremai
nsconstant,theampl i
tudeoftheinducede.m. f.wilbedirectl
yproporti
onaltothespeedof
movement.

Theemfi nducedi sdi

rectl
yproporti
onaltostrengthofmagneti cfiel
d,l
ength of
conductorcutti
ngthemagneticfluxandveloci tyofconductor(rateofchange of
magneticfl
uxcutti
ngtheconductor)andthedi recti
onofthei
nducedemfi sgi
ven by
Fl
eming'sri
ghthandrule.

PRACTI
CALI
NSTALLATI
ONANDWORKI
NG:

Inapracti
calinstalati
on,aconstante.
m.
f.i
sdevelopedi
naconductor(seawaterfl
owingpastthesensor)andami nutecurrent,proporti
onaltotherel
ati
vevel
oci
ty,i
si
nducedinacolector.The
magneti
cfiel
dcreatedi ntheseawateri
sproducedbyasol
enoi
dwhichmayextendi ntothewaterorbefi
ttedfl
ushwi
ththehul.Asthevesselmoves,theseawater(theconductor)fl
owi
ngthrough
themagneticfi
eldhasasmal

72
 BRI
DGEEQUI
P'
T-EML
OG/PRESS.
TUBEL
OG

e.
m.
f.i
nducedi
ntoi
t.Thi
smi
nutee.
m.
f.
,theampl
i
tudeofwhi
chi
sdependentupontherateofcutti
ngthemagneti
cl
i
nesofforce,i
sdetectedbytwosmalel
ectrodesseti
ntotheoutercasi
ngofthesensor.
RELATI ONSHI PBETWEENVESSEL' SSPEEDANDSENSOROUTPUT:

Theinducedemfi nanEMLogsetupi sverysmal,typicaly100uVperknot,butthechangewi

threspecttothefl
owofseawateri
sveryl
i
ner(proporti
onal
)asdepi
ctedi
nthefi
gurebel
ow.Thi
s
i
ndi
catesthespeedofthevesselwi
thverygooduni
formi ty.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
14
Speedi
nknot
s

J-Curr
entFl
owb/wthe
el
ect
rodes^m-;
)b,
:-

Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weent
hev
essel
'
sspeedandt
heout
putf
rom t
hesensor
s.

However,i
tshoul
dbenotedthat:
1. Thei nducede.m.f.andhencethespeedi
ndi
cati
onwilvarywi
ththeconducti
vi
tyofthewater.
2. Thedevi cemeasuresthespeedofthewaterfl
owingpastthehuloftheship.Thi
sflowcanvaryduetothenon-
l
i
neari
tyofahuldesi
gn.

73
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-GPS

SPEEDMEASUREMENTUSI
NGWATERPRESSURE

Whenatube,wi thanopeningatitsbase,i
sverti
calysubmergedi nwater,apressure,proporti
onaltothedepthtowhichthetubei ssubmerged,wi lbedevel
opedinthetube.I
f
thetubeisheldstati
onarythepressureremai
nsconstantandi stermed' stati
c'pressure.I
fthetubeisnowmovedthroughthewater,whi lstkeepi
ngthedepthtowhichitis
submergedconstant,asecondpressurecaled' dynamic'pressurei
sdeveloped.Thetotalpressurei nthetube,caledaPitottube,i
sthereforethesumofboththestaticand
dynamicpressures.

Toensurethatthedynami
cpressurereading,andthusspeed,i
saccurate,theeffectofstati
cpressuremustbeeli
mi nated.Thi
sisachi evedbyi
nstali
ngasecondtubecl
oseto
thefi
rstinsuchawaythatthestati
cpressureproducedi
nitisi
denti
caltothatcreatedinthePi tottubebutwi
thoutthepressureincreaseduetomovementthroughthewater
(seeFigure3.
1).

Inapracticalinstalati
on,tubeB,thePi tottube,extendsbelowthevessel '
shultoadepthd,whereastubeA,thestati cpressurei
ntaketube,i
sflushwi ththehul.Withthevessel
stati
onary,thestaticpressuresfromtubeAtothetopofthedi aphragmandtubeBtoi tsundersidealmostcancel.Theunequalpressures,whichcauseasmali ndicati
onof
speedtobedi splayedwhenthevesseli sstati
onary,arecompensatedfori nthel
ogel ectromechanicalsystemandtheerroneousi ndi
cati
oniscanceled.Asthevesselmoves
throughthewater,i nthedi recti
onshown,wateri sforcedi ntotubeBproduci
ngacombi nedpressureinthel owerhal
fofthechamberequaltoboththestati canddynami c
pressures.Thedi fferenceinpressure,betweenupperandl owerchambers,nowforcesthedi aphragmupwardsthusoperatingthemechani calli
nkage.Obviousl
ythegreaterthe
speedofthevesselthroughthewater,themorethedi aphragmwi lmoveandthegreaterwi lbethespeedi ndi
cated.

Unfortunatel
y,thedynamicpressuredevelopedintubeB,bytherel
ati
vemovementthroughthewater,i
sproporti
onaltothesquareofthevessel
'
sspeed.Pi
tot'
sLawstatesthat
thi
spressurepi sproporti
onaltothesquareoftheshi
p'
sspeedvmul ti
pl
i
edbythecoeffi
ci
entK.
2
p=Kxv

wheretheconstantKi
sderi
vedfromthevessel
'
stonnage,shapeofhul,speedoftheshi
p,andthel
engthoftheprotrudi
ngpartofthePi
tottube(di
stanced)
.

Asthespeedi ndicati
onproducedisnotli
near,i
tisnecessarythereforetoel
i
minatethenon¬l i
nearcharacteri
sti
csofthesystemandproduceal
i
nearspeedi
ndi
cati
on.Thi
si
sachi
eved
mechani
caly,bytheuseofprecisel
yengi
neeredconesorel
ectroni
calyusingCR(capaci
ti
ve/resi
sti
ve)ti
meconstantci rcui
try.

74
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-GPS

GLOBALPOSI
TIONI
NGSYSTEM

OVERVI EW
Of ficialnameofGPSi sNAVi gat i
onalSat elli
teTi mi ngAndRangi ngGl obal
Posi ti
oningSy st em
(NAVSTAR GPS) .Gl obalPosi tioning Systems( GPS)i sa f orm ofGl obal
Nav igationSat elli
te
Sy st em (GNSS) .Firstdev el
opedbyt heUni tedSt atesDepar tmentofDef ense
Consi stsoft wodozenGPSsat ell
itesinmedi um Ear thor bit(Ther egionof
spacebet ween
2000km and35, 786km)
SpaceSegmei I
f^J
GPSFUNCTI ONALI TY
GPSsy st emsar emadeupof3
segment s:
> SpaceSegment( SS) Cont rol Segment \
"^r
> Cont rol Segment Segment
(CS) Cont rolSegr i
jen \^
> UserSegment( US) Mast er St ati
on
Gl
obal Pos iti
oning Sy stem E E 2I Moni tor
St ati
ons
Segme ns/
t f ynjt
fl oft heGPS
SPACESEGMENT
Itconsist sof24 oper ationalsat el
li
tesev enlypl aced i n 6 differentor bit
s.The
satel
lit
eshav et heirownpr opul sionsy stem t omai ntai
nt hei rorbi
talpat handcanbe
control
led r emot ely.The angl e bet ween each oft he 6 or bit
alpl anes and t he
equatorialpl anei .e.,Incl i
nat ion,is55° .GPSsat elli
tesf l
yi nci r
cul aror bitsatan
alti
tudeof20, 200km andataspeedof3. 9km/ s.I ttakes12hour st ocompl ete
one or bi
t. Each satell
i
temakest wo compl eteor bitseachsi dereal
S day .I tpassesov erG ro un the same l ocati
on on Ear th once each day .The
d
satellitescont inuousl yor i
entt hemsel vest opoi ntt heirsol arpanel st owar dt he
Ant en
sunandt hei rant ennat onwaa
srdt hee art
h .Orb i
tsared e si
g neds ot ha tat t
hev ery l
east
sixsatell
itesar eal way swi thinlineofsi ghtf r
om anyl ocationont hepl anet.

CONTROLSEGMENT
TheCSconsi
stsof3entit
ies:
> Mast erControlSyst
em
> Moni torSt
ations
> Gr oundAntennasMasterCont
rol
Segment

75
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-GPS
Themast ercont rolstation,l ocat edatFal conAi rForceBasei nCol oradoSpr i
ngs,
Col orado,i sresponsi blef orov er allmanagementoft her emotemoni t
ori
ngand
transmi ssionsites.Moni torSt ati
ons
Elev enmoni t
orst ati
onsar el ocatedatFal conAi rFor ceBasei nCol oradoSpr ings
(MCS) ,Hawai i
,Ascensi onI sland,Di egoGar ci
a,Kwaj aleinIsland,Aust r
alia,Bahrain,
Ar gentina,Washi ngton( USA) ,EquadorandUK.Eachoft hemoni torstationschecks
theexactal ti
tude,posi ti
on,speed,andov erallhealt
hoft heor bit
ingsat ell
it
es.The
moni t
or i
ngstationst r
ackt hesat elli
tes,obtainthedat aandpasst heinfor mati
ont o
theMCS.TheMCSusest hedat at ocomput eandpr edi ctthefuturepat hofal lthe
sat ell
i
tes.
TheMCSal sodet er
mi nest heer roroft heat omi cclocksi nal lthesat ell
it
es.The
updat eddat aist henfedt ot heupl oadstati
onwhi chint urntransmi t
sthesamedat a
toeachsat ell
it
et hreetimesaday .Gr oundant ennas:

76
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-GPS

Groundantennasmonit
orandtr
ackthesatell
i
tesfrom hor
izont
ohor
izon.Theyal
so
t
ransmitcorr
ecti
oni
nformati
ont
oindiv
idualsatel
l
ites.

USERSEGMENT:
Itconsist
sofar ecei
vingant enna,receiverwi t
hbui lt
-inComput eranddi splayunit
.
Thereceiverlocksont oonesat el
lit
eandf rom thissatell
i
teitobtai
nst healmanacof
allot
hersat el
li
tesandt herebysel ectsthef ourmostsui t
ableforpositi
onf i
xing.The
fi
xobtainedi sdisplay
edont hescr eenalongwi ththecour seandspeedmadegood.
Receiversdesignedt or ecei
v eonl yonef requencyar eknownassi nglefrequency
recei
vers.Toenhanceposi ti
onaccur acy,
t herearedualf requencyreceiver
st hatcan
recei
vebot hfrequencies.

SATELLI TENAVI GATI ONDATASTRUCTURE

GPSsat ellit
esbr oadcastt hr eedi fferentt y pesofdat a.
Almanac-Theal manaccont ainsi nf ormat i
onaboutt hest atusoft hesatell
ites
andt heirappr oxi mateor bitali nfor mat ion.TheGPSr ecei verusest heal manact o
calcul
atewhi chsat ell
itesar ecur rentlyv i
sible.Thi st el
lst heGPSr eceiverwhereeach
satell
it
eshoul dbeatanyt imet hr ought heday .Howev er,theal manaci snotaccur ate
enought ol ett heGPSr eceiv ergetaf ix.
Ephemer is-To getaf ix,GPS r eceiv err equi r
esaddi ti
onaldat aforeach
satell
it
e,cal ledt heephemer is.Thi sdat agi vesv er ypr ecisei nf ormationaboutt he
orbitofeachsat el
lit
eandcur rentdat e&t ime.GPSr ecei vercanuset heephemer i
s
datatocal cul atet helocat ionofasat el l
it
et owi t
hinamet reort wo.Theephemer i
si s
updatedev ery2hour sandi susual lyv alidf or4hour s.
PseudoRandom Code- Eachsat elli
tebr oadcast swhati scalledapseudo
random codef ort imingpur poses( eachsat ell
it
ehasi tsowndi sti
nctanduni que
pseudor andom code) .GPS sat elli
tesandr eceiv ersar esy nchronizedsot hey '
re
generati
ngt hesamecodeatexact lyt hesamet i
me.Thedi stance( orrange)bet ween
thereceiverandt hesat el
li
t ecanbecal culatedf rom t het imei tt akesf orthesatelli
te
signaltor eacht her eceiver .Todet ermi net het imedel ay, allwehav etodoi sr eceive
thecodesf rom asat elli
teandt henl ookbackandseehow l ongagoourr eceiver
generatedt hesamecode.Thet ime
diff
erencei showl ongt hesi gnalt ook
togetdownt ous.

