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MATHEMATICS IA&B

CALCULUS (DIFERENTIATION)
Chapter at a Glance
t is requently useful to represent functions by power series. Thus, for example, the trigonometric

function sin(x) can be shown to be represented by the series

sin(x)=1r+-+ 2n1)" L

In these notes it will be shown how such representations can be obtained in a general way.
shall derive the MacLaurin expansion formula and its generalization, the Taylor expansion 1or

arbitrary functions.

the closed interval

1) Consider a function y -Sa) which is continuous and differentiable in
[a,b]. Then one can prove the following theorem, due to Lagrange:

in a,b] and has a

Mean Value Theorem: If the function y=f(x) is continuous
between a and b
continuous derivative in this interval, then there exists at least one point c
such that

fb)-fa) =f) . (1)

b-a
For a rigorous proof I refer to a textbook on analysis. But the theorem has a very powerful
curve of the function
intuitive meaning which makes it practically obvious. Indeed, draw the
=b
coordinate system, then draw two vertical lines at x = a and x
y= f(x) in a Cartesian
intersections as points A and
from the abscissa to their intersections with the curve and mark these
chord of the curve through these points.
B, respectively. The straight line through A and B is the a, hence
Denote the angle which the chord makes with the abscissa by
Then displace the chord parallel to
tana (f(b) - f(a)((6-a) by elementary trigonometry.
=

until they merge into one

itself such that the points A and B move closer together and continue
becomes the tangent to f(x) at the point C. The angle which
point C, say, at this stage the chord
we know that tan a is equal to
the tangent makes with the abscissa is a by construction, and
abscissa. This proves the
f'), where c is the foot of the perpendicular dropped from C onto the
theorem in all intuitive way.
to rewrite Eq. (1) by setting =
x,b = x+h and
For the following it will be convenient
a

C=a+6h with 0e0,1], hence

S(x+h)=f)+hf'lr+Oh) .(2)

2) A generalization of Lagrange's mean value theorem is the following theorem due to Taylor.

Theorem: If the function f(x) is continuous and has continuous derivatives up the
Taylor's
nth in the interval [x, x +h], then

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in-(x)+ + h).. (3)

fr+h=f(r) +hf'(a)+ " (-1)!
where e [o,I]. consider the function s(r) to be a polynomial of order
ord

.
plausible,
lo make this theorem
have
Denoting the polynomial
by ,(*). we . (4)
+a,X
x ) =a
+ a,r +a,* t .
once:

Nowdifferentiate ,(x)
and hence a,= P,(0). ..(5)
+2a,x+... +na,x"
,(x)
=
a
derivative we get
For the second
and hence a
=
P(0). .. (6)
I)a,x"a
r)=2a, +3 2a,x + . . . + n(n-
Continuing the process
we get
and hence a,
=
(1/2)P(0).
.. (7)
0),a 0),. = (0)
a-P
3! 4!
into Eq. (4), we get
expressions for the
coeffricients a,
and hence, substituting the
(8)
+.+P°(0)x"
P,(x)= P,(0)+ P(0)x+PXO)x*
2! n!

x by x+h, keep
* fixed and consider P,(x+h)to be a
If wereplace in the latter formula
function ofh, then we can rewrite Eq. (8)
as

Px) (9)
P(x+h)= P,(x)+P(x)h +P)+. n!
the conditions of Taylor's theorem and
Now assume that f(x) is an arbitrary function satisfying
construct a polynomial P,(x) such that at a fixed value of x we have
f"(x) 10)
P(x)=fx), P(x)=fa), PZ(x) =f°),.Pc)=
.

theorem between and that the difference f(x+h) P,(x+h) is equal to

then Taylor's means

Indeed, if it
f x+Gh)h[(n+1)!. This difference must be proportional to h"
The
of h, then that term could be absorbed into the polynomial.
on a lower power
dependent with Lagrange's means value theorem. E4
precise form of the difference is plausible by analogy
(2)
continuous derivatives of any order in the interval
3) Assume that the function J(X) has
Therefore we can choose n in Eq. (3) arbitrarily large. Then, if in the limit of n>*
x,x+h].
we have ( x +h) ->0, the function (x) can be expanded in a power series:

h h ... (1)
fx+h)= f)+hf'(x) + )t+ n! f(x) t
(Taylor series).
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MATHEMATICSIA &B
We can give the Taylor series a different form if we denote the fixed point x by a and then set
x=a+h, hence

