pS CHAPTER 17 PUNCTUATION AND THE USE OF CAPITALS Slanted LSE gh habe pt ge Ge CUE peed rt oS 28'Punctuation ww ome S Sy oe th pore ee Bot ow BT Bole Fn FG ey eas £ A0%- 9 Punctuation - Ze Tod ose! ce 29S gh Ladle eyed ge GP OL Um some oF ed leat Le 5 Punctuation = 98.5 wpe AL O99? 5 go gue Oe ee ge ligt ya gal ge Gey dl Bl ie Se aie = fw BaRs Alte gS eb dayton ge Lily (1) “The patient,” said the Doctor, “has gone mad.” (2) The patient said,/“The Doctor has gone mad.” @) “The patient said,” The Doctor, “*has gone mad.” i Fee A SI eds SOF ae ut SI Bi ew ont os rap ST sp dite pies £ Of a nts S Punctuation” ge Se Sliiyine SUS BIS ig elle be ERENT US Suh ee te 6 a eto 9 tot 8 ped I. THE MARKS OF PUNCTUATION - * The Chief marks of Punctuation are the following : -1, ‘Full Stop (2) 2. Comma Cy = 3. Semi-Colon G3). 4, Colon * () 5, Question Mark (2) 6. Exclamation Marks (1) 7. Dash . (-) 8. Apostrophe C) 9. Quotation Marks (“—") 10. Hyphén (4) L. THe FULL. STOP ¢.) dues dorSe SBS gat yal eg UT ANB ally Ud ee ee LS wg ; +g Bos 285286 lel ay ‘o-wil (1) Do your duty. ’ ole LIT Ulaacad ge cde Ney Kul dye Sled Fad a Gee (21 ba aS ge Slanted alee Jb day Surf gh ile WS tthe al ~() MAL (Master of Arts) (i) AG. Butt (Abdul Ghafoor Butt) (iil) Sept. (September) (iv) MLA. (Member of Legislative Assembly) Sle IT pattas cal Ss chm 66] 31 Nyy 6 Lead we S103) Fee a tile UE ied lee Yun oT (t) Doctor (Dr) (ii) Mister (Mr) ‘{lil) Mistress (Mrs) (iv) Hour ‘ (hr) (») Ditto (do) (vt) Limited (Ltd) (il) Number (No) (viii) Street or Saint - (St) ) lly eal ce com ya! og UT sel uly Use ce cm Op Sybe OLS wy wg N90 Mental 5 yp Ke aS wesley wee Of oF tle T pat Beam YE iF Ie. co yng Sl 3 (f) Thave a chair, a table, a sofa and a bed (Nouns). (i) I went there, met.him, gave him his book and returned. r (Verbs) (il) He is sober; kind, intelligent and hardworking. (Adjectives) ” ‘(b) He worked faithfully, willingly, cleverly and industriously, (Adverbs / nace (1) Socrates, the Greek philosopher, was poitoned. (i) Linquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, was killed in Rawalpindi. ee “h287 BUI ee (3) AH ge Dh pays Soaind poets 9 Ushe SE 5 Bye dlatal Conimaa 95 96 2yrale U7 oS : Rich and poor, high and low; young and old, all came out to see their leader. sa LU Lol FBS woh EF ble Suk vor tore GT Comma (i) Aslam, come here. (i) 0 God, show us the right path. — » (iii) Come here, Sajid, at once. 4d Comma cf Ube BF le bys Fie bi Be Sl oF (5) = bye ge Ole LF Slaatal qd) To err is human ; to forgive is divine. Z + To err is human ; to forgive, divine. (2) Men must go and women must-wait. Men must go, women must wait. Comma a 2 OL BT Ne ee dle FAS erie O ; tow OF @ August 18, 1956. (i) June-23, 1966. “however ‘of course ‘all the same ‘well ‘therefore ‘indeed (7) a3! ume Any LL esis alee 331 LU Loe on the whole *No ‘Yes ‘at last : He ~ dey (i) Well, 1 knew it. (i) The result, on the whole, is not i bad. “au This book, for example, gives a good summery" of ‘the ‘question. (iv) The girl in.the blue dress, on the ‘other hand, dances very well. \(») This point, ladies and gentleman, is very important. A LB Ns Ah On ge LEIS (8) He said to us, "Life is not a bed of roses,” ey BE at tS Se 0 Shae i A # ge Tle We ce Comma shy SAT SI oo ole Ji TF Of oye288 (/) Life is short, time is fleeting. (ii) I went to see him, but he was not at home. = DE BS Me ce ae? 5! 95° Noun Clauses (10) yen Ido not know why you do this, how you can do this. aod whem you can do this. 4, dh Bly Sls um levied £ because, when, If (11) + used whys & 8) Comma 9 Os* Slastal pee | (a). Khe comes, I will go. When he comes, I go. Because he has come, I will go. (b) 1 will go if he comes. 