PCodeandC/ ACode:Eachsat el
li
te
transmi
tstwocodes,i
.e.t
hePr eci
sion
(P)codeandt heCoar seAcquisit
ion
(C/A)code.Allci
vi
li
anGPSr ecei
vers
decodetheC/Acodeandi talsohelps
themi l
i
taryrecei
ver
st o accesst he

77
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-GPS
moreaccur ate,encr
ypted,P code.Thesecodesar emodul
atedbyphase
modulati
ont echni
queont wocar ri
erfrequenci
es,L1andL2.TheL1si gnal
consi
stsofbot hthecodesi.
e.thePandt heC/Acodeswhi
letheL2consists
ofonl
ythePcode.Dat at r
ansmitt
edar easfoll
ows:
> L1( 1575.42MHz)-Mi xofNav i
gati
onMessage,coarse-
acqui
sit
ion(C/
A)
codeandencr yptedpreci
sion(P)code.
> L2( 1227.60MHz)-Precisi
on(P)codeonl y.

Navi
gationMessage:Essenti
alpur
poseofthenav
igat
ionmessaget r
ansmissi
onby
sat
ell
it
esistodetermineit
spositi
onbytheGPSrecei
ver.Eachsat
ell
it
etransmit
sa
navi
gati
onalmessageof30

78
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-GPS

secondsinthef orm of50bpsdat af rame.Thisdat

a,whi
chisdif
ferentforeach
satel
li
te,i
spreviouslysuppli
edtot hesatel
li
tesbymastercont
rolstati
onandi s
div
idedinto5sub- f
rames.Eachsub- f
ramecommenceswi t
htel
emetrywor d(TLM)
contai
ningsatel
l
itestat
usf ol
lowedbyhandov erwor
d(HOW)dataforacquiri
ngP
codefrom C/Acode.Thesub-framesare:

The1stsub-fr
amecont ai
nsdat arel
ati
ngtosatell
i
teclockcorrect
ion.
nd r
d
The2 and3 sub- fr
amescont ainthesatel
l
iteephemerisdef i
ningtheposit
ionof
t
h
thesatell
i
te.The4 sub- f
ramepassest healpha-numericdat atotheuserandwi l
l
onlybeusedwhenupl oadstati
onhasaneedt opassspeci fi
cmessages.
th
The5 sub- framegi v
estheal manacofalltheot hersatel
li
teswhi chincl
udest he
i
dentit
ycodest husall
owi
ngt heuserthebestchoiceofsatel
li
tesforpositi
onfi
xing.

Nav
igat
ionmessage
Nav
igat
ion message - 25 f
rames - 125

word = 30bi
t=
0,
6s
< 1>- 2 3 4 5 7 6 7 8 9 10

1.subf
rame TLM HOW GPSweek, sat
elli
testat
usandheal
th,
cor
rect
ionf
oratomi
cclock
(
U| 2.subf
rame TLM HOW 1/2satel
l
iteephemerisdata
3.subf
rame TLM HOW 2/2satel
l
iteephemerisdata
4,subf
rame TLM HOW satel
i
tesSV25- 32almanac;SV1-
32heal
thandst
atusofAnt
iSpoof
ing;
dat
aforI
onosf
eri
cmodel
I
III 5,subf
rame TLM HOW satel
i
tesSV01- 24almanac|

subfr
amecontai
nsi
never
yfr
ameal
way
sthesame
datasubfr
amecont
ainsi
never
yfr
ameonepage
fom 1t
r o25

subf
rames -1250wor
ds -
37,
5kb-12,
5mi
nsubf
rame
=10wor
ds=300bi
t=Ss
OPERATIONOVERVI EW
AGPSr ecei
vercant el
lit
sownposi
ti
onbydetermi
ningtherangestot
hreesat
ell
i
tes
andusi
ngTril
aterat
ion.Togett
hedi
stance,
eachsat
ell
it
etransmit
sasignal
.

79
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-GPS
These si gnal
st r
avelata known speed.The
sy stem measur esthet i
medel aybet weent he
transmi ssi
onoft hesignalbythesat elli
teandi t
s
recept i
on by t he receiver.The si gnals are
car ryi
ng i nf
ormat i
on about t he sat el
li
te'
s
l
ocat i
on.The GPS r eceiver determi nes the
posi ti
on ofand di stance to,atl eastt hree
sat ell
i
tes(tor educeer ror)andcomput esthe
posi ti
onusingTr i
lat
erati
on.

POSI TIONCALCULATI ON:

Thecoor dinatesar ecal culatedaccor di
ngt ot he
Wor ld Geodet ic Sy stem WGS84 coor dinate
system.
Thesat el
lit
esar eequi ppedwi t
hat omiccl ockswhi l
eGPSr ecei
verusesani nternal
crystalosci l
lator-
basedcl ockt hatiscont inuall
yupdat edusingtheerrorcorrect
ion
signalsf rom t hesat ellit
es.Tomaket hemeasur ementweassumet hatbot hthe
satell
iteandourr eceiverar egener ati
ngt hesamepseudo- random codesatexact ly
thesamet i
me.Recei v eridentif
ieseachsat ell
it
e'ssignalbyi t
sdisti
nctC/ Acode
pattern,thenmeasur est heti
medel ayforeachsat ell
it
e.
Thedi st
ancei sobtainedbymul tipl
yi
ngt het rav
eltimebyt hespeedofl i
ght.Orbital
position dataf r
om t heNav i
gation Messagei sused t o cal
culat
et hesatelli
te'
s
preciseposi tion.Knowi ngthe

80
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-GPS

posit
ion and the di
stance ofa satell
iteindicates t
hatt he r
eceiverisl ocat
ed
somewher eont hesur faceofanimagi nar
yspher ecent
eredont hatsatel
li
teand
whoser adiusisthedi stancetoit
.Whendi st
ancesf rom foursuchsat ell
i
tesare
measuredatt hesamet i
me,thepointwher ethef ourimaginaryspheresmeeti s
recor
dedast helocat
ionoft her
ecei
ver.Thismet hodiscal
ledTril
aterat
ion.

SPEEDDETERMI NATI ON
Thecar r
ierf requencyi sal so used t o det ermi net hespeed oft heuserbyt he
measur ementofDoppl ershift
,i.e.changei nt hef r
equencyofr adiowav esr ecei
ved
whent hedi stancebet weent hesat elli
teanduseri schangi ngduet ot her el
ati
v e
mot i
onbet weent het wo.Theposi t
ionandv elocityoft hesat ell
it
easwel last he
positi
onoft heuserar eknownt ot heuser '
sr eceiver.Thev elocit
yv ect oroft he
satell
it ecanber esol vedi ntwoway s:
i
) I nt hedi r
ect iont owar dst heuser
i
i) I nt hedi r
ect ionper pendiculart o(i).
nd
The2 componenti snotconsi deredasspeedi nt hi
sdi rectionwi llnotcause
Doppl ershi ft
.
Ther ecei vercal culat est hev el
ocityv ectoroft hesat el
liteinthedi rect
iont owar dsthe
user.
Ifther elativeappr oachspeedbet weent hesat elli
teandt heuser '
sspeed( basedon
theDoppl ershi ft
measur ement )i snotequalt ot hesat ell
itespeed v ect ortowar dst heuser ;the
diff
erencecanonl y
ari
seduet ouser 'sspeedt owardsorawayf rom t hesat ell
i
te.
Similar lywi tht hehel poft heot hert wosat elli
tes,t her eceivercancal culatet wo
additionalspeedv ect orsandt hesespeedv ector swi l
lbet owar dsorawayf rom their
respect i
vesat ell
ites.Thesev elocityv ectorsarer esolvedi ntothreeot herv ectors,i
.e.
x,yandzco- or dinat esandwi t
ht heset hreev ect orsthecour seandspeedoft heuser
i
scal cul at ed.

ERRORSOFGPS
1.Atmospheri
cError:Changingat mosphericconditi
onschanget hespeedoft he
GPSsignal
sastheypasst hrought heEart
h'satmosphereandt hi
saf f
ectsthet
ime
di
ffer
encemeasur ementandthef i
xwi l
lnotbeaccurate.
Each sat
ell
it
et r
ansmi t
si t
s message on t wo f r
equencies and hence a dual
fr
equencyrecei
verrecei
vesbot hthefrequenciesandcorrect
ioniscalculat
edand
compensatedwithint
hereceiverthusincr
easingtheaccuracyoft hefi
x.

4.

81
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-GPS
> Eff
ectisminimi
zedwhent hesat el
l
iteisdirect
lyover
head.
> Becomesgr eat
erforsatelli
tesnear erthehor i
zon.Therecei
veri
sdesi
gnedt
o
rej
ectsat
ell
it
eswit
helevationlessthan9. 5degrees.

2.UserCl ockError
:Iftheuserclockisnotperfect
lysynchroni
sedwiththesatell
i
te
clock,therangemeasurementwi l
lnotbeaccurat
e.Ther angemeasurementalong
withtheclockerroriscal
ledpseudorange.Thiserr
orcanbeel i
minatedwit
hinthe
receiverbyobtai
ningpseudorangefrom t
hreesatel
li
tesandi sdoneautomati
call
y
withintherecei
ver.

3.Satell
ite Clock Error: This er
ror is
causedduet otheerrorinthesat
ell
it
e's
clockw. r.
t.GPStime.Thisismonitor
ed
byt hegroundbasedsegment sandany
errorinthesatel
li
tesclock
forms par t of t he 30 seconds
nav i
gati
onal
message.

GDOP Error
:TheGDOP ofa satel
l
ite
deter
minestheangl
eofcutwhichi n
tur
n

4.

82
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-GPS

governs t
he quali
ty ofthe posi
tion obt
ained.Widerthe angularsepar
ation
betweenthesatel
li
tes,bet
tert
heaccuracyofthefi
x.Or,
conver
selysaid,
thelower
theGDOPv al
ue,t
hegr eat
ertheaccuracyofthefi
x.TheGDOPv alueisindi
cated
onthedispl
ayunit
.

5.Mul ti
pathError
:Thi serroriscausedbyt hesatel
li
tesignalsarriv
ingattheship's
ant ennabot hdi
r ect
lyf r
om t hesat ell
it
eandt hosethatgetr efl
ectedbysome
obj ects.Thus two si gnals arer eceived simult
aneouslywhi ch wi l
lcause the
dist orti
on ofsignalf rom whi ch range measur ementi s obtained.Sit
ing the
ant ennaatasui tableplacecanmi nimizethiser
ror.
CDOrbitalErr
orofGPSSat el
l
ite
6.Orbi talError
:Thesat el
lit
esar emoni t
oredand
theirpat hsarepr edi
ctedbyt hegr oundbased
segment .Howev er,betweent woconsecut i
ve
moni tori
ngofthesamesat el
li
te,theremaybe
mi nor dr ift
s from t heir predicted pat hs
resul ti
nginsmall posit
ioninaccuracy .
ACCURACYOFGPS
Theaccur acyoftheposi ti
ony ourGPSr epor t
sis
i
nfl
uencedbyanumberoff act
or s,suchast he

Dt
;i
'!
.(j
Tii
hkj
M'
I I
IM

ERROR RANOF RANTi

KERROR
JULKt
'f
i KM KF1F-

RF.
MOTF

1\
1

SVFFHKr
WHRI
S
1M
in M
f
JFr
.Cr
TTVFAVAJT.
,ABUJ
IY
1M
TKOPOi
i
PTI
OF.