Sr)= f(a)+flaXx-a) +/aXx-a'+."(aXx-ay' + .(12)

In this form one says that the functionf (x) is expanded about the point X=a. In the
particular case of a = 0we get the MacLaurin series.

f) =

f0)+f0)x+/0)x. fM(0)x"t. ..(13)

2! n!
4) Examples:
) Let f r ) = exp(x). Then f"(x) = f(), f"(x)= f(),. ) = f(x).. and hence we
get the MacLaurin series of the exponential function:

=l+*+ n!
...(14)
(ii) Similarly we get the MacLaurin series of the sine and cosine of x:

sin x x-+
=

-1)"7(2n+1)! 2ntl .(15)

cosx=1-r+ +-) 16)

(i) Next consider the natural logarithm of x: f(x) = In x. Its first derivative is f'(x) = 1/x,
and hence
f)>o for
x>0. In fact, Inx itself is singular t
x=0; In x - o for x>0. Therefore we cannot write down a series expansion about zero
for the logarithm. However, we ca expand the logarithm about some point x> 0, e.g, about
x=1. Proceeding as in Eq. (12) get

x=(t-)-5a-1)+-1°-.+(-1*"-1"t... .(17)
One can show that this series represents the logarithm
only in the semi-open interval (0,2].
To see that the series converges for x 2 we note that we have an
=
alternating series with general
term tending to zero for n 0 . Therefore we the
get following series for the natural logarithm
of 2:

In2=1-+-++..+(-1)"1+ .

Note however that this series is of no

practical value for the evaluation of the log of 2 because of
its very slow convergence. For values
of x > 2 one can show that the series (17) diverges.
INDETERMINATE FORM: L'Hospital's Rule
Let the functions f(x), g(x) be defined on
a,6] and satisfy Cauchy's MVT and
fa) = 0, g(a) = 0. Then, the ratio of two functions f(x)/g(x) is not defined for x= a.

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0
But, whenx tends to a (x> a), lim f) takes the form and this form is known:
x-a g(x)

indeterminate form of type

) Indeterminate Form|
LOJ
L'Hospital's Rule:
If f(x),
g(x) be two functions such that lim f()=0, lim g(x) =0 and

).g'(x) exists but g'(a) * 0, then lim

Note 1:
g() m
s'(x) g(a)
s'la)
f()=fl) =.= (a)=0,s(a)=s'()=..=g(a)=0 and

f x),g ()exists butg (a)*0,then lim=lim f

a g

1I Indeterminate Form

This rule is also applicable, if the ratio of two functions f(x), g(X) approaches to o as
xa (or, as x o).
Theorem:If f(x), g(x) be two functions such that
f(),g(x) arecontinuous and differentiableinthe neighbourhood of X=a
i) lim f(x) = o, lim g(x) = co and
Xa Xa

(i) lim
g'(x)
=l (or,t) , g'(a) +0,then lim in)=
=lim =1
II) Other Indeterminate Form:

ued to either
All other indeterminate form such as 0x 0, 00-0 can be represented to either and

also the exponential forms 0",o0",1 can be converted to any one of the above forms by
considering logarithms.
MAXIMA MINIMA
Theorem: If fc) be an extremum valueofa function f(x), then f'(¢) = 0, ifit exists.
Note 1: The statement of the above theorem is a necessary condition for f(c) to be an extreme
value but not sufficient.

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0, f(0) = 0 and
For example, let us consider the function f(x) =x'. It is clear that at x =

alsowhen X>0> f(t)> f0) and x < 0 f ) < f0).

So, f(0) is not an extreme value even though f'(0) = 0.

