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1 Thermodynamics
Fundamental
Concepts Dr. S.K. Fasogbon & Dr. Temilola Olugasa
University of Ibadan
Course Content
• Chapter 1: Fundamental Concepts- Introduction,
systems, boundaries, Processes, Forms of Energy.
• Chapter 2: Properties of Pure Substances-
Definition, phase change, property diagrams and
Tables, Gas Law.
• Chapter 3: First Law of Thermodynamics Energy
Analysis of closed and Open Systems
• Chapter 4: Second Law of Thermodynamics-
Heat Engines, Heat pumps and Refrigerators,
Entropy
TME 213– THERMODYNAMICS
University of Ibadan
What is Thermodynamics?
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TME 213– THERMODYNAMICS
University of Ibadan
Importance of Thermodynamics
Energy forms the backbone of all
technological and engineering developments.
It powers all aspects of the economy
especially manufacturing, transportation and
communication sectors.
Without energy, most productive activities will
cease and the economy will come to a
standstill.
Importance of Thermodynamics
• Hence, it has always been the primary concern
of engineers and technologists to identify and
harness all existing sources of energy and find
means of transforming or converting these
energy sources into usable forms.
• It is therefore important for all engineering
students to study and understand the
scientific principles involved in energy
transformation, that is, thermodynamics
TME 213– THERMODYNAMICS
University of Ibadan
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University of Ibadan
Type of system
(isolated system)
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TME 213– THERMODYNAMICS
University of Ibadan
Type of system
(Closed system)
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TME 213– THERMODYNAMICS
University of Ibadan
Type of system
(Open system)
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TME 213– THERMODYNAMICS
University of Ibadan
Properties of a system
Properties of a system is a measurable characteristic of a system that is
in equilibrium.
Properties may be intensive or extensive.
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TME 213– THERMODYNAMICS
University of Ibadan
Properties of a system
Specific properties – The ratio of any extensive property of a system to that
of the mass of the system is called an average specific value of that property
(also known as intensives property)
Thermodynamic equilibrium -
system that maintains thermal,
mechanical, phase and chemical
equilibriums.
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TME 213– THERMODYNAMICS
University of Ibadan
THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
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University of Ibadan
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TME 213– THERMODYNAMICS
University of Ibadan
Reversibility
• Reversibility occurs when a fluid undergoes a
reversible process, both the fluid and the
surrounding can always be restored to their
original states.
• A reversible process between two states can
be drawn as a line on any diagram of
properties
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TME 213– THERMODYNAMICS
University of Ibadan
Forms of Energy
• Energy can exist in numerous forms: Thermal,
Mechanical, kinetic, potential, electric,
magnetic, chemical and Nuclear.
• Energy can be transferred to or from a closed
system (a fixed mass) in two distinct forms:
heat and work.
• For control volumes, energy can also be
transferred by mass flow in addition to Heat
and Work
HEAT
• Heat is the form of energy transferred
between two systems (or a system and its
surroundings) by virtue of a temperature
difference. The surrounding could be a heat
source (reservoir) or a sink (that which
extracts heat).
• Heat is transferred by three mechanisms:
conduction, convection, and radiation.
Specific Heat
Importance of Thermodynamics
• It can be described mathematically as the
• ..It is given the symbol Cv
• In the constant pressure process, some of the
heat added to a closed system may be used to
do work, as well as to increase the internal
energy. It can be described mathematically as
the partial derivative of enthalpy with respect
to temperature . It is given the symbol
Cp
TME 213– THERMODYNAMICS
University of Ibadan
WORK
• Work is defined as the product of force F and
the distance l through which it moves in the
direction of the force. Work is something
which appears at the boundary when a system
changes its state due to the movement of a
part of the boundary under the action of a
force. It is the particular form of energy
transfer associated with closed systems
WORK
• work is the energy transfer associated with a
force acting through a distance. A rising
piston, a rotating shaft, and an electric wire
crossing the system boundaries are all
associated with work interactions.
WORK
Work
• Electrical Work
• Mechanical Work- Spring Work
-Shaft work
- Surface Tension Work
Sign Convention
• The generally accepted formal sign convention for
heat and work interactions is as follows:
• heat transfer to a system and work done by a system
are positive;
• heat transfer from a system and work done on a
system are negative.
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TME 213– THERMODYNAMICS