PDOP-
Pbat
ienHiMvnv
fTnt
man(
3-D)

posi
ti
onsofthesat
ell
itesi
nthesky,atmosphericeff
ects,satel
li
teclocker
ror
sand
ephemer
iser
rorset
c.,asexpl
ainedabove.Underidealconditi
ons,t
hismaybe5,or
even3metr
es.GPSunitsof
tenshowont hescreenanaccur acyfi
gure.

TheaccuracyofaGPScanbei mpr
ovedbyusi
ngsecondar
ydat
afr
om ext
ernal
ref
erencest
ati
ons.Onesuchmet
hodi
sDGPS.
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-GPS
DI
FFERENTI
ALGPS( DGPS):DGPSusesanet workofgroundst
ati
onslocatedat
pr
eci
sel
yknownposi
ti
ons.TheDGPSref
erencest
ati
onissi
tuat
edatafi
xedlocati
on

cor
rect
ionsf
oreachsat
ell
i
te.

Thesecor
rect
ionsar
ethent
ransmi
tt
ed
t
otheGPSr
ecei
ver
.Ther
ear
etwo
met
hodsempl
oyedf
orenhanci
ngDGPS
posi
ti
onaccur
acy
.

andfrom t
hisposit
iontheGPSr ecei
vertr
acksal
lthesat
ell
i
teswi
thi
nit
ssi
ght
,
obt
ainst
hedatafr
om them andcal
cul
atest
he
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-
ROTI

I
nt hefir
stmet hod,therefer
encestati
onknowsi t'
sexactpositionandcompar esitt
othe
posit
ionobtainedbyt heGPSanddet erminesthecorrect
ionsbasedont heactualandGPS
posit
ions.Thesecorrecti
onsarethenbroadcasttotheusersintermsofco-ordinates(
i.
e.x,
yandz) .Theaccur acydecreasesast hedist
anceoft heuserf rom t
hereferencestati
on
i
ncreases.

Besides,theref
erencest
ati
onandtheusermustsel
ectthesamesatel
li
tes,whichis
practi
call
ynotpossibl
eastheuserdoesnothav
etheopt
ionofmanual
lyselect
ingthe
satel
li
tes.

Inthesecondmet hod,ther ef
erencest ati
onrecei
vessignalsfrom allthevisiblesatell
i
tes
andmeasur esthepseudor angetoeachoft hem.Thereferencestati
onal socal cul
atesthe
tr
uer angetoal lt
hesel ectedsat el
l
ites.Bycompar i
ngt hecalculat
edt r
uer angeandt he
measur ed pseudo range,cor r
ecti
ons t o each satell
it
e can be det ermi ned.These
correct
ions aret hen broadcastt ot he user
s and appl i
ed tot heir pseudo r ange
measur ementsbeforecalculati
onoftheposi ti
on.

Astheabov eexpl
anati
onswar
rant
s,t
heDGPSwi
l
lbewor
kingonl
yincoast
alar
easwher
e
suchser
vicesareprov
ided.

85
THEPRESSURETYPELOG(
PITOTTUBELOG)

Thi
sty
peofl
ogconsi
stof

1. Twoopeni
ngsout
sidet
hehul
loft
heshi
p,st
ati
ctubet
hatpr
ovi
desst
ati
cpr
essur
e
andi
mpactorPi
tott
ubet
hatmeasur
esdy
nami
cpr
essur
eort
hewat
erf
lowofpr
essur
e

2. Cont
rol
l
eruni
t(pr
essur
edi
ff
erent
iat
or)

3. Speedanddi
stancet
ransmi
tt
er

4. Speedanddi
stancer
ecor
der

Oper
ati
ons

Theopeni
ngoft
hePi
tott
ubef
acesf
orwar
dsot
hatwhent
hev
esselmov
esf
orwar
d,t
he
wat
ercausesapr
essur
eatt
het
ubet
hisdy
nami
cpr
essur
eispr
opor
ti
onalt
othespeedat
whi
cht
hev
esselmov
es.Thepr
essur
edi
ff
erent
iat
ormeasur
est
hedi
ff
erent
ialpr
essur
e.
TheCont
rol
l
eruni
tconv
ert
sthepr
essur
edi
ff
erencei
ntospeedanddi
stanceuni
ts.

Thi
sty
peofl
ogcangi
veonl
yspeedt
hroughwat
erandi
sgr
eat
lyaf
fect
edbyt
hemov
ement
oft
hewat
erwhi
chwoul
dinduceanext
rapr
essur
egi
vi
ngr
iset
oer
rori
nreadi
ngs.

RATEOFTURNI
NDI
CATOR

86
INTRODUCTION:
IMO Recommendat
ionsonpassageplanni
nglaystressoncont r
ollednavi
gat
ion.The
passagesi
nnarr
owchannel
sorharbor
sareeit
heral
ongstr
aightcoursesoral
ongarcsof
cir
cles.

AsperSOLAS2000AmendmentChapterVRegulat
ion19.2.
9,i
tismandatoryforshipsov
er
50,
000GRTt ohavear at
eofturnindicator
.IMO recommendsthatlargeal t
erati
onof
cour
seshavet
obeplannedal
ongci
rculartr
ackswi
thwheeloverpoi
ntmar ked.

TheRateofTur
nI ndi
cator(
ROTI)i
sadevicewhi
chindicat
esthei
nst
antaneousr
ateat
whi
chtheshi
pisturni
ng.Iti
sfi
tt
edonshi
pasanindependentf
it
menti
ntegrat
edwi
ththe

Fi
gur
e-1

st
eeri
nggear/autopi l
ot.
Whenthewheeli sturnedov er,theshi pactual
lytraversesal ongacurv
edtr
ackrat
her
t
hanperformingashar pt ur naboutapoi nt
.Iti
sv eryusef ulknowi
ngthenat
ureoft
his
t
rav
ersedpat htheshi pt akeswhi chcanhel pinplanning:
1.Thedesiredt ur
nwi thgi venr adius
2.Desir
edspeedoft hev essel t
oexecut etheplannedt urn.
3.Whent oappl ythet ur n(wheel overpoi
nt)
RATE OF TURN
FORMULAE: ROT=v/R
Where,
v-Speedoft hevessel .
R-Radi usfrom af i
xedpoi ntaroundwhi chtoturnt heship.

Not
e: ROTi
sdir
ectl
ypropor
ti
onal t
ot hespeed.
ROTi
sinv
ersel
yproport
ionaltoradi
us.

87
 Fi
gur
e-2

TURNI
NGWI
THCONSTANTRADI US
d=Rxa ( ainRadi
an)
d=R9°/57.
3 (
i) (
1Rad=57.
3°)

i
fvesselspeed = "v"knots
Then,t
imetaken'
t'
tocov
erdist
ance"
d"(
Reff
igur
eabov
e)

t = d/vhr s
= (d/v)x60mi
nut
es (
Hrsconver
tedtominut
es)
t = Rx9x60/vx57.
3mi
nut
es (
ii)(Because,
d=R9°/57.
3)

Rel
ati
onbet
weenDEGREES&RADI ANS?
e.
g.,
180°i
nradi
ans?Justdiv
ideby57.
3.
180/57.
3=3.14(Thevalueoftt
)Ahalfci
rcl
ehasanangl
eofnr
adi
ans.
)

Vesselhastotur
nt ough9°i
hr ntheti
me(t)gi
venabov
eandhastomove
al
ongt hearc(d)
.ROT=Angleindegr
ees/ti
meinmi nut
est
ocovert
he
angl
e.Theref
ore,

88
ROT=9/(Rx9x60/57.3xv)
=57.3xv/60R =0. 96v/R
deg/
min

Ther
efor
e, ROT=v/Rdeg/mi
n(Approx)

89
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-
ROTI

Example:
Speed = 8 knot s
Radius=4cables
ROT =8/0. 4
=20o/min
Whent ur
ningwi t
hConstantRadi
us,wheel,andhenceROT,i
sconst
ant
lyadj
ust
edsot
hat
thetur
nmai nt
ainsdesi
redradi
us.(
4cablesasinexample)

TURNI
NGWI
THCONSTANTRATE

Alternati
vemet hodofplanningat urni
sbymai nt ai
ningconst antrat
eofturn,i
nst
eadof
const antradi
us.Sincet
hespeedoft heshipvari
esdur ingtheturn,anaver
ageoftheini
ti
al
andf inalspeedisusedtocalcul
atetheROT.
Whent urningwithConstantRate,wheelisconst ant
lyadj ust
edsot hattherat
eoft urn
staysconst ant
.(20°/mi
nasi npr
ev i
ousexample)
Bot hmet hodsar egovernedbyt hesamef or
mul ae,i.e.
,ROT=v /
R.orR=

Fi
gur
e-3

v/ROTSincespeed(v)variat
iondur i
ngturnisnotpr
act
ical
,
ForconstantRadius-Adj ustROT! !
!
ForconstantROT -Adj ustRadius!!!I
nboth
cases,
ROTIi si
nval
uableequi pment.

ADVANTAGESOFROT
□ Thet urnandr ateoft urncanbepre-pl
anned;execut
ionbecomessi
mple.
□ Tur ncanbemoni toredeasil
y.
□ Aspr e-planned,useofhel misminimized.
□ Ev eni
ftheshi phasdr if
tedto'
Port
'or'Stbd'
,t
urncanbeamendedt ojoi
nthecour
se
oncompletionofturn.

WHEELOVERPOI
NT
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-
ROTI
Whent hewheeli
stur
ned,t
heshi
pmov edonherini
ti
alcour
sebefor
ebeginni
ngthet
urn.
Thisi
sprimar
il
yduetoheri
ner
ti
a,denot
edby'
F'anddependsonvari
ousshippar
amet
ers,
suchas:
3
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-
ROTI
> Length >Beam
> Displ
aceme >Speed
nt >Ty pe of
> Trim and vessel

Ther
efor
e, t
hewheelshouldbegi
venatsomepoi
ntbef
oretheact
ualcommencementof
thedesi
redtur
n.ThePointatwhi
chthewheeli
stobeturnedoveri
sknownasWHEEL
OVERPOI NT.

WHEELOVERPOI
NT-THEFORMULAE

T=R( 1-Cos9)+FSi n9
Where:
T=Per pendi
cul ardistanceofWOPf r
om t
henewcour
se
R=Radi usofTur n
9=Angl eofal terati
onofcour se
F=Dependsont ype&si zeofvessel
Small ships-0. 1,
Largeshi ps-0. 15,and
Verylargeshi ps-0. 2

Fi
gur
e-4

Refert
otheabov edi
agram.Thel
engt
h'T'
ist
hesum oft
wocomponent
s-AGandBD.T
canbecalcul
atedbyfi
ndingt
heval
uesofAGandBD.

92
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-
ROTI
I
nt r
iangleOMD,angleOMD i sr
ightangl
e.
Ther
efore,OM =Rcos0
ButOE=R( r
adiusoft
het
urn)

93
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

Ther
efor
e:EM
=OE-OM =R-
Rcos0
=R(
1-CosO)=BD (
i)(
OE,
BD&BE,
GM ar
epar
all
el)

I
ntr
iangl
eAGD,angl
eAGDi
sri
ghtangl
e.Angl
eADGi
s0,angl
ebet
weeni
nit
ialandf
inal
cour
ses.Ther
efor
e,
Si
n0=AG/AD
AG=ADsi
n0
Howev
er,
thedi
stanceAD,
trav
ell
edbyshi
paf
terwheelov
er,
denot
edbyl
ett
er'
F'
,depends
onv
ari
ousshi
ppar
amet
ersasexpl
ainedabov
e.Thef
oll
owi
ngv
aluesar
eassumedf
orF:

Smal
lshi
ps-0.
1NM
Lar
geshi
ps-0.
15NM
Ver
ylar
geshi
ps-0.
2NM
ThusADsi
n0=Fsi
nO=AG (
ii
)

Now,
T=AG+BD.