Note 2: (c) may be an extreme value of f(x), even when f'(c) does not exist.
For example, let us considerthe function f(x) = | r . It is clear that f(0) is a minimum value

but f'(0) does not exist.

Note 3: The points X, where "(x) = 0 is known as stationary points.

Theorem: Let c be any interior point ofthe domain [a, b] of a function f(x) and

0 f)=j"(c) =.. = f c ) =0
i) S(c)exists and # 00
Then, at X = C, f ( ) has no extreme value, if n is odd and an extreme value, if n is even and

fc) is a maximum or a minimum value according as f (c) <0 or f(c) >0.

Multiple Choice Type Questions

1.1. L (1 - sin x ) tan x WBUT 2007

a) 1 b) 0 d)e
Answer: (b)

1.2. The value of limlog sin x is WBUT 2008]

x-0 Cotx

a 0 b) c) 1 d) none of these
Answer: (a)

131f Roll's theorem is applied tof(x) -x( -1)in [o, 1]. thenC=
a)1 b) 0 e) WBUT 2010, 20121
Answer: (d)

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1
1.4. In the M.V. theorem s(h)= f(0)+ hf'(0h); 0<0<l f f{7)=and hs1
1+x =3,
WBUT 2010, 2013, 2015, 201R
then value of is

a) 1
d) none of these

Answer: (6)
is obtained from Cauchy's
Mean Theorem fo
1.5. Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem WBUT 2011
two function f(x) and g(x) by putting g
a) 1 b)x c)x
Answer: (c)

r1-0
1.6. For a function f(x) the expression r(a+0h) is known as
n-1)!
a) Lagrange's remainder
b) Cauchy's remainder WBUT 2014
d) Taylor's remainder
c) Maclaurin's remainder
Answer: (b)

Theorem in the interval

1.7. The function f(x)=|x-2 satisfies Rolle's
WBUT 2015
a) 3, 4 b) [0, 4 -3,31 d)-1,4
Answer: (a)

Cauchy's mean value

1.8. Lagrange's mean value theorem is obtained from
theorem for two functions f() and g(x) by putting g(r) WBUT 2016
c) x d) none of these
a) 1 b)x
Answer: (c)

theorems be applied on f(x)=|x| in the interval

1.9. Which of the following can

WBUT 2016
1, 11? b) Mean Value theorem
a) Rolle's theorem
d) none of these
c) Cauchy's M. V. theorem
Answer: (d)

WBUT 2018
1.10 lim=
e
b) 0 c) 1 d) 2
a)
Answer:(6)

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111 The greatest value of the function f(x)=x(x-1) in the interval 0 5x52 13
WBUT 20181
a) 1 b) 2 c)-1 -2

Answer: (greatest value at x= and greatest valucf

1,12. If y=sin (ax +8), then y, = WBUT 2018]

a) asin ax+b b) a" sin (nz +ax +b)

c) d'sin n+ax+b d) dsinl-ax-b

Answer: (c)

1.13. lim-
I-cos x ?
r* Sinx
WBUT 2018]
a) 0 b) 1 c)-1 d) None of these
Answer: (d)
1.14. The law of mean is given byy WBUT 2018]

r+flo)-fr(C)
b-a s)+f-f(¢)
b)
b+a

)-fla=f(t)
b-a
Answer: (c)
s)-fa)-f¢)
b-a

1.16. The greatest value ofthe function f(x)=x(x-1) in the interval 0Sxs2 is
WBUT 2018]
a) 1 6) 2 c)-1 d)-2
Answer: (4/27)
1.16. The value of limx is
x0 [MODEL QUESTION]1
a) 0
b c) 1 d) none of these
Answer: (C)

