-- PHOTOSYNTHESIS ; 6CO2 + 6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2

adenosine triphosphate
- adenosine molecule with 3 phosphate groups
attached

adenosine diphosphate
- two phosphate groups are bonded

` when the bonds are broken in the atps/adps

energy is released

` energy is released when atp is broken down

to atp

` atp can be formed again when adp bonds with

another phosphate group, this creates the
renewable cycle of the ATP formation

` atp is bonded onto a specific site in a protein,

adp is released from the binding site to make atp

` Photosynthesis is so that the plant can make

simple sugars to convert into complex
carbohydrates (starch) to store energy for the
plant to use when there is no sunlight

` light dependent reactions convert light energy

to chemical energy (ATP produced here); ATP
is then used to fuel light independent
reactions

Thylakoid membranes
- membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts
and cyanobacteria
- site of the light-dependent reactions of
photosynthesis.

Photosystems
- pigments arranged within thylakoid membranes

-- LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS --

- sunlight > chlorophyll > electrons
(energy is transferred)
- energized electrons are passed from chlorophyll to
an electron transport chain (a series of proteins
in the thylakoid membrane)

!!SUMMARY!!

energy from the sun is absorbed by the chlorophyll

which is in turn transferred to the electrons (taken
from the chlorophyll). then they are energized and sent
down the electron transport chain. as it goes down it
provides energy for the breaking down of H2O and some
energy is lost. lost energy is used to make ATP from ADP
 or used to pump hydrogen into the the thylakoid disc.
after the first transport chain, electrons are re-energized
and sent to the second transport chain. so that energy isnt
wasted, electrons are sent to the stroma. to do this, it requires
a carrier molecule, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+).
NADP+ combines with hydrogen and 2 excited electrons and becomes NADPH.
NADPH does NOT consume energy, it's only there to store energy to
transfer. since electrons are lost, water is split in the first
photosystem (photolysis). this produces 1/2 molecule of oxygen and
2 electrons and 2 hydrogen ions. the oxygen is released in the air we
breathe, electrons are returned to the chlorophyll, the hydrogen
provides energy for ATP production

how does hydrogen provide energy?

- H+ is pumped into thylakoid > concentration becomes high > forms
a gradient > causes hydrogen to diffuse out and provide energy
(chemiosmosis)

-- LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS --

- aka Calvin cycle
- uses CO2 to form sugars
- takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast
- takes carbon from CO2 + RuBP = sugars

!! SUMMARY !!

one molecule of CO2 and RuBP is added together which forms

a six-carbon sugar (carbon fixation), then it is broken down
to 2 three-carbon sugars called PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde).
after 3 rounds, 6 PGALs are produced in which 5 rearrange to make
3 molecules of RuBP and one is used to make sugars, complex
carbohydrates, organic compounds etc