Fr
om (
i)and(
ii
)abov
eweget
,

T=R(1-Cos9)+FSi
n9

ADVANTAGES-USESOFWHEELOVER
• Transi
ti
ngconfinedchannel s
• Conningalargev essel
• El
iminati
onofcr osstrackerror(
XTE)onthenewcour
se
• Canbepl ot
tedont her efl
ecti
onplot
ter
• Canbepl ot
tedelectronical
lyontheARPA

• Tur
ningpr
edi
cti
onscanbemadef
oramoder
atev
alueofhel
m

(
100t
o150)PRECAUTI
ONSWHI
LEUSI
NGRATEOFTURNI
NDI
CATOR

• Thespeedoft hev esselforcalculat

ingROTi s" Speedov erGround"andnot
"speedthr
oughWat er".
• I
niti
all
yalargehelmi srequi
redinordertoachievethedesiredROT.Approachi
ng
desir
edROT, hel
m mustbeeased, tojustenoughtomai nt
aintheROT.

94
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR
• I
ncaseofconst antr adiusturn,groundspeedmustbemoni toredcaref
ull
yso
thatifthespeedreduces, ROTcanbeadj ust
ed(reduced)accor dingl
y.
• Forlargeships,
itiseasiertoreduceROTt hantoincreaseit.Therefor
e,iti
ssafer
toov er¬est
imat
eROTt hanunder -esti
mat ei
t.Thiswayi fthev esselt
urnsfaster
,
ROTcanber educedinor dertocont r
olthevesselinmor eeffectivemanner.

95
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

96
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

97
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR
WHATI
SASEXTANT

Asextanti
saninstr
umentusedt omeasuretheangl
ebetweenanytwovi
sibl
eobj
ect
s.I
ts
pri
maryuseistodetermi
net heangl
ebetweenacelest
ialobj
ectandt
hehori
zonwhi
chis
knownastheobject
'sal
ti
tude.

Makingt hismeasur
ementisknownastaki
ngasi
ghtandi
tisanessent
ialpar
tofcel
esti
al
navi
gation.Theangle,andthetimewhenitwasmeasur
ed,canbeusedt ocal
cul
atea
posi
tionlineonanauti
calchar
t.

Thescal
eofasextanthasalengthof1/
6tur
n(60°
);hencet
hesext
ant
' sext
sname( āns,-
ant
isi
stheLat
inwordfor"onesi
xth.

Anoctanti
sasimil
ardevi
cewi
thashort
erscal
e( ⅛turn,or45°)
,wher
easaqui
ntant(
1/5
tur
n,or72°
)andaquadr
ant(¼t
urn,
or90°
)havelongerscales.

ERRORSOFASEXTANT

Thesext
anti
ssubj
ectt
oanumberofer
ror
sandadjust
ment
s.Tofindthetr
ueal
ti
tudeofa
cel
est
ial
bodyfr
om t
heobser
vedt
hesemustbeal
l
owedandadjust
edfor.

Per
pendi
cul
ari
tyer
ror

Thi
siswhent
hei
ndexmi
rr
ori
snotper
pendi
cul
art
othef
rameoft
hesext
ant
.

To testforthi
s,placetheindexarm atabout60°onthearcand hol
dthesext
ant
hor
izontal
lywi
ththearcawayfr
om y
ouatarmslengt
handl
ooki
ntot
heindexmi
rr
or.

Thearcofthesext
antshouldappeart
ocont
inueunbr
okeni
ntot
hemi
rr
or.I
fther
eisan
er
rort
henthetwovi
ewswillappeart
obebr
oken.

Adj
ustt
hemi
rr
orunt
ilt
her
efl
ect
ionanddi
rectv
iewoft
hear
cappeart
obecont
inuous.

Si
deEr
ror

Thi
soccur
swhent
hehor
izongl
assi
snotper
pendi
cul
art
othepl
aneoft
hei
nst
rument
.

98
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR
Tot
estf
ort
his,
fir
stzer
othei
ndexar
mthenobser
veast
art
hrought
hesext
ant
.

Then r
otatethe t
angentscrew back and f
ort
h so t
hatt
he r
efl
ect
ed i
mage passes
al
ter
natel
yaboveandbelowthedi
rectv
iew.

I
finchangi
ngfrom oneposi
ti
ontoanothert
her
efl
ect
edi
magepassesdi
rect
lyov
ert
he
unr
efl
ect
edimage,nosi
deerr
orexi
sts.

I
fitpassest
oonesi
de,
sideer
rorexi
sts.

Adj
ustthehori
zongl
ass/
mir
rorunt
ilt
hest
arsmer
gei
ntoonei
mageort
hehor
izonsar
e
mergedint
oone.

Col
l
imat
ionEr
ror

Col
l
imat
ioner
rorr
esul
tsf
rom t
het
elescopenotbei
ngpar
all
elt
othef
rame.

Tocheckforthi
syouneedt oobservet
wost ar
s90°ormoreapart
.Bringtherefl
ect
ed
i
mageofoneintocoinci
dencewi
ththedi
rectv
iewoft
heot
hernearei
thertot
heleftort
he
ri
ghtoft
hefi
eldofv
iew.

Thenti
ltt
hesext
antsot hatt
hest ar
sappearneartheopposit
eedge.Iftheyr
emai
nin
coi
nci
dence,
thet
elescopei
sparal
l
el t
othef
rame;i
ftheysepar
ate,i
tisnot
.

I
ndexer
ror

Thi
soccur
swhentheindexandhor
izonmi
rr
orsar
enotpar
all
elt
oeachot
herwhent
he
i
ndexar
missett
ozer
o.

Indexerr
orisani nst
rument
alerr
or.Whenl
ooki
ngt
hroughasext
antatt
hehor
izont
he
exactl
evelhor
izonwil
lsel
dom beseent
obeat0°
.

99
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR
CORRECTI
ONSTOBEAPPLI
ED

Thesext
antobser
vedal
ti
tudei
ssubj
ectt
oanumberofcor
rect
ions.

Tofi
ndthetr
ueal
ti
tudeofacel
est
ialbodyf
rom t
heobser
vedt
hesemustbeal
l
owedand
adj
ust
edfor
.

Br
ief
lyt
hesear
e:

 I
ndexEr
ror

 Di
p

 Ref
ract
ion

 Par
all
ax

 Semi
-di
amet
er

100
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR
CORRECTI
ONSTOBEAPPLI
EDTOASEXTANTALTI
TUDE

Indexerr
orisani nst
rument
alerr
or.Whenlooki
ngt
hroughasext
antatt
hehor
izont
he
exactl
evelhor
izonwil
lsel
dom beseenat0°
.

Sext
antsetat0°-hor
izonspl
i
t.

Bef
oreev
erysext
antsessi
ont
heI
ndexer
rorshoul
dbedet
ermi
ned.

I
ndexer
rorcor
rect
edf
orhor
izonl
evel
.

Iftheer
rori
slesst
han0°i
tshoul
dbeaddedt
owhat
everr
eadi
ngi
sobt
ained-i
fmor
e
subtr
act
ed.

Hi
nt:RememberNoah,
ifof
ftheAr
c-add,
ifont
heAr
c-t
akeof
f.

Dipisanadjust
mentmadef
orthehei
ghtoftheeyeaboveseal
evel
.Inpr
act
icet
hisi
s
usual
lyt
akenas0.98ti
mest
hesquar
erootofthehei
ghtoft
heeyeinmetr
esabov
esea
l
evelmul
tipl
i
edby3.28.

101
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR
Ref
ract
ionisext
ract
edfr
om theNauti
calAl
manac.Ital
l
owsf ort
he"
bendi
ng"ofl
i
ghtr
ays
ast
heyt r
avel
thr
oughsuccessi
vel
ayer
sofvary
ingdensi
tyai
r.

Paral
l
axcorrect
ionsar
eneededi
ftheobser
vedbodyi
sapl
anet
,thesunort
hemoon.Fr
om
theAlmanac.

Semi-
diametercorrect
ionisneededift
heobser vedbodyisthesunort hemoon.Int
his
caseeitherthetoporbot t
om ofthecelest
ialobject(
knownasupperorl owerli
mb)is
madetot ouchthehori
zon.Toobtai
nthecentreofthebodyt
hiscor
rect
ionisappl
i
ed.

CALCULATI
ONOFTRUEALTI
TUDE
Hs _
_°_
_'_ Sext
antAl
ti
tude
I
E± _
_'_ I
ndexEr
ror
_
___
___
___
_
Ho _
_°_
_'_ Obser
vedAl
ti
tude
Di
p- _
_'_ Di
pCor
rn
_
___
___
___
_
Ha _
_°_
_'_ Appar
entAl
ti
tude
Ref
r- _
_'_ Ref
ract
ionCor
rn
_
___
___
___
_
Pr
lx+_
_°_
_'_ Par
all
axCor
rn
SD ± _
_'_ Semi
-Di
amet
er _
___ (
L/Li
mb:
+/U/
Limb:
-)
_
___
___
___
__
Ht _
_°_
_'_ Tr
ueAl
ti
tude

102
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

VOYAGEDATARECORDER
WHATI SAVDR?
AVDRorv oyagedatar ecorderisani nst
rumentinst
all
edonashi ptocontinuousl
yrecord
vit
alinformati
onrelatedt otheoper ationofav essel
.Itcont
ainsavoicerecordi
ngsystem
foraper i
odofatl eastl ast12hour s.Thisrecordi
ngisrecover
edandmadeuseoff or
i
nv est
igati
onineventsofacci dents.
TheVDRr ecordsdatacov er
ingt helast12hour satthemini
mum, andthedat a
i
scont inuousl
yoverwr i
ttenbyt helatestdata.

HOW DOESAVDRWORK?
AVDRi scapabl
eofwi t
hstandi
ngheavyweather,col
li
sions,f
ir
esandpr essur
econditi
ons
evenwhenashipisatadepthofsever
al met
ersinwater.Ther
ear evari
oussensor
splaced
on bri
dge ofthe shi
p and on pr
omi nentlocat
ion f
r om which the r
equir
ed dat
ai s
conti
nuousl
ycol
lect
ed.

Thedatacoll
ect
edbyVDRi sdi
git
alized,compressed,andisstor
edinapr ot
ecti
vestor
age
uni
twhichismountedi
nasaf eplace.Thistamperproofstorageunitcanbear et
ri
evabl
e
fi
xedorfl
oati
nguni
tconnect
edwithEPI RBforearl
ylocati
onintheeventofacci
dent.

Therei
salsoar ecordbutt
onprovidedinthebri
dgeuni
tsot hataft
erpushi
ngbutton(say
duri
ngstar
tingofanyinci
dentli
kecolli
sionorgr
oundi
ng),t
her ecor
derwil
lstar
trecor
ding
newsetofinfor
mationfr
om thatperi
odoft i
me.

MAI NCOMPONENTSOFVDR:
DataManagementUni t :Itacquiresdat af r
om v ari
oussour cesusi nginterf
aces,
processesandst orest hedat ainaspeci f
iedformat .
AudioModul e:Itconsist sofanaudi omi xerforr ecordingaudiof rom microphonesplaced
i
nt he
wheel house, br
idgewi ngs, ECRandv ar i
ousot herl ocati
ons.
AudioModul e:VHFaudi osi gnal
scanal sobei nterfacedwiththisunit.
FinalRecor dingUni t
:Thi sisaf ir
er esistant
,pr essur eti
ghtst oragemedi um tostor
e
recordeddat a.Thecapsul ei sresi
st antagai nstshock,penet rati
on,fir
e,deepsea
pressureandi mmer sion.Housedi nahi ghlyv isibleprotecti
vecapsul ewhi chcan
withstandhi ghtemper at ures(1100degC)anddeepseapr essur eof6000m
Remot e Alarm Modul e:Thi si s a smal lpanelconnect ed t ot he Dat a
ManagementUni tthatwi l
lsoundanal arm shoul danyer rororf aultdevel
opi n
theequi pment .