1 go when he comes. I will go because he has come. us, le cy (wel ao Principal Clause »5 Adjective Clause (12) Store papd Cy aae S38) Comma oy - 94 bd) sd oe ({) 1 saw a man who was blind. (No Comma). (if) The boys who work hard pass. (No Comma). (it) Many men, who have lived in poverty and have suffered terrible: hardships it in their youth, have often acquired greatness. (Use of Comma), ey 3. THE SEMI-COLON (5) eyed =e LS 24 Colon ya! ge Hig bee) 153 ce Comma ally va axial Cagae ope agit pol eta = qe Uh eplhe Ui be Bla Sil ot ope BU i od vaste = yale perme oS crate SF SM aay Egle MS gpg Wig + qe Vig Slanted 5) Opp Ke Fae gq WS ye Slated eS abs Ul Cand then ‘and OleS w (1) (i) He'came and he saw and then he conquered. “4 He came ; he saw ; he conquered. (ii) He looked at it, and then he stated and then he jumped. He looked at it ; he hesitated ; he jumped.289 ‘accordingly * otherwise ‘ ineed * moreover * clauses 2° <-> (2) + 3 ms ‘ en f+ une)5 ents thowever * hence ¢ therefore ‘also * consequently es oe an go Slated QUES 02 95 alle os @ They did not fight for the cause unitedly ; otherwise they would have succeeded. : (#) He recommended your application ; therefore I shall give you this job. F {lily He did aot work - consequently he failed. + AE Dh vse porte 2 sd Sil ge pam gol £ et (3) Hf you go there ;if you meet him; if you win his favour, you race afc sure to succeed. | EA ce BS dual comma ler ure wer pot! La (4) : 3 coat gh ght 5 35> pee (@) Be was a brave, young man ; and we respect him, (#) Cannons were left of them, cannons were right of them, ¢annons were in front of them ; but they were not afraid of death, aioe ) wrens Vs 265 SN ag OF als Fy oS co alte iy Started cal JF F035 ox SemiColon y3) yh 6F co Gite i ally oT ae 2 a ge eS The Colon means : “The words which follow immediately wif give ‘+ a full explanation of what has just been stated.” + LAT MY ee TS - atl Apel wake cin eT AE ot Facet sae ans shat Soe oT oy sib oT Coe (1) @ The three important liberties are: Liberty of Speech, liberty of thought, liberty of action, (il) He behaved very badly : he Shrieked, made hideous faces, and threw bis pudding on the floor.4 a RREREEEEEEEREEEEee ease ee aoa ~ (if) Please remember to bring me four articles: a comb, a razor, 2 toothbrush and a coke of soap. (iv) The three fountains of learning are: sceing much, svffer- | ing much, studying much. : beret She LS gut oF diy ‘Quotation’ GS (2) (i) Shakespeare says: Nothing is good or bad, thinkivg makes it so. Ye LS laste! Ke LS on89 (50, then, but) Conjunction dls - (3) | Reo he 90 Wag Bat olf ae O58 29 ce ule a th (J) 1 refused the offer because 1 do 207 wish to go there. Se = ge UR by YY colon Fs because oe 2 payee {refused the offer : } do pot wish in go there. (it) Speech is silver but silence is gold. + ge Wer le US) Coton oF Ue but ow cl Speech is silver : silence is gold. —o-— 5. THE QUESTION MARK (7) tel be AWE see So ae ane ge FF Alb cle seel Ole : : Bia go ye Martel i only Korat “(i) How old are you ? (i) What is your pame ? (fl) Do you take exercise dcily ? 