Modern History ofChina

due to his belief that except

12 1920

for
weapons
wheChirnecasse , whatCina
1Ka, F r

the West in every other sphere,

uan'eA uth
Ue Sell Strengtlhennp Mvement Niraj Kr Songh
in the
was wide ranging changes
2 1 De
tm
Zuo Zongtang, Ia Horngzhang. Feng Guifen etc
and political structure. ur GuolaIn,
particularly excelled during the suppression of the

It was withthe help of these

socio- had
Thcy a ,
TaipinL od other peasant movements. Neverthe less. Prince
/ Beijing also played a vital role in coordinating
LI
provincial
others that the task of re-establishing
a
Gong activities

was accomplished andthe programme of

the lecentaderrsal and variouS

Zongli
a especially through the establishment of the
yaman, Interpreters' College etc.

carried on successfully. Their material

armies they commanded.
civil officials who had, in due Course of
manage military affairs as well. Their
was based on the belief that the
they

preservation
scontineluancef-tSimtree,ngthe
Nevertheless, strength \ay 'n
were main
lineat
social order and the conception of the state of the po
peace and stability in China. Although the alone eX0St
aders couweldre sbpiN
by personal antipathy particularly between leZeng
Zuo Zongtang, their aims and interests were
Guofan
they wanted the rebellions suppressed and ensure
of the old political, economic and social régime. itdheentiScuarvliva
ZIQIANG AND FUQIANG
the
China's defeat in the Opium War II in succession
demonstratedthe frail nature of her military might. After
peacetreaties, therefore, considerablethought was given
military strengthening. Western powers were also willing
cooperate with China in founding armament and other
industries Therefore, the provincial leaders made full
to use
provincial leaders
his opportunity. The individual role of emphasised in
establishing armament industries has been thought that
earlier section. The chinese officials
strengthening China militarily would help her in two ways.
bay; and secondly. the
nne. it would keep foreigners at effectively used against
weapons manufactured could be
internal rebellions.

The temporarily appointed

Foreign technicians were to beindustries.
Self-Strengthening Movement had two of They were to
at the time of the establishmenttechnicians. It was with this
aspects- Ziqiang or
Self-Strengthening
characterised by the development of armament
which was importam subsequently train the Chinese
appointed Halliday
Fugiang, which consisted, in the main, of industry, ad policy in mind that Li Hongzhang
ammunition at Songjiong
communication, mines and textile industry.development in Macartney for the manufacture of
Suzhou. Following this,
movement was also known The whole which was later transferred to
as Guofan, at Nanjing
'Foreign Matters Movement', whichYangwu Movement' or arsenals were set-up at Liangnan by Zeng
Zongtang, at Tianjin by
on the part of the meant an overall attemp by Li Hongzhang,at Fuzhou by Zuo
China, to transformgovernment at
China into a economic development of Zhong Lou and so on. At the
same time, many smaller
effectively ofwithstand the challepges powerful which was obviated
state that could arsenals were opened up in provinces,
objectives posed by the West. The by recurrent rebellions. They
were set up in Xian, Yunan,
with the help this programme were
provincial leaderssought
etc.
of to be
achieved
of repute like Shandong, Guanghzou, Fujian, Sichuan, Hubei
Zeng