103
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR
Repl
ayStat
ion:
Thisisanopt
ional
modul
efordownloadi
ngandrepl
ayi
ngt
herecor
deddata.
Thedat
awhenpl ay
edbackcanhelpi
ncasual
tyi
nvesti
gat
ionsaswell
asf
orsel
fanal
ysi
s.

WHATI
SRECORDED?

DATAITEM SOURCE
Dat
e&timeever
y1s Preferabl
yexter
naltoshi
p(e.g.
GNSS)
Shi
p'
sposi
ti
on El
ect r
onicPosit
ioni
ngsyst
em.Thesourceofdatai
sident
if
iedon
playback.
Speed(t
hroughwat
erorov
ergr
ound) Ship'
sSDME.Recor dedevery1sto0.
1kresol
uti
on.
Headi
ng Shi
p'
scompass.Recor
dedati
nter
val
sof1st
oa

104
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

resol utionof0. 1deg.

BridgeAudi o 1ormor ebr i
dgemi crophones.Recor dedinr eal
ti
me,bot hi nter nal&ext ernal( 150- 6000Hz) .The
mi ct estbeepsev ery12hr s&t hisi sr ecorded.
Communi cationsAudi o From 2VHFsi sr ecor dedf orbot ht r
ansmi tt
ed
and r eceiv ed audi o si gnal s. Audi o i s
compr essedandl abel edVHF1&VHF2
Radar dat a- post di spl
ay Mast err adardi spl ay .Incl
udesr anger i
ngs,
selection, every15s EBLs,VRMs,r adarmaps,par tsofSENC&
otheressent ial nav igational indicat ions.
Wat erdept h EchoSounder .Recor dedt oar esol utionof0. 1m
Mai nal arms Allmandat or yal armsonbr idge
Rudderor der&r esponse Steer inggear&aut opi l
ot
Engi neor der&r esponse Telegr aphs, cont r
ol sandt hr ust ers
Hul lopeni ngsstatus Allmandat oryst at usi nfor mat iondi splayedon
bridge
Wat ertight&f ir
edoorst at
us Allmandat oryst at usi nfor mat iondi splayedon
bridge.Recor dedev ery1sandst or edwi thtime
stamps.
Accel eration&hul lstr
esses Hul l st ress and r esponse moni tori
ng
equi pmentwher ef i
tted.Recor dedwi thtime
stamp.
Windspeed&di recti
on Anemomet erwhen f itt
ed.St or ed i ndivi
dually
witht imest amps.
Aut opilotset ti
ngs Aut opi l
ot-f orspeed,l atitude,r udderl i
mit,off-
cour seal ar mset c.
Thr usterst at
us Bow/ St ernt hr ust ers-Canber ecor dedf or
theiror derandr esponse.
Rudderor der Ship's st eer ing /wheel -Response angl ei s
recor dedt oar esol utionof1deg
Engi neor der Telegr aph ordi rectengi ne cont r
olwi th shaft
revol utionandaheadandast erni ndicatorsare
recor dedt oar esol utionof1r pm
AISt argetdat a AIS -Recor ded as a sour ce ofi nformat i
on
regar dingot hershi ps
AISt argetdat a AIS -Recor ded as a sour ce ofi nformat i
on
regar dingot hershi ps
AIar ms BridgeVDR Mi cr ophones-Recor dedwi t
ht ime
stamps.Al lIMO mandat or yal ar msaswel las
otheraudi bleal armsar est oredi ndi viduall
y.

BENEFITS?
•Acci
dentinvest
igati
on
•Trai
ningsupport
•Reducti
onininsurancecost
s

WHATI
SAS-
VDR?

105
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

AnS-VDR(
Simpl
if
iedVDR)isthesameasaVDR.Thereisnopri
nci
pledi
ff
erencebetween
aVDRandanS-VDRexcepttheamountofi
nfor
mat
ionrequi
redt
oberecor
dedbyS- VDRis
l
ess.

DATARECORDEDBYS-
VDR:

DATAI
TEM SOURCE
Dat
eandti
me Preferabl
yexternal
toship(e.
g.GNSS)
Shi
p'
sposi
ti
on el
ect r
onicposit
ioni
ngsystem
Speed(Throughthewaterorovert
hegr
ound) Ship'
sSDME
Heading Shi
p'
scompass
Bri
dgeAudio 1ormorebridgemicr
ophones
Communi cati
onsaudi
o VHFcommuni cati
ons
Radardata:post
-di
spl
ayselect
ion Masterr
adardispl
ay
AISData AI
Stober
ecor
dedi
fiti
simpossi
blet
orecor
dradardat
a.
I
fradari
srecor
dedAI
Smayber
ecor
dedasanaddi
ti
onal
sour
ceofi
nfor
mat
ion.
Ot
heri
tems Addi
ti
onal
itemsr
equi
redf
orVDRwheni
nter
faci
ngav
ail
abl
e.

CARRIAGEREQUI REMENTS
Thefol
lowi
ngv essel
sarerequir
edtocarr
yaVDR:
•All
PassengershipsandRo-Ropassengershi
ps
•Shi
psof3,000GTandupwar dsconst
ruct
edonoraf
ter1Jul
y2002.

Thef
oll
owi
ngv
essel
sar
erequi
redt
ocar
ryanS-
VDR:
•Shi
psov
er3,
000GTconst
ruct
edbef
ore1Jul
y2002

106
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

S-
VDR-FAQs

Gener
al

Shoul
da"
fi
xed"or"
fl
oat
-f
ree"dat
ast
oragecapsul
ebeused?

ThereisnoTypeApprovedfl
oat
-f
reesol
uti
oncurr
entl
yav ail
ableandther
earevar
yingviews
onwhichsolut
ionwoul
dbemosteasi l
yret
ri
eved.Indicat
ionsarethatbot
hoptionsare
si
mil
arl
ypri
ced.

Towhatdegr
eedoest
hechoi
ceofS-
VDRdependont
hemakeoft
heexi
sti
ngbr
idge
equi
pment
?

Thetechnicalspeci
fi
cat
ionoft heS-VDR hasbeendet ermined wi
tht heexpressaim of
maximisingtheconnect
ivi
tywit
hot herequi
pment.ThechoiceofS-VDRcant her
efor
ebe
basedwi t
hemphasisonthefuncti
onali
tyofthepar
ti
cul
arS-VDRandt heworl
dwideservi
ce
supportavai
labl
e.

Whatbenef
it
scanbeexpect
edf
rom f
it
ti
ngS-
VDR?

Theoperationalexperi
encegai
nedf
rom shi
psequippedwithVDRhasbeenwel lrecor
dedov er
manyy earsandi nsummaryconfi
rmthepositi
vebenefi
tsparti
cul
arl
yrelat
ingtoaccident
investi
gation,t
raini
ngandmonit
ori
ng,assessmentofresponsetosafet
yandenv ir
onment
emer gencies,promoti
ngbestpr
acti
ceandaccidentpr
ev ent
ionandreducti
onininsur
ance
losses.

VDRs have also proved invaluableto ship owners as a managementt oolin analy
sing
hazardous incidents and bridge team procedures.Addit
ional
l
y VDR r ecordi
ngs have
provi
dedi r
refutableev i
dencei npollut
ioninci
dentsaswel laspr ovi
dinganindisput
able
recor
dofaMast er'
saction.Therehav eal
sobeenanumberofi nstanceswherediscl
osure
ofVDRr ecordingsprecludedcour tacti
onswiththesubsequentsi
gnifi
cantsavi
ngsincosts.

Cant
her
ecor
deddat
abeaccessedr
emot
ely
?

Remoteaccesst odat ai snotar equi

rementoftheIMObutal i
mitednumberofmanufactur
ers
doofferthisf aci
li
tyasanopt i
on.Kel
vinHughes" MantaDi
git
al™S-VDR"hasthecapabi
li
ty
ofbeingi nterrogatingt hroughGSM orsat ell
i
t ecommunicati
onsf r
om theshore.This
opti
onalfeat ureal so allowson boar dtechnicalprobl
emst o bediagnosed r
emotely
,
enabl
ingspar esorot hersupportt
obear r
angedi nadv
anceoftheship'
sarr
ivali
nport
.

Whatt
imeper
iodcanber
ecor
ded?

TheIMO r equir
esami nimum of12hour sr ecordingbutmostmanuf act
urersprov
ide
lar
gerst orage opti
ons often wit
hr emov able medi a,which may be used as a
managementandt r
ainingtool
.Thi
slatt
eropt ion,somet i
mesreferredtoasa" white-
box",hasf oundfavourinthepastwhereshi ps'staffareabl
etor etai
nar ecor
dofan
eventwi t
houtdist
urbingthemain(mandatory)dat acontai
nedwithintheS-VDR.

Howi
stheper
for
manceoft
heequi
pmentmoni
tor
ed?

107
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR
TheI
MO Per for
manceStandardforS-VDRrequir
esabuilti
ntestfaci
li
tytobeprov
idedto
al
low forconti
nuousmonitor
ingoftheperformanceoftheequipment.Anaudi
bleand
vi
sualalar
mi saut
omati
cal
lytr
igger
edint
heev entofamal
funct
ionoftheS-
VDR.

108
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

Howandwher
ecant
hedat
aber
epl
ayed?

Pl
aybackfaci
l
iti
esar
eoffer
edbyal
lmanufactur
ers,usual
l
yf r
eeofchar
ge,aspartoftheS-
VDRpackage.Thi
senabl
esi
nci
dentanal
ysi
stobeundertakenonboar
d,ashor
eandina
Cour
tofLaw.

I
nst
all
ati
on

Whocancar
ryoutannual
per
for
mancechecks?

Al
lmaint enance,serviceandcommi ssi
oningofS- VDRequi pmentmustbecar r
iedoutby
engineer sappr
ovedbyt heManufact
urerconcerned.Thi
smaybedel egat
edtoanominated
servi
ceagental thoughsomemanuf actur
ers,suchasKel vinHughes,havetheadded
advant ageofawel l
-est
abli
shedandprovenwor l
dwidesupportnet
workwithf
act
ory-
tr
ained
engineer sl
ocatedinkeyports.

CananS-
VDRbei
nst
all
edwhi
l
stt
hev
essel
isi
nser
vice?

I
nthemaj ori
tyofcases,theinstal
lat
ionofanS-VDRcanbecarri
edoutwhi l
stthevesseli
si n
serv
ice.Themajorit
yoft hewor kcentr
esaroundther
unni
ngofcablesformicrophoneson
thebridgeandt hecollect
ionofdat afrom anumberofsour
ces.Theonl yrestr
ict
ionon
i
nstall
ingduri
ngser vi
cei swheni tmaybecomenecessarytowel dfi
xingsorcutcabl e
penetr
ations(
hot-work)onv essel
scarryi
nghazar
douscar
goe.g.Tanker
sandgascar ri
ers.

Howl
ongdoesi
nst
all
ati
on&commi
ssi
oni
ngt
ake?

At
y pi
calinstall
ati
on,whichwoul di
ncl
udecabl
erunning,mountingofunit
s,t
ermi nati
onof
cablesand commi ssioning isesti
mated t
ot ake5/ 7 dayswitht wo engineers.If
preparatoryworkiscompl etedi
nadvancewiththerunni
ngofcabl esandpr ovisi
onof
foundati
onsf orunit
st hent ermi
nat
ionandcommi ssi
oni
ngi sest
imatedtotake3day s.

Legi
sl
ati
on

Howwi
l
lcompl
i
ancebeenf
orcedandmoni
tor
ed?

Compli
ancewit
hCar r
iageRequir
ement
sforS-VDRwil
lbeenfor
cedbyt heappr
opr
iat
eFl
ag
Stat
eandPor tControlaut
hor
iti
esmayal
soprev
entvessel
sfrom oper
ati
ngwhodonot
haveasui
tabl
yworkingS-VDR.