2 Syed Ularinl QUES a les Cobain ay Shas = any LL veel ghy? wba (1) (1) Will you please hand me the book. ; qi) Would you mind lending me a band. : i SAS eal op cage ls die laeat jm gh op Indirect @e (2) Ree SIP oe pli Egy edlge ce Bld L 3 y oid 1 was. a eS ee on whetbes be might have a holiday today.291 6 G lantal one O98 OT OLS vy Bge # ue lee ee Ule ur Jl % ) Sees ee + Sle yp bl & at * n glpbl eye (1 What a lovely bird! : chee th na Alas 1] am ruined. “) ie oo Hurrah 1 We have won, 3 ws. O, King | Pardon me. = AE BF Mey 33} oe lbs (4) —o— + apres Saas Sill ow 28 (1) @) I wish I could come earlier—but who could forestall fate ? (ii) Tf only Ibad not done this—but why cry over spilt milk ? Bly bo BY Dash vais yar Sb oyiss I BUM Ny 355 e253 (2) = There shall come a time—a blessed time—when Kashmir will -become a part of Pakistan, ‘ rt + Go Bah Slentel Dash sb Oghss Sng ce whe (3) He is greedy—that is hereditary—and he will suffer for that, © Colon wz cb ut + AL BTW ce 44 oF ogih veal @ i : ot Ble wei ‘ (§) Rich and poor, high and low, old and young—all fought for freedom, i 1 (i) Perfect weather, lots of good’ food, and a company of - congenial People—everything conspired to make it a delightful picnic. ake 8. crak ) : PE BS MBL S gee GF (1) ~ @) This is Khalid’s cap, : W) Sajid’e pen was stolen by his brother.DOO 3 LS akin (letter) Sym of $65 ce Ulyee (2) (i) Do vot—Don’t. {ify Cannot—Can’t, i—Vi. T've. (iv) Fw i at slock—7 o'clock. (ed) Hovourable—Hon'ble. i ~ BE Be eo Sam ja! Ogusia (3): {l) Dot your i's and cross your Us. (il) Your'u’s and n's aro not wriften properly, ql) Add three 5's and six 9°s. ipa » TpsOuOemancieNnaatis Direct Narration! gad} £19 ab oF GUN bol SC dhy Sot (1) Z Shea = ope Ho said, “Please, go out and oalt him.” ae wet her 38 ualyse oot Sarl = oye te 2H Ss Up ST ol gal ae Dee TSK Ms Asi (a) He said, “E am going to D. G. Khan,’ = dee OH Bn FS vl 3h 96 oe ty SSE Ms oi (by “{ am going to D. G. Khan,” said ino. de ee se AT Sort gal oe one tess FEW ls si () j ‘ = ure dan dF yal ge “My dear friend,’* said he, “1 am going to Dera Ghazi Khan,’”” “6 Si Comma yet yet Foley’ 95 tle 90 JS ot uw em de ST Sts » Bye Full stop dn) S said he 34) + _ “You are a good boy,” said he. “I will help you.” Soy 25) ow Commas fll 3F Ste Ls hye BEF ya Gam (2) “Macbeth” is Shakespeare's finest tragedy. Single uw S33 gt Sle T Quotation ssil S Quotation S103) t giee Oy SF Slastal Commas7 a 293 7: “J heard him say, “Forgive me’. * continued the speaker, “was always teady I eoaquered’’ z ( Be told me, i “Tulius Caesar,’ to boast, ‘I came 5 saw; —o—. 0, THB/HYPHEN (~) tT et (i) Father-in-law. @ Step-mother. (it) Commander-in-chief, (iv) Passer-by. 2npa3s Si 4% Syllables ust gyi LH oie £ 5 S Ke 42) AE BI Mere (/) Bright-en. {ii) Write-ten.” a Beauti-ful. Se SIS FD AK yl eT yes 6 gis doe B08 J eas go bey BRP ody alr Furl Olpe tale Uh ss ce oles 35 Ah In the morning I saw a beauti- ful girl. hey? oF Sle WD cae BW G67 246 eT ze gu 39) 09h oe ee FF (3) RLF Be US 43,6 Hyphen uw Ww Twentyeone (i) Sixty-seven. —— : srg 1. THE USE-OF CAeUTAL LETTERS » ap Bom dlantal 59 Oop Ke ad ways. dm 2 Fes = Bign Ub im Nyy Boyd ey Jo pier 7 (DB (8 Do your duty, (i) Have faith in God. Shes = ge ga 18) : 9 I dom Ney & phe, Poet Life is real ; life is earnest ; a gs ae Death is not its goal ; + Dust thou art, to dust returneth ; Was not spoken of the soul. ah sm lee L Proper Adjective 33! Proper ace ne ay ieee, (#) Shamim. (iit) an th) Pakistan. we anawe ce SEU foal pl (Ap 2B Us cde Beg Boe oh “tl a iful, © God Thou art Merci a Oye dharat 114 aq” nterjection ya! ¢P" Pronoun Ger (5): “ went there. ¢hiy Oe king, forgive me. 0 B50 Vp ci Wy Ho wae born on Friday, the 2 Byo Vy chy ey © GA) tej EL Direct Speech (7) He snid, “Life is short.” = Bayne city pal ly lazer (8). 