1.17. The value of lim x* is

[MODEL QUESTION]
a) 0
c)1 d) none of these
Answer: (c)
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Questions
Short AnswerType

e+sinx-1
2.1. Use L'Hospital's rule to evaluate lim- log(1+x)
WBUT 2004
Answer:

lim-e+sinx- Form
0 log(1+x

= lim-+cos X lim(1+x)" + cosx=2

sinx using L'Hospital rule. WBUT 2005

2.2. Evaluate lim
x+0 X

Answer:

lim-sin Form
x0 x

COS X
= lim 1
I0 1

and examine if you can apply the same

2.3. State Rolle's theorem
WBUT 2006, 201
S()=tanxin [0, 7].
Answer:
Rolle's theorem:
conditions:
Let fx)be a function ofx with the following
closed interval asxsb
(1) fo) is continuous in the a<x <b
(2) f(x) exists at every point in the open interval

) a) =flb) =0
in the open interval a < c <b such that f'(c)
Then there exists at least one point c
We know that tan x is undefined
at x= but is defined in the neighbourhoodof ,
Hence it is not continuous at 7. For, Rolle's theorem to be applicable f(x) mus

continuous in 0<x < T .

Therefore, Rolle's theorem is not applicable here.

use mean value theorem to prove that

2.4. If f(x) =sin'x,0<a<b<1,
WBUT 2007, 200
-3sin'b-sin'a < -
V1-a 1-b
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Answer:

"x is continuous in the internal exists in (a, b).

carly
Clearl fx) =sin
Therefore, MUT is applicable here.
[a, b] and derivativ

Also, a<b

From MUT sin" 6- sin" a = (b-a)f(c), a<c <b

Hence (sin"b sin"a) < b-aProved.

Proved.
2.5. Using M.V.T. provethatx>tan'x>- 0<x<«/2. WBUT 2010, 2015]
Answer:
Let flx)= tanx

Now using MVT we get, fr)= f0)+xf0x), 0<0<lor, tan" x*-

1+(0x)
Since, 0<09<1

ie.0<0x<x
ie.0<(0x<r
ie.l<1+(0x)}<l+x
i.e.1-
1+(0x)* 1 +

i.e. x
1+(0» 1+
ie.x>tan X>14
2.6. If f(x)=x', g(x)=x'on [1,2], is Cauchy's mean value theorem applicable? If
so, find . WBUT 2010]
Answer:
Here, f() =x, y(x)=
5oththe functions are continuous on [1,2] and differentiable with in and on (1, 2).
Moreover g'(x) is not equal to zero on (1,2).
Hence Cauchy's MVT is applicable for f(*) and 8(r)on |,2.
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Now if S()_S(2)-f()
e(1, 2) then
s'(6) &(2)-s()
or, 4-1
33 8-1

or,

or,

2.7. Appling Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem prove that s

1+x log(1 +x) < x, for al
X0.
WBUT 201
OR,
Use Mean-value theorem to prove the inequality <log(1+x)<x
1+X
if x>0.

Answer: WBUT 201

Let f(x)= and
log(x)differential, so f(x) is continuous is [0,x
Therefore applying Lagrange's MVT we get,
S)=S(0)+f"°(0x),0<0<1
or, log(1+ x)=logl+*1+x

or, log(1+x)=+x . (1)

Since, 0<0<1
or, 0< Ox<x
or, 1<1+0x <1+x
or, 1> 1
10x 1+x
or, x7 +0x (2)
1+ X
Combining (1) and (2) we get, x > log(1+ x)>
1+x (Proved)
2.8. Using Mean Value Theorem prove that x <
sin x<-
,0<x<l.
[WBUT2013

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Answer: MATHEMATICSIA &B

Let f(x)= sin" x
Now
Now f(x) Is
continuous in
1 agrange's
Lagrange's MVT is the
MV7 [0,x] and
interval [0,x] we differentiable in (0,x)
0<x<<l. So by
get, fx)-S(0)= f(Ox),
or, s i n x -
«f"(0x), 0<0<l
0 <0<l
1-(x) .(1)
Since 0<6<1, 0x<x
i.e.(0x) <
i.e.1-(0x >1-x
1.e.