WhatTy
peAppr
oval
orCl
assi
fi
cat
ionCer
ti
fi
cat
ioni
snecessar
y?

Al
lS-
VDRequi
pment
sfi
tt
edt
osat
isf
yIMOr
equi
rement
smustbeTy
peAppr
oved.

Kel
vinHughesi st
hefir
sttoreceiv
eTy peApprovalforit
sMant aDigit
al™S-VDRt hr
ough
Qineti
Q,theUKgovernmentnomi nat
edtesti
ngorganisat
ion.Othermanuf acturer
sare
foll
owingandsubmitt
ingequipmentfortesttoQineti
Qandot hert estorganisati
ons,
incl
uding t
he Ger
man testi
ng house,BSH.I ndi
v i
dualClassi
ficat
ion Societi
es can

109
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR
endorseTypeAppr
ovedequi
pmentbyr
efer
encet
other
esul
tsobt
ainedbyt
het
est
organi
sat
ion.

Whatar
ether
equi
rement
s?

I
MOt hr
oughMSCatis79th sessi
t oni
nDecember2004agr
eedt
hef
oll
owi
ngamendmentt
o
SOLASChapt
erVRegul
ati
on20

110
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

Toassi
stincasual
tyi
nvest
igat
ions,
car
goshi
ps,whenengagedoninternat
ionalv
oyages,
shal
l
befi
ttedwit
haVDR, whi
chmaybeasi mpl
if
iedvoy
agedatarecorder(S-
VDR)asfoll
ows:

1.int hecaseofcar goshipsof20, 000gr osstonnageandupwar dsconstructedbefore

1Jul y2002,atthefi
rstscheduleddry-dockingafter1July2006butnotlaterthan1
Jul
y2009;
2.int hecaseofcar goshipsof3,000gr osst onnageandupwar dsbutlessthan20,000
grosst onnageconstructedbef ore1Jul y2002,att hefir
stscheduleddr y-
docking
after1July2007butnotl atert
han1Jul y2010;and
3.Admi ni
strat
ionsmayexemptcar goshi psfrom theappli
cati
onofther equir
ement s
ofsub-paragraphs1and2whensuchshi pswillbetakenpermanentlyoutofservice
withintwoy earsaf
tertheimplement ationdatespecifi
edinsub-par
agraphs1and2
abov e.

Towhatt
ypesofv
essel
sdoest
heCar
ri
ageRequi
rementappl
y?

Al
lvessel
si nv
olvedi
ninter
national
tradeover3,000tonsgr
osstonnagewil
lbeaf
fect
edbyt
he
requi
rement(exceptwhereanexempt ionisgrant
edbythefl
agstate)
Legal
Willfi
tti
ngS-VDRimpactoni nsurancepremiums?
AMar ineUnderwri
ter
'sPerspect
ive
Thereisnodoubt
,thatt
heshippingindust
rycanl earnalotfrom t
heworl
dofAvi
ati
onandt hi
s
i
scertai
nlyapointofv i
ew heldbyemi nentpar sonagessuchasLor dCarv
erandLor d
Donal
dson.Thelessonslearntfrom,"black-box"informat
ionfol
l
owingaircrasheshas
obvi
ousl
ydonealottoimprovethesafetyinthisindustr
y.

Thelessonslear
nthavealsogi
ventheoperat
orsdat
atoenabl
ethem tor
educethehuman
elementproport
ionofai
rdi
sast
ers.Sohowcananyonear
gueagai
nstasi
milari
nit
iat
ivei
n
theMar i
neworld?

Asunderwri
ter
s,wecanseet
hepot
ent
ialadv
ant
agest
hatVDRswi
l
lbr
ingi
nreduci
ngt
he
i
nsuranceri
sks.

Thereisalwaysroom f
orimpr ovement
,and,aslessonsarelearnedf
rom VDRpl
aybacksship
operat
orswil
lbeabl
et orespondwit
hmeani ngfull
osspreventi
onact
ions,
whi
chwillhav
ea
benefi
cial
eff
ectonthei
rinsurancer
esul
ts.

VDRswi l
lalsoprovi
deareli
abl
eandunbi
asedwit
nessatti
mesofacci
dent
sinvol
vi
ngot her
part
ies.Hereagai
nVDRev i
dencewi
l
ldoalott
oreducel
egal
cost
sandthest
eri
lewrangles
aboutwhoi stoblame.

I
sther
ecor
deddat
arecogni
sedasl
egal
evi
dence?

Yes-extensi
vel
y,ther
ehav ebeenanumberofi nstancesal readyexperi
encedwheret he
discl
osur
eoftheexist
enceofVDRr ecordeddatahaspr ecludedcourtact
ion.Cl
ear
ly,
there
isanadvant
ageinthesituati
onswher
esy st
emsar einst
alledwi t
htheadditi
onal
removable
memor y,
someti
mesr eferr
edtoasthe"whit
e-box".

I
ntheev
entofani
nci
dent-whoownst
her
ecor
ding?

111
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

"
Owner
shi
pandr
ecov
ery
"(Abst
ract
sofI
MOFSISub-Commi
tt
ee9)

Recov
eryofVDR

I
nthecaseofnon- catast
rophi caccident,r
ecov er
yoft hememor yshouldbest r
aightf
orward.
Thisact i
onwillhav etobet akensoonaf t
ert heaccidenttobestpreservether el
evant
evidenceforusebybot ht heinv est
igatorandt heshi powner.Astheinvest
igatorisvery
unlikel
ytobei naposi tiontoi nsti
gatet hi
sact ionsoonenoughaf tertheaccident,the
ownermustber esponsible,t
hroughi tson-boar dstandi
ngorders,f
orensuri
ngt hetimely
preservat
ionofthisevidenceint hiscir
cumst ance.

I
nthecaseofabandonmentofav esselduri
nganemer gency,master
sshoul
dbe
i
nstr
ucted,wher
etimeandot
herresponsi
bil
i
tiesper
mit,t
or ecov
erthememoryand
r
emov eittoapl aceofsaf
etyandt opreserveitunti
litcanbepassedt othe
i
nvesti
gator
.

I
nthecaseofacat ast
rophi caccident,whereav esselhassunkandt hedat ahasnotbeen
retr
ievedpr iortoabandonment ,adeci si
onwi llneedt obet akenbyt heFl agSt at
ei n
consul t
ationwi thanyot hersubst anti
all
yint
erestedstatesont hev i
abil
ityofrecoveri
ngt he
protecti
v ecapsul eagai nstthepot enti
aluseoft heinformation.Ifitisdecidedt orecover
thecapsul e,theinvestigatorshouldber esponsibl
ef oritsrecovery.Thepossi bi
li
tyoft he
capsul ehav i
ngsust ai
neddamagemustbeconsi deredandspeci ali
stexper ti
sewi l
lbe
requiredtoensur ethebestchanceofr ecoveri
ngandpr eservi
ngtheev i
dence.Inadditi
on,
theassi stanceandco- operati
onoft heowner s,i
nsurersandt hemanuf actur
ersoftheVDR
andt hoseoft heprotectivecapsulemayber equi
red.

Cust
odyofVDR/
dat
a

I
nal lcircumstances,duringthecour seofani nvest
igat
ion,theinv
esti
gatorshoul
dhav e
custodyoft heori
ginalVDRdat a,perhapsintheform ofthewholeorpart(
s)oftheVDR
i
tself,inthesamewayashehascust odyofotherrecordsorevi
denceundertheCodefor
theInv est
igati
onofMar ineCasualt
iesandInci
dents.

Owner
shi
pofVDR/
dat
a

Theshi
pownerwi
l
l,i
nal
lci
rcumst
ancesandatal
lti
mes,ownt
heVDRandi
ts

dat
a.Read-
outofVDR/
dat
a

I
nallci
rcumstancestheresponsibil
ityt
oarrangedownl oadi
ngandr ead-outofthedatafr
om
therecoveredmemoryinwhat ev erf
orm shoul
d,i
nt hefir
sti
nstance,beunder t
akenbythe
i
nvestigat
orwhoshoul dkeept heshipownerfull
yinformed.Additi
onally
,especial
l
yinthe
caseofacat ast
rophicaccidentwher ethememor ymayhav esust ai
neddamage,t he
assi
stanceofspecial
i
stexpertisemayber equi
redtoensurethebestchanceofsuccess.

Accesst
othedat
a

Al
thought heinvesti
gatorwil
lhav ecust
odyoftheor
igi
nalVDRmemoryi
nwhat
everf
ormfor
thedur at
ionoft heinvest
igat
ion,acopyoft
hedatamustbepr
ovi
dedtot
heshi
pownerin
allci
rcumst ances.

112
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR
Fur
theraccesst ot
hedatawi l
lbegovernedbytheappli
cabl
edomest i
clegi
slat
ionoft
hefl
at
state,
coastalst
ateandtheleadinv
esti
gati
ngstat
easappr opri
ateandtheguidel
i
nesgi
ven
intheCodef ort
heInvest
igat
ionofMarineCasual
ti
esandIncident
s.

113
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

Pr
oduct
s

Whatar
ethekeyf
act
orst
obeconsi
der
edwhensel
ect
inganS-
VDR?

• I
stheequipmentt y
peappr oved?
• Doesthesuppl i
erhav eapr ovent rackr ecord?
• Doesthesuppl i
erofferwor ldwi desuppor t?
• Canthesupplierguarant eetof itintimet omeetagreeddeadlines?
• Wil
lthefi
tt
ingdel aythev essel'soper ation?
• Whatdoest hepr i
ceinclude?
• I
sthereafixedpr i
cepackage?
• Doesthesuppl i
erunder standi nterfacingt omari
nebridgeequipment?
• Whataddit
ional opti
onsar eav ail
able/ provi
ded?
• Doesthesuppl i
erhav eanest abl i
shedcust omerbase?
• Doesthesuppl i
erhav ear eferencel ist?
• Wil
lthesuppli
erbeher eint hef uturet osupportthesystem?
• Doestheequipmentof f
eral lthef acili
tiesthatmayber equi
red?

Whati
sthet
ypi
cal
pri
cef
oranS-
VDRsy
stem?

Thesev aryfrom manuf

actur
ertomanuf actur
erandarealsodependentupont
hedegreeof
sophisti
cati
ondemanded.I
tissuggestedthatabudgetofuptoUS$50kbeal
locat
edfora
compl et
efit
.

VOYAGEDATARECORDER
WHATI SAVDR?
AVDRorv oyagedatar ecorderisani nst
rumentinst
all
edonashi ptocontinuousl
yrecord
vit
alinformati
onrelatedt otheoper ationofav essel
.Itcont
ainsavoicerecordi
ngsystem
foraper i
odofatl eastl ast12hour s.Thisrecordi
ngisrecover
edandmadeuseoff or
i
nv est
igati
onineventsofacci dents.
TheVDRr ecordsdatacov er
ingt helast12hour satthemini
mum, andthedat a
i
scont inuousl
yoverwr i
ttenbyt helatestdata.

HOW DOESAVDRWORK?
AVDRi scapabl
eofwi t
hstandi
ngheavyweather,col
li
sions,f
ir
esandpr essur
econditi
ons
evenwhenashipisatadepthofsever
al met
ersinwater.Ther
ear evari
oussensor
splaced
on bri
dge ofthe shi
p and on pr
omi nentlocat
ion f
r om which the r
equir
ed dat
ai s
conti
nuousl
ycol
lect
ed.

Thedatacoll
ect
edbyVDRi sdi
git
alized,compressed,andisstor
edinapr ot
ecti
vestor
age
uni
twhichismountedi
nasaf eplace.Thistamperproofstorageunitcanbear et
ri
evabl
e
fi
xedorfl
oati
nguni
tconnect
edwithEPI RBforearl
ylocati
onintheeventofacci
dent.