3 L, Osta 31 38> (6) of April, £952. Dr, Ajmal, M.A. = Lop ab de dee Tanta ogling (ado hel * ot (9) (i) The Pakistan Times. (if) Model Test Papers.. OS gh BF yolk oF GLLI ST Movth, South, West, Bast (10) ott a ae hy He looked towards the south, OO 2h Gam ter sige man SSE UG at he ce, OF TL Fare E csile He lived in the West since his chitdhood. ou SOLVED BRAMI" Punetuate the following : Passage 1 One evening asthe sun was setting & well’ watched bis owu shadow growing longer and long: animal am to be: afraid of « lion whom they call th Solutlon Ono evening, as the sun was setti shadow, growing longer and longex. be afraid of a lion whom they call # acwolf watched his own a great animal Iam to g of beasts I" 2 ie Passage 2 took here said the boy who was & who are you why do you hold me in to you no said the.-man you hava - ling violently to escape: manner ive done nothing ning to me my boy buk295 youve done a great deal to other folk i happen to live opposite to the house of which you broke the window this morning and i saw you slip a firework yesterday into mrs qureshis letter box Solution , “Look here,” said the boy ‘who was struggling violently to escape, Who are you? Why do you hold me in this manner? I've done nothing to you." “No,"” said the man, “you have done nothing to me, my boy ; but you've done a great deal to other folk. J happen to live opposite to the house ‘of which you broke the window this morning and I saw you slip a fire work yesterday into Mrs. Qureshi’s letter box.” : —o— Passage 3 imet a stranger and said to'himiama merchant from distant parts on my journey last night i met thieves who stripped me of my Purse and ali that i had and now i must see my only friend in the town an officer in the kings palace he will be glad i .know to lead what i.ask take me there please andi shall’ pay you handsomely for your kindness tell me your name and where youlive the stranger swiled anc said dont worry my friend let us go the stranger was the king himself Solution Imet a stranger and said to him, “I am a- merchant from distant parts, On my journey, last night, I met thieves who stripped. me of my purse and all. that | had ; and:now1 must see-my only friend in the town, an officer in the king's palace. -He will be glad, Lknow, to lend me what fask. Take me there, please ; and I shall pay you handsomely for your kindness. Tell me your dame, friend 5 and where you live.” The stranger smiled and said, “Don’t worry ; - Jet us go.” The stranger was the king himself. . % —o— ‘ EXERCISES IN PUNCTUATION . Punctuate the following ; . |, two frogs went into a cool dairy and bya sad chance fell into a large basin of fresh milk one frog ‘was always cheerful and had good hopes of the future even in painful circumstances the other Jost hope when he fell into the milk and gave up all attempts to save his ilife so be soon perished but the cheerful frog swam * about bravely till in the eariy morning the dairy maid care and .Tescued him. CHAPTER XIv - SPELLING 312A knowledge of spelling, as of correct piinstuation, the essontials of correct composition. Noting offeids an ex of illiteracy. English Spelling no doubt presents serious diffisul Indian students, who, y reading cheap novels and azinea, contract the evil habit of using’ those words which sre frequently misspelt.” diffioulties can be mastered if students set about, in right earnests, the tauk of grasping the correct spelling. A distinguished writer. has sug, | ited that the following points should be noted carefully by the: student. Betey want to learn the correct spelling: — (1) Always keep a dictionary at hand to consult it’ whenever. you : re doubtful about the Spelling of s partioular word, . (2) Try to make a list of those words which are frequently misspelt, - and practise constantly, : (3) Commit to memory the’main rules of spelling and apply thom whenever you aro in search of a Spelling. - (4) Note carefully the formation of words, (5) Be careful about the Pronunciation of ‘words. Careless Ppronun- , ciation leads to careless spelling : thus if one says “magnificient” instead . of “magnificent,” one is apt to write it in that form. ‘ (8) Mark the spelling of the printed word while reading. This habit will lead you to correct spelling. 