v1-(0x 1-
X
i.e.-
vI-x ..(2)
Again, since
0<1-(0x) <1
X
<

1-(0x)* 3)
Combining equations (2) and (3) we
get,

I-(0x V-
or, x< sinx < [using equation (1)]
-
2.9 Is Rolle's Theorem applicable
the to
function
S(r)=(x-P)
the
(x-4), xe[p,q] where m,n are positive
integers? If so, find
constant c of Rolle's
Theorem, where c has its usual meaning.
OR, WBUT 2014]
Verify Rolle's theorem for the function
are integers. f(x)=(x-ar-b)
in
a, b where m,n
Answer: WBUT 2018]
We know
polynomial is continuous as well as differentiable.
every
Therefore, () S(x) (x-p"(x-q" pSxsqg
=

Continuous. m, n one positive integer, is

(ii) f'x)
exists in p<x <q (x-p)(x-4m(x-qg)+m{x- p)
=

and
(ii) Sp)= f(g) =0
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So all the conditions of Rolle's theorem are satisfied.
Now ording to Rolle's
3 a point 'c', p <c <q, such that theore
f'c) =0
or, (c-p)(c-q)""m(c-q)+{c-p)=0
or, m(c-q)+ mMc-p) = 0
or, c=g +np
m+n

for
2.10. Verify Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem at-1,1] WBUT 2014
s(x)= xsinr*0
=0, * =0
Answer:

S()= f0+h-fO i hsin-0

- = sin
f'O)= h h->0 h h->0

Since this limiting value does not exist finitely. So f(x) is not differentiable and x=0
Hence, Lagrange's MVT can't be applicable for the function f(x) in the interval [-Ll

2.11. Using M.V.T. prove that 1+ 21+x<vi+x<l+2 WBUT 2015

Answer:
Let f(x)=vx+1, so f(x) is continuous as well as differentiatiable in [0, x].Now
applying Lagrange's MVT in [0, x we obtain
s()=s{0)+f"(0x). 0<6<1
or, x+1 1+-
2 1+0x
1
or, 1 =v+ (1)
1+Ox
Again, we know
0<0<1
or, 0<0x <kx
or, 1<1+0x<l+x
or, 1<1+Ox <vl+x
1
or, 1>-
I+0x 1+x

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MATHEMATICSIA &B

or 2 1+0x 2/1+x
aK1l'2Jlt 2/1+x . . (2)

Theretore, from (1) and (2) we get,

1++>1+ 21+x
ie.
i.C 1+ 21+x
-<+x<l4 (Proved)
12. Expand the function sinx in power of x in infinite series.
WBUT 2016)
Answer:

Let fw)=sin x, which possesses derivatives of every order for all real values of x.

nT
Now, ()-sin+ and
0)-sin
For n=0,1,2,3,.f(0)=0; f(0)=1; f"(0)=0; f" (0) =-1;
(0)=0; s"(0)=1;..
The Lagrange's form of remainder after n terms is
h
R ho)-sin+h®
n! 2

|sinmsIv
We know that lim|-

lim R, =
0for all real values of h.
n
Thus, the condition of Maclaurin's infinite series is satisfied and we have,

sinx-f(-s(0)+(0) )0)"(0)+

2.13. Find the value tan x-X

of lim [MODEL QUESTION]
x0X-Sin x
Answer:
lim an xx
X->0 x Form
-

sin x
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sec x-1
= lim-
x0 - c o s x
Form
2 sec x tan x
lim-
x+0 sin x
Fom
2sec' x +4sec x tan" =2
lim-
X0
COs x

2.14. Findthe value of limx.Form 0j MODEL QUESTIOM

r0

Answer:
Letu =x
logu = logxlogu =xlogx > logu1/T
logx
1/
Again, we know that log limu= 0lim(ogu)

= lim log
x-0 1/x Form
=0
lim- 1/
-1/2-limr=0
x0

Therefore, log limu-0

r-0
limu=e"
X0

limx* =1
0

2.15. If lim- X TUSn be finite, find the value of a and its limit.
x+0

[MODELQUESTION
Answer:
:.sin
lim- 2x +asinx
x0 rom
= lim-
2cos 2x+acosx
.(1)
3x2
Now, since denominator 3x>0 asr>0, then in order that the limit of (1) will*
finite as x>0, it is necessary that the numerator should also >0. Thus, fro
numerator, we get
2+a =0 a = - 2 . (2)