114
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR
Therei
salsoar ecordbutt
onprovidedinthebri
dgeuni
tsot hataft
erpushi
ngbutton(say
duri
ngstar
tingofanyinci
dentli
kecolli
sionorgr
oundi
ng),t
her ecor
derwil
lstar
trecor
ding
newsetofinfor
mationfr
om thatperi
odoft i
me.

MAI NCOMPONENTSOFVDR:
DataManagementUni t :Itacquiresdat af rom v ari
oussour cesusi nginterf
aces,
processesandst orest hedat ainaspeci f
iedformat .
AudioModul e:Itconsist sofanaudi omi xerforr ecor dingaudiof rom mi crophonespl aced
i
nt he
wheel house, br
idgewi ngs, ECRandv ar i
ousot herl ocat i
ons.
AudioModul e:VHFaudi osi gnal
scanal sobei nterfacedwi ththisuni t.
FinalRecor dingUni t
:Thi sisaf ir
er esistant
,pr essur et i
ghtst or agemedi um tost ore
recordeddat a.Thecapsul ei sresi
st antagai nstshock,penet rat i
on,f i
re,deepsea
pressureandi mmer sion.Housedi nahi ghlyv isiblepr otecti
v ecapsul ewhi chcan
withstandhi ghtemper at ures(1100degC)anddeepseapr essur eof6000m
Remot e Alarm Modul e:Thi si s a smal lpanelconnect ed t ot he Data
ManagementUni tthatwi l
lsoundanal arm shoul danyer rororf aul tdevelopin
theequi pment .
ReplaySt at
ion: Thi
sisanopt i
onalmodul efordownl oadingandr epl ayingtherecordeddat a.
Thedat awhenpl ayedbackcanhel pincasual tyinv estigat
ionsaswel lasforsel
fanal y
sis.

WHATI
SRECORDED?

DATAITEM SOURCE
Dat
e&timeever
y1s Preferabl
yexter
naltoshi
p(e.g.
GNSS)
Shi
p'
sposi
ti
on El
ect r
onicPosit
ioni
ngsyst
em.Thesourceofdatai
sident
if
iedon
playback.
Speed(t
hroughwat
erorov
ergr
ound) Ship'
sSDME.Recor dedevery1sto0.
1kresol
uti
on.
Headi
ng Shi
p'
scompass.Recor
dedati
nter
val
sof1st
oa

115
BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

resol utionof0. 1deg.

BridgeAudi o 1ormor ebr i
dgemi crophones.Recor dedinr eal
ti
me,bot hi nter nal&ext ernal( 150- 6000Hz) .The
mi ct estbeepsev ery12hr s&t hisi sr ecorded.
Communi cationsAudi o From 2VHFsi sr ecor dedf orbot ht r
ansmi tt
ed
and r eceiv ed audi o si gnal s. Audi o i s
compr essedandl abel edVHF1&VHF2
Radar dat a- post di spl
ay Mast err adardi spl ay .Incl
udesr anger i
ngs,
selection, every15s EBLs,VRMs,r adarmaps,par tsofSENC&
otheressent ial nav igational indicat ions.
Wat erdept h EchoSounder .Recor dedt oar esol utionof0. 1m
Mai nal arms Allmandat or yal armsonbr idge
Rudderor der&r esponse Steer inggear&aut opi l
ot
Engi neor der&r esponse Telegr aphs, cont r
ol sandt hr ust ers
Hul lopeni ngsstatus Allmandat oryst at usi nfor mat iondi splayedon
bridge
Wat ertight&f ir
edoorst at
us Allmandat oryst at usi nfor mat iondi splayedon
bridge.Recor dedev ery1sandst or edwi thtime
stamps.
Accel eration&hul lstr
esses Hul l st ress and r esponse moni tori
ng
equi pmentwher ef i
tted.Recor dedwi thtime
stamp.
Windspeed&di recti
on Anemomet erwhen f itt
ed.St or ed i ndivi
dually
witht imest amps.
Aut opilotset ti
ngs Aut opi l
ot-f orspeed,l atitude,r udderl i
mit,off-
cour seal ar mset c.
Thr usterst at
us Bow/ St ernt hr ust ers-Canber ecor dedf or
theiror derandr esponse.
Rudderor der Ship's st eer ing /wheel -Response angl ei s
recor dedt oar esol utionof1deg
Engi neor der Telegr aph ordi rectengi ne cont r
olwi th shaft
revol utionandaheadandast erni ndicatorsare
recor dedt oar esol utionof1r pm
AISt argetdat a AIS -Recor ded as a sour ce ofi nformat i
on
regar dingot hershi ps
AISt argetdat a AIS -Recor ded as a sour ce ofi nformat i
on
regar dingot hershi ps
AIar ms BridgeVDR Mi cr ophones-Recor dedwi t
ht ime
stamps.Al lIMO mandat or yal ar msaswel las
otheraudi bleal armsar est oredi ndi viduall
y.

BENEFITS?
•Acci
dentinvest
igati
on
•Trai
ningsupport
•Reducti
onininsurancecost
s

WHATI
SAS-
VDR?

116
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

AnS-VDR(
Simpl
if
iedVDR)isthesameasaVDR.Thereisnopri
nci
pledi
ff
erencebetween
aVDRandanS-VDRexcepttheamountofi
nfor
mat
ionrequi
redt
oberecor
dedbyS- VDRis
l
ess.

DATARECORDEDBYS-
VDR:

DATAI
TEM SOURCE
Dat
eandti
me Preferabl
yexternal
toship(e.
g.GNSS)
Shi
p'
sposi
ti
on el
ect r
onicposit
ioni
ngsystem
Speed(Throughthewaterorovert
hegr
ound) Ship'
sSDME
Heading Shi
p'
scompass
Bri
dgeAudio 1ormorebridgemicr
ophones
Communi cati
onsaudi
o VHFcommuni cati
ons
Radardata:post
-di
spl
ayselect
ion Masterr
adardispl
ay
AISData AI
Stober
ecor
dedi
fiti
simpossi
blet
orecor
dradardat
a.
I
fradari
srecor
dedAI
Smayber
ecor
dedasanaddi
ti
onal
sour
ceofi
nfor
mat
ion.
Ot
heri
tems Addi
ti
onal
itemsr
equi
redf
orVDRwheni
nter
faci
ngav
ail
abl
e.

CARRIAGEREQUI REMENTS
Thefol
lowi
ngv essel
sarerequir
edtocarr
yaVDR:
•All
PassengershipsandRo-Ropassengershi
ps
•Shi
psof3,000GTandupwar dsconst
ruct
edonoraf
ter1Jul
y2002.

Thef
oll
owi
ngv
essel
sar
erequi
redt
ocar
ryanS-
VDR:
•Shi
psov
er3,
000GTconst
ruct
edbef
ore1Jul
y2002

117
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

S-
VDR-FAQs

Gener
al

Shoul
da"
fi
xed"or"
fl
oat
-f
ree"dat
ast
oragecapsul
ebeused?

ThereisnoTypeApprovedfl
oat
-f
reesol
uti
oncurr
entl
yav ail
ableandther
earevar
yingviews
onwhichsolut
ionwoul
dbemosteasi l
yret
ri
eved.Indicat
ionsarethatbot
hoptionsare
si
mil
arl
ypri
ced.

Towhatdegr
eedoest
hechoi
ceofS-
VDRdependont
hemakeoft
heexi
sti
ngbr
idge
equi
pment
?

Thetechnicalspeci
fi
cat
ionoft heS-VDR hasbeendet ermined wi
tht heexpressaim of
maximisingtheconnect
ivi
tywit
hot herequi
pment.ThechoiceofS-VDRcant her
efor
ebe
basedwi t
hemphasisonthefuncti
onali
tyofthepar
ti
cul
arS-VDRandt heworl
dwideservi
ce
supportavai
labl
e.

Whatbenef
it
scanbeexpect
edf
rom f
it
ti
ngS-
VDR?

Theoperationalexperi
encegai
nedf
rom shi
psequippedwithVDRhasbeenwel lrecor
dedov er
manyy earsandi nsummaryconfi
rmthepositi
vebenefi
tsparti
cul
arl
yrelat
ingtoaccident
investi
gation,t
raini
ngandmonit
ori
ng,assessmentofresponsetosafet
yandenv ir
onment
emer gencies,promoti
ngbestpr
acti
ceandaccidentpr
ev ent
ionandreducti
onininsur
ance
losses.

VDRs have also proved invaluableto ship owners as a managementt oolin analy
sing
hazardous incidents and bridge team procedures.Addit
ional
l
y VDR r ecordi
ngs have
provi
dedi r
refutableev i
dencei npollut
ioninci
dentsaswel laspr ovi
dinganindisput
able
recor
dofaMast er'
saction.Therehav eal
sobeenanumberofi nstanceswherediscl
osure
ofVDRr ecordingsprecludedcour tacti
onswiththesubsequentsi
gnifi
cantsavi
ngsincosts.

Cant
her
ecor
deddat
abeaccessedr
emot
ely
?

Remoteaccesst odat ai snotar equi

rementoftheIMObutal i
mitednumberofmanufactur
ers
doofferthisf aci
li
tyasanopt i
on.Kel
vinHughes" MantaDi
git
al™S-VDR"hasthecapabi
li
ty
ofbeingi nterrogatingt hroughGSM orsat ell
i
t ecommunicati
onsf r
om theshore.This
opti
onalfeat ureal so allowson boar dtechnicalprobl
emst o bediagnosed r
emotely
,
enabl
ingspar esorot hersupportt
obear r
angedi nadv
anceoftheship'
sarr
ivali
nport
.

Whatt
imeper
iodcanber
ecor
ded?

TheIMO r equir
esami nimum of12hour sr ecordingbutmostmanuf act
urersprov
ide
lar
gerst orage opti
ons often wit
hr emov able medi a,which may be used as a
managementandt r
ainingtool
.Thi
slatt
eropt ion,somet i
mesreferredtoasa" white-
box",hasf oundfavourinthepastwhereshi ps'staffareabl
etor etai
nar ecor
dofan
eventwi t
houtdist
urbingthemain(mandatory)dat acontai
nedwithintheS-VDR.

Howi
stheper
for
manceoft
heequi
pmentmoni
tor
ed?

118
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR
TheI
MO Per for
manceStandardforS-VDRrequir
esabuilti
ntestfaci
li
tytobeprov
idedto
al
low forconti
nuousmonitor
ingoftheperformanceoftheequipment.Anaudi
bleand
vi
sualalar
mi saut
omati
cal
lytr
igger
edint
heev entofamal
funct
ionoftheS-
VDR.

119
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

Howandwher
ecant
hedat
aber
epl
ayed?

Pl
aybackfaci
l
iti
esar
eoffer
edbyal
lmanufactur
ers,usual
l
yf r
eeofchar
ge,aspartoftheS-
VDRpackage.Thi
senabl
esi
nci
dentanal
ysi
stobeundertakenonboar
d,ashor
eandina
Cour
tofLaw.

I
nst
all
ati
on

Whocancar
ryoutannual
per
for
mancechecks?

Al
lmaint enance,serviceandcommi ssi
oningofS- VDRequi pmentmustbecar r
iedoutby
engineer sappr
ovedbyt heManufact
urerconcerned.Thi
smaybedel egat
edtoanominated
servi
ceagental thoughsomemanuf actur
ers,suchasKel vinHughes,havetheadded
advant ageofawel l
-est
abli
shedandprovenwor l
dwidesupportnet
workwithf
act
ory-
tr
ained
engineer sl
ocatedinkeyports.

CananS-
VDRbei
nst
all
edwhi
l
stt
hev
essel
isi
nser
vice?

