-- CELLULAR RESPIRATION --

- mitochondira break down food to produce ATP

- 3 stages
> glycolisis (anaerobic; no oxygen required)
> citric acid cycle (aerobic)
> electron transport chain (aerobic)

glycolisis
- glucose (6-carbon compound) broken down into
2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3-carbon compound)
- uses a carrier (like NADP+) called nicotinamide
adenine di-nucleotide (NAD+) which becomes NADH
with electrons
- PGAL is formed
> the PGAL formed in photosynthesis can enter
the glycolisis pathway and lead to the
formation of ATP
!! SUMMARRY !!
glycolisis forms PGAL and pyruvic acid. pyruvic acid
is sent to the mitochondria wherein it gives off 1
molecule of CO2 and combines with coenzyme A to form
acetyl-CoA. this reaction produces a molecule of NADH
and H+

citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)

- 1 ATP and 2 CO2 produced for every cycle
- acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetic acid = citric acid
- CO2 reduces product, so NADH and H+ is created
- another CO2 released reducing to 4-carbon compound,
1 ATP and NADH produced
- molecules are rearranged and oxaloacetic acid is made

!! SUMMARY !!
1 acetyl-CoA is broken down to from ATP and CO2.
electron carriers NAD+ and FAD (flavin adenine
dinucleotide) carry energized electrons and take them
to the electron transport chain in the inner
mitochondrial membrane

` the electron transport chain in the mitochondrion is

similar to the thylakoid membrane
> NADH and FADH2 carry energized electrons to the top
etc.
> at the bottom of the chain is oxygen, which reacts with
4H+ to make 2 molecules of H2O
> produces 36 ATP

why is oxygen so important?

` without oxygen proteins cannot pass along electrons, if proteins
cannot pass along electrons, it cannot accept another electron;
the chain becomes blocked and ATP production stops

-- FERMENTATION (anaerobic)--
- occurs when cells are without oxygen for a short period of time.
follows after glycolysis

-- LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

- replaces NAD+
- 2 molecules of pyruvic acid in glycolysis use NADH to make
 lactic acid
- releases NAD+ to be used in glycolysis
- lactic acid is transferred from muscle cells to the liver that
converts it to pyruvic acid after strenuous exercise
> results to muscle fatigue

-- ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
- used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce CO2 and ethyl
alcohol

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION

- both produce ATP
- use electron carriers & a cycle to form ATP
- create H+ gradient

DIFFERENCES
- photosynthesis uses high energy carbohydrates & O2
- cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down carbohydrates