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0
will be of the | Form and hence, applying L'Hospital's rule, we get

4sin 2x +2sin x Form

lim- 6r

0
-8cos 2x +2cosr
6
-8+2-1
6

16. Show that the minimum value of 4e +9e2* is 12. [MODEL QUESTION]
Answer:

Let f()=4e +9e*; f"(x)=8¢2* -18e

Now, f()=0>8e" -18e =0
4

e [Since, exponential function is > 0]

36e* > 00
f=16e" +
Hence, the given function has a minimum value and the minimum value is

49x12
2.17. Show that f(x)= x -6x + 24x+4 has no extreme values.
[MODEL QUESTION]
Answer:

f()=3x-12x+24
)=0»3x*-12x+24 =0
r-4x+8= 0
x=2+2i
Ince, the equation f'(x)= 0 has no real root. So, f(x) has neither a maximum nor a
minimum.

LongAnswer Type Questions

Sing mean value theorem prove that <tan'x<x, 0<x<

1+x
[WBUT 20081

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Answer:
tan r<r, 0<r<
Tan x is continuous and differentiable for all
real values ofx.
Consider the interval 0 sxSr/2.
Lagrange's Mean Value theorem can be writen as,
s)=s(0)+f(0x),0 <0<1
tanx=tan"0+x
1 for 0<0<1

or, tanx=x , for 0<0<1

R.H.S=x when & =0 and = when6=1

1+x

tanx <x

3.2. Find the values of a and b such that

1lim 1+acos)-bsin6
0->0
WBUT 20
Answer:
Now, lim-+acos6)-bsin0
0-0
Form

lim (1+acos)-absin0-bcos (1
6-+0 36
Now, since denominator 360 as 0->0, then in order that the limit of (1) wil
finite as 6>0, it is necessary that the numerator should also >0. Thus, tro
numerator, we get
1+a-b=0 (2)
So, (1) will be of the Form and hence, applying L'Hospital's rule, we get

-asin-a(sin 6+Ocos0) +bsin0

m 66

(-2a+b sin- aGcos9

E lim
6->0 60 Fom 0

lim
(-2a+b)cos-a(cos-0sin 0)
6->0 6

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MATHEMATICS I A&B
(-2a+b)-a-3a+b
6 (3)
Therefore, from the
given problem and from
(3), we get
3a+=1
6
-3a+b=6

(4)
Solving(2) and (4), we get a=-b=-

3.3.
3.3 Verify Rolle's theorem
for the function f(x)=
Answer:
la.-Isxsl. WBUT 2009, 2012]3
Rolle's Theorem:
Ifa functionj detined on [a, b] is - ) continuous on
Gi)f(a)6) then there exists [a, b], (ii) derivable on [a, b] and
,
at least one real number c
between a and b (a<c<b )
such thatf(¢)=0.
The given function f(x) =
flx)=-x, when -1 <xs0
=X, when 0<xsl
Here, (1) f(x) is continuous in -1sxs1

Now, Lf(0) = lim

X>0-
f)-f0)= lim 0- -1
lim
Rf0)= I0+ f(x)-10)- lim- X0+
=1
: 4f0) * Rf(O)
So,f'(x) does not exist at x =0 which lies between (-1, 1)
Rolle's theorem fails.