I
nthemaj ori
tyofcases,theinstal
lat
ionofanS-VDRcanbecarri
edoutwhi l
stthevesseli
si n
serv
ice.Themajorit
yoft hewor kcentr
esaroundther
unni
ngofcablesformicrophoneson
thebridgeandt hecollect
ionofdat afrom anumberofsour
ces.Theonl yrestr
ict
ionon
i
nstall
ingduri
ngser vi
cei swheni tmaybecomenecessarytowel dfi
xingsorcutcabl e
penetr
ations(
hot-work)onv essel
scarryi
nghazar
douscar
goe.g.Tanker
sandgascar ri
ers.

Howl
ongdoesi
nst
all
ati
on&commi
ssi
oni
ngt
ake?

At
y pi
calinstall
ati
on,whichwoul di
ncl
udecabl
erunning,mountingofunit
s,t
ermi nati
onof
cablesand commi ssioning isesti
mated t
ot ake5/ 7 dayswitht wo engineers.If
preparatoryworkiscompl etedi
nadvancewiththerunni
ngofcabl esandpr ovisi
onof
foundati
onsf orunit
st hent ermi
nat
ionandcommi ssi
oni
ngi sest
imatedtotake3day s.

Legi
sl
ati
on

Howwi
l
lcompl
i
ancebeenf
orcedandmoni
tor
ed?

Compli
ancewit
hCar r
iageRequir
ement
sforS-VDRwil
lbeenfor
cedbyt heappr
opr
iat
eFl
ag
Stat
eandPor tControlaut
hor
iti
esmayal
soprev
entvessel
sfrom oper
ati
ngwhodonot
haveasui
tabl
yworkingS-VDR.

WhatTy
peAppr
oval
orCl
assi
fi
cat
ionCer
ti
fi
cat
ioni
snecessar
y?

Al
lS-
VDRequi
pment
sfi
tt
edt
osat
isf
yIMOr
equi
rement
smustbeTy
peAppr
oved.

Kel
vinHughesi st
hefir
sttoreceiv
eTy peApprovalforit
sMant aDigit
al™S-VDRt hr
ough
Qineti
Q,theUKgovernmentnomi nat
edtesti
ngorganisat
ion.Othermanuf acturer
sare
foll
owingandsubmitt
ingequipmentfortesttoQineti
Qandot hert estorganisati
ons,
incl
uding t
he Ger
man testi
ng house,BSH.I ndi
v i
dualClassi
ficat
ion Societi
es can

120
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR
endorseTypeAppr
ovedequi
pmentbyr
efer
encet
other
esul
tsobt
ainedbyt
het
est
organi
sat
ion.

Whatar
ether
equi
rement
s?

I
MOt hr
oughMSCatis79th sessi
t oni
nDecember2004agr
eedt
hef
oll
owi
ngamendmentt
o
SOLASChapt
erVRegul
ati
on20

121
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

Toassi
stincasual
tyi
nvest
igat
ions,
car
goshi
ps,whenengagedoninternat
ionalv
oyages,
shal
l
befi
ttedwit
haVDR, whi
chmaybeasi mpl
if
iedvoy
agedatarecorder(S-
VDR)asfoll
ows:

2.int hecaseofcar goshipsof20, 000gr osstonnageandupwar dsconstructedbefore

1Jul y2002,atthefi
rstscheduleddry-dockingafter1July2006butnotlaterthan1
Jul
y2009;
4.int hecaseofcar goshipsof3,000gr osst onnageandupwar dsbutlessthan20,000
grosst onnageconstructedbef ore1Jul y2002,att hefir
stscheduleddr y-
docking
after1July2007butnotl atert
han1Jul y2010;and
5.Admi ni
strat
ionsmayexemptcar goshi psfrom theappli
cati
onofther equir
ement s
ofsub-paragraphs1and2whensuchshi pswillbetakenpermanentlyoutofservice
withintwoy earsaf
tertheimplement ationdatespecifi
edinsub-par
agraphs1and2
abov e.

Towhatt
ypesofv
essel
sdoest
heCar
ri
ageRequi
rementappl
y?

Al
lvessel
si nv
olvedi
ninter
national
tradeover3,000tonsgr
osstonnagewil
lbeaf
fect
edbyt
he
requi
rement(exceptwhereanexempt ionisgrant
edbythefl
agstate)
Legal
Willfi
tti
ngS-VDRimpactoni nsurancepremiums?
AMar ineUnderwri
ter
'sPerspect
ive
Thereisnodoubt
,thatt
heshippingindust
rycanl earnalotfrom t
heworl
dofAvi
ati
onandt hi
s
i
scertai
nlyapointofv i
ew heldbyemi nentpar sonagessuchasLor dCarv
erandLor d
Donal
dson.Thelessonslearntfrom,"black-box"informat
ionfol
l
owingaircrasheshas
obvi
ousl
ydonealottoimprovethesafetyinthisindustr
y.

Thelessonslear
nthavealsogi
ventheoperat
orsdat
atoenabl
ethem tor
educethehuman
elementproport
ionofai
rdi
sast
ers.Sohowcananyonear
gueagai
nstasi
milari
nit
iat
ivei
n
theMar i
neworld?

Asunderwri
ter
s,wecanseet
hepot
ent
ialadv
ant
agest
hatVDRswi
l
lbr
ingi
nreduci
ngt
he
i
nsuranceri
sks.

Thereisalwaysroom f
orimpr ovement
,and,aslessonsarelearnedf
rom VDRpl
aybacksship
operat
orswil
lbeabl
et orespondwit
hmeani ngfull
osspreventi
onact
ions,
whi
chwillhav
ea
benefi
cial
eff
ectonthei
rinsurancer
esul
ts.

VDRswi l
lalsoprovi
deareli
abl
eandunbi
asedwit
nessatti
mesofacci
dent
sinvol
vi
ngot her
part
ies.Hereagai
nVDRev i
dencewi
l
ldoalott
oreducel
egal
cost
sandthest
eri
lewrangles
aboutwhoi stoblame.

I
sther
ecor
deddat
arecogni
sedasl
egal
evi
dence?

Yes-extensi
vel
y,ther
ehav ebeenanumberofi nstancesal readyexperi
encedwheret he
discl
osur
eoftheexist
enceofVDRr ecordeddatahaspr ecludedcourtact
ion.Cl
ear
ly,
there
isanadvant
ageinthesituati
onswher
esy st
emsar einst
alledwi t
htheadditi
onal
removable
memor y,
someti
mesr eferr
edtoasthe"whit
e-box".

I
ntheev
entofani
nci
dent-whoownst
her
ecor
ding?

122
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR

"
Owner
shi
pandr
ecov
ery
"(Abst
ract
sofI
MOFSISub-Commi
tt
ee9)

Recov
eryofVDR

I
nthecaseofnon- catast
rophi caccident,r
ecov er
yoft hememor yshouldbest r
aightf
orward.
Thisact i
onwillhav etobet akensoonaf t
ert heaccidenttobestpreservether el
evant
evidenceforusebybot ht heinv est
igatorandt heshi powner.Astheinvest
igatorisvery
unlikel
ytobei naposi tiontoi nsti
gatet hi
sact ionsoonenoughaf tertheaccident,the
ownermustber esponsible,t
hroughi tson-boar dstandi
ngorders,f
orensuri
ngt hetimely
preservat
ionofthisevidenceint hiscir
cumst ance.

I
nthecaseofabandonmentofav esselduri
nganemer gency,master
sshoul
dbe
i
nstr
ucted,wher
etimeandot
herresponsi
bil
i
tiesper
mit,t
or ecov
erthememoryand
r
emov eittoapl aceofsaf
etyandt opreserveitunti
litcanbepassedt othe
i
nvesti
gator
.

I
nthecaseofacat ast
rophi caccident,whereav esselhassunkandt hedat ahasnotbeen
retr
ievedpr iortoabandonment ,adeci si
onwi llneedt obet akenbyt heFl agSt at
ei n
consul t
ationwi thanyot hersubst anti
all
yint
erestedstatesont hev i
abil
ityofrecoveri
ngt he
protecti
v ecapsul eagai nstthepot enti
aluseoft heinformation.Ifitisdecidedt orecover
thecapsul e,theinvestigatorshouldber esponsibl
ef oritsrecovery.Thepossi bi
li
tyoft he
capsul ehav i
ngsust ai
neddamagemustbeconsi deredandspeci ali
stexper ti
sewi l
lbe
requiredtoensur ethebestchanceofr ecoveri
ngandpr eservi
ngtheev i
dence.Inadditi
on,
theassi stanceandco- operati
onoft heowner s,i
nsurersandt hemanuf actur
ersoftheVDR
andt hoseoft heprotectivecapsulemayber equi
red.

Cust
odyofVDR/
dat
a

I
nal lcircumstances,duringthecour seofani nvest
igat
ion,theinv
esti
gatorshoul
dhav e
custodyoft heori
ginalVDRdat a,perhapsintheform ofthewholeorpart(
s)oftheVDR
i
tself,inthesamewayashehascust odyofotherrecordsorevi
denceundertheCodefor
theInv est
igati
onofMar ineCasualt
iesandInci
dents.

Owner
shi
pofVDR/
dat
a

Theshi
pownerwi
l
l,i
nal
lci
rcumst
ancesandatal
lti
mes,ownt
heVDRandi
ts

dat
a.Read-
outofVDR/
dat
a

I
nallci
rcumstancestheresponsibil
ityt
oarrangedownl oadi
ngandr ead-outofthedatafr
om
therecoveredmemoryinwhat ev erf
orm shoul
d,i
nt hefir
sti
nstance,beunder t
akenbythe
i
nvestigat
orwhoshoul dkeept heshipownerfull
yinformed.Additi
onally
,especial
l
yinthe
caseofacat ast
rophicaccidentwher ethememor ymayhav esust ai
neddamage,t he
assi
stanceofspecial
i
stexpertisemayber equi
redtoensurethebestchanceofsuccess.

Accesst
othedat
a

Al
thought heinvesti
gatorwil
lhav ecust
odyoftheor
igi
nalVDRmemoryi
nwhat
everf
ormfor
thedur at
ionoft heinvest
igat
ion,acopyoft
hedatamustbepr
ovi
dedtot
heshi
pownerin
allci
rcumst ances.

123
 BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENT-VDR
Fur
theraccesst ot
hedatawi l
lbegovernedbytheappli
cabl
edomest i
clegi
slat
ionoft
hefl
at
state,
coastalst
ateandtheleadinv
esti
gati
ngstat
easappr opri
ateandtheguidel
i
nesgi
ven
intheCodef ort
heInvest
igat
ionofMarineCasual
ti
esandIncident
s.

124
 2ndMat
esBr
idgeEqui
pment(
BEQ)Not
es

Pr
oduct
s

Whatar
ethekeyf
act
orst
obeconsi
der
edwhensel
ect
inganS-
VDR?

• I
stheequipmentt y
peappr oved?
• Doesthesuppl i
erhav eapr ovent rackr ecord?
• Doesthesuppl i
erofferwor ldwi desuppor t?
• Canthesupplierguarant eetof itintimet omeetagreeddeadlines?
• Wil
lthefi
tt
ingdel aythev essel'soper ation?
• Whatdoest hepr i
ceinclude?
• I
sthereafixedpr i
cepackage?
• Doesthesuppl i
erunder standi nterfacingt omari
nebridgeequipment?
• Whataddit
ional opti
onsar eav ail
able/ provi
ded?
• Doesthesuppl i
erhav eanest abl i
shedcust omerbase?
• Doesthesuppl i
erhav ear eferencel ist?
• Wil
lthesuppli
erbeher eint hef uturet osupportthesystem?
• Doestheequipmentof f
eral lthef acili
tiesthatmayber equi
red?

Whati
sthet
ypi
cal
pri
cef
oranS-
VDRsy
stem?

Thesev ar
yfrom manufacturertomanufact
urerandarealsodependentuponthe
degr
eeofsophist
icat
iondemanded.I
tissuggestedt
hatabudgetofuptoUS$50k
beal
locat
edforacompl et
efit
.

Compi
l
edby:ARINewDel
hi.I
ndi
a. 125