313, These points will be of great help in finding out whether a word is rightly or wrongly spelt.. By practising them, correct spelling will naturally come to you. But considerable Practice is needed for the acquiroment of correct Spelling. A suoledis of come of the important’ rules of spelling will not be unnecessary. The following are some of the important rules :— i e Rule 1. All monosyllables ending in J, with a single vowel before it, have U at the close ; as mill, ell, tell, Rule 2. All monosyllables ending in |, with double vowel before. it, have one J only at the close ; as tail, sail, fail, mail - Rule 3. _Monoayllahles ending in 1, when compounded, retain ono ! Seek em Ju abil, wilt, 7 able, ending in’ 1, have ile 4. All worda of more than one ayllable, en: he only" at tho close; as faithful, delightful Reoort compound words js. befell, recall, unwell, : Jonly ; as le'5. Ail derivatives from words ending in, have one? only ; i equatii trea sal fn from full. Except whol thay ond in o or ly es, kill, killer ; full, fully, .SPELLING 178 ici in ing from verbs ending in ¢, lose the Role 6. a 1 Partie oo ing. Except when they come from Anal wt; Gouble e, and then they retain both ; as, ae, ccing ; agree, 4 ogresing. . we. a }, All adverbs ending in ly and nouns ending in ment, retain the a See iniies ; a8, brave, bravely ; confine, cofinemant, Rule 8. All derivatives from words ending iner, retain the ¢ before the r ; 88, confer, conference. Except hindrance from hinder ; remembrance from remember ; disastrous from disaster ; monstrous from monster ; ,huntress, ambassadress, : Rule 9. All compound words, if both end not in J, retain their’ primi- tive parts entire; as, hailstone, changeable, graceless. Except ahead l, always, also, and deplorable, Rule 10. All monozyllables ending in @ consonant with a single vowel before it, double that consonant in derivatives ; as sin, sinner ; ship, ahipp- ing ; trim, trimmer, Rule 11. All monosyllables ending’in a consonant with a double vowel before it, do not double the consonant in derivatives ; elecp, sleepy ; troup, trooper. 2 i . Rule J2. All words of more than one syllable ending in 9° consonant, and accented on the last syllable, double that consonant in derivatives ; as, commit, cotnmittee ; repel, repelled, a : -314. Words Commonly Mis-spelt. Abandon accossible address against abl eccident eddressee agape abbreviate accidentally adequate agency abduct acclamation adequacy ‘aggravate ‘abeyance accommodate adhere ‘aggregate abbor secompany adherent aggression abhorrent accompaniment adjourn : aggrieved accomplice admirable agitator accomplish agony ‘accord si agree accordance adopt (adapt) agresable accredited edulterate —* ‘egreement aocrue advantageous agriculture accumulate adventure ‘aide-de-camp eccurate ‘adventurous alecbol accused adversary alert accuse advise alien accusation advisable alienate ‘accustomed serial ge achieve advertisement allegory acknowledge eerio (or sery) alliance oquaint seronaut alliteration ‘acquaintance lane allot acquiesce ‘ecethotic allowance acquire affectionste allude acquisition afilinte allusion soquit : affirmation almighty across affix aloud actually affiict almost actuality ‘affluence falc acute waaitional rack ee