3.4. Using mean value theorem prove that 0 s -log

X
WBUT 2012]
OR,
Use Mean-value theorem to prove the inequality 0 «-log .
WBUT 2018]
Answer:
Let fx)= e
Thenfrom the MVT f(x)= f(0) +xf'(Ex)where 0 <0<1.
We have e=e +xe*f'x)=¬"|
=I+xe or, e -1 =xe or, e =
X

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0<log 1{0<0<i]
(b-a
3.5. Prove that (b-a)tan'b-tan a (1+a
(if 0 <a<b)71+)
Hence
showthat+ tan WBUT 20
Answer:
Let f(x) = tan"x.
[a,b] we get,
Now applying Lagrange's MVT in the interval
0<0<kl
S6)-f(a)(b -a)f'(a+(b-a)O),
=

or, tan b-tana I+(a+(b-J .(1)

b-a
b-a i.e.a <a
+(b-a)0 <b
Since 0<0<1 i.e.0<(b-a)9<
i.e.1+a <1+(a+(b-a)0) <1+b
1 (2)
1+a(1+a+(b-a)0) 1+
Now from eqns (1) and (2) we get,

tan b-tan a
1+a2 b-a 1+b
i.e. < tanb-tana .(3) (Proved)
1+a
4
Now Subs: a=1, b=eqn. (3) we get,
3

-
<tan-tan"0) * +0F

or 25

or, <tan Proved)

3.6. Using mean value theorem provethat 0< < 1 for all x>0.
log(l+x) x WBUT20

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Answer:

Let sr)=log(1+x)

Sa f(x) is differentiable for all r>-1

by Lagrange's MVT we get, (in the interval 0, x)
Naw

ra)-s0)="(0x). 0 <0<11

or, log(l++x)= 1+ 0<e<1 ... (1)

Now, 0<0<1

or, 0<6x < r

or, 1<l+0x<l+r

of 1+

o log1+x)<r
or,

or, 0log(1+x x .

3.7. a) Find the maximum and the minimum values of the following function:
WBUT 2018]
s()=*-9x+24x-12
Answer:

Here, :)=x-9»+24x-12;S()=3x/ -18x+24.

Now, f(x)=0 3 -18x +24 =0
(x-2)x-4) =0 x=2,4
Therefore, the stationary points are x = 2,4.
Again, f"(x)=6x-18
s"(2)=6.2-18=-6<0
Hence, the given function has maximum value at x=2 and the maximum value is
2)=2-9.2 +24.2-12=8>0
Again, S"(x)=6x-18
S"(4)=6.4-18=6> 0
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Hence, the given function has minimum value at x=4 and the minim.
minimum valh
f4) =4-9.4 +24.4 -12 =4
b) In
Cauchy's Mean-Value Theorem, if f(x)=e and g(«)=e
, show
show that 0
independent of both x and h and is equal to
WB 201%
Answer:
Here, fx)= e", g(x)=e"
Both the functions are continuous and differentiable [x,x + h].
Moreover, &'(x) is not equal to zero in (x,x+h].
Hence, Cauchy's MVT applicable for f(x) and 8(x)on
is [x,X +h].
Therefore. +h)-S()_f(x+6h o<#<1.
g(x +h)-g(x) g'(x+0h)
eth -e* et+Oh

-e(r+0h) U<6<1
-r+h)-e

eh

1-e e Oh

- eh =-2e
20h =h 0-
So, is
independent of both and h and is
x
equal to

3.8.a) Expand a* in a finite series with

Answer: Lagrange's form of remainder. [WBUT 2
Let f(x) =a". Therefore,
f" (x) =a" (log, a)".
Hence, f(0) =1, f"(0) (log, a. =

Thus, we see that f(x) and its every order derivatives are continuous for all x.
B y Maclaurin's theorem,
r
Sx)=f(0) +xf'(0) +S0)+"0)+
2! 3!

. t
(n-1)! (0) +R,
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where R, =f"(0x), 0<0<1l

[Lagrange's form of remainder]

or, a =1+xlog, a+ log,a) t.+R,,

where R, (log.a), 0<0<1

n!

b) Using
L' Hospital rule find the value of lim
0
. WBUT 2018]

Answer:

Letu=

sin x
logu =log

log=log
(sinx
X X

sin x
logu =-
Again, we know that log|limu= lim(logu)
x0

log
sin x
= lim- Form
x cOsx-Sin x
sinx
= lim-
X0 1
X Cos xSin x
= lim- Form
X0
,xsinx
cos x - x sin x - coS x

= lim-
X cos X + Sin x

= lim- -XSinx Form

x-0 x CoS x + sin x

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-Sin x - x cos x 0
= lim
0 2 cosx- xsin x ==0
2

Therefore, log|x0
lim u=0
limu=e
x-0

lim
r0

tan x
3.9. Find the value r
(MODEL QUESTION
tantan 3x
3x
Answer:
lima n
tan 3 Fom
limcosx
Fom
x3/cos3x
=lim COs 3x
himcosx
cos' x
2.3cos 3x sin 3x
Form

x 2cosx sinx

cos 3x
=liml3X
sinx
2
lim
CoSx
2
Pm
imSin ax l-1
r S1nx 3

3.10. Find the value of lim MODEL QUESTION

x0 sin x
Answer:

im
x0x sin x Form-o
=
= lim
limsinx-
x0**sin x Fom9
2sin x cosx- 2x
= lim-
02xsin x+ 2x'sinx cosx
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= lim- sin2x-2x
0 2.xsin' x +x* sin 2x Form
lim- 2 cos 2.x-2
x0 2sin x+ 4xsin 2x +2x* cos 2x FormE|
= lim- -4 sin 2x
x0 6sin 2x +8x cos 2.x + 4xcos 2x Form
-4.x' sin 2x
= lim- -8 cos 2x -8 1
x0
24 cos 2x 24xsin 2x +8xsin 2x-8x*
-

cos 2x 24 3

3.11. Find the value of lim(1+sinx) Form 1" [MODEL QUESTION]

Answer:

Letu=(1+sin x)t
Cotr
logu =

log(1+sin x) logu cotxlog(1+ sin x) =

logu =log(1+sin
tan x
x)
Again, we know that log limu= lim(logu)
0 x0

lim-+sinx)
tan x Form
coS X

= lim+Sinr =lim Cosx 1

x0 sec" x
01+ sin x
Therefore, log| limu|=1
limu =e
cotx
lim(1+sin x)=e
1
3.12. Find the value of lim (1+x)*.| Form [MODEL QUESTION]
x
Answer:

Letu=(1+x)F
logu =log(1+x)
logu=log (1+x) X

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logu Og(l+x)

Again, we know that loglimu = lim(logu)

lim-
log(1+x) Form
X

= lim-
+
0X

Therefore, log| lim u=0

lim u =e
X
1
lim (1+*) =1|

3.13. Find the value of lim(1+x). |Form 1 [MODEL QUESTION

Answer:
Letu = (1+x

logu =log(1+x)
logu=log(1+x) x

log(l+x)
logu=
Again, we know that log limu= lim(logu)

limlog(1+)
= lim- Form
x

im
x01+x

Therefore, log|x0
limu=1
limu =e

lim(1+x)* =e

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3.14. Find
3.14. Find extr
xtreme values for f(x) = sinx+cosx. [MODEL QUESTION]
Answer:

f(x)= Sinx+cosx
fx) cos r-sin x
=

fa)=-Sinx-cosr
Now, for stationary points
f(x)= 0 c o s x- sin x = 0

tan x =l5x= nT+; ne Z

4

--sin n++cos n+

Case 1: For n=0 or, even integer; f"| nr + is negative and hence, f(x) has

maximum at x =
nt +and max. value is v2.
Case 2: For n=odd integer; f"| is positive and hence, fx) has minimum at

x=nr+ and min. valueis -v2.

3.15. Find extreme values for f(x) sin 2x-20sin x+26x.

=
[MODEL QUESTION]
Answer:
f(x)= sin 2x - 20sin x +26x

f'x)=2cos 2x-20cosx + 26
f"x)=4sin 2x +20sinx
Now, for stationary points f'(x) = 0
2cos 2x-20cosx+ 26 0
2(2cosx-1)-20cosx+26 0
cos* x -5cosx +6=0
(cosx-3)(cosx-2) = 0
cosx = 3, 2
0, it has no possible solution and hence, f(x) has neither a maximum nor a minimum.

MC-49