STATISTIKA LINGKUNGAN- TL2102

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
AND GRAPHS
MINDRIANY SYAFILA
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING STUDY PROGRAM
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
PREVIEW

2
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
are used to describe the basic features of the data in a
study

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
the method to reach conclusions that extend beyond
the immediate data alone.

3
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA
A representative or average value that indicates
Center
where the middle of the data set is located
A measure of the amount that the values vary
Variation
among themselves
Distribution The nature or shape of the distribution of data
(such as bell-shaped, uniform, or skewed)
. Outliers Sample values that lie very far away from the
vast majority of other sample values
Time Changing characteristics of the data over time

4
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

5
 Constructing Frequency Distributions (1)
THE REASONS GUIDELINES
◉ Large data sets 1. Be sure that the classes are mutually
can be exclusive.
summarized. 2. Include all classes, even if the frequency is
◉ The nature of zero.
data can be 3. Try to use the same width for all classes.
analyzed 4. Select convenient numbers for class limits.
◉ As a basis for 5. Use between 5 and 20 classes.
constructing 6. The sum of the class frequencies must equal
important graphs. the number of original data values.

6
 Constructing Frequency Distributions (2)

Determine
the class Put each
Choose width using Choose the Proceed individual
the max. and Calculate the
minimum to list the data value
number of min. value upper class
data value other lower limits. in the
classes divided by class limits. appropriate
the number class.
of classes

7
 FREQUENCY TABLE
lists classes (or categories) of values and frequencies (or counts) of the number of values in each class
Class
are the numbers used to
boundaries Class Frequency Midpoint
separate classes, but
without the gaps created
474.5 475 - 504 57 489.5 midpoints of
>504 - 533
by class limits
503.5 64 518.5 the classes
532.5 >533 - 562 55 547.5
561.5 >562 - 591 51 576.5
590.5 >591 - 620 43 605.5
619.5 >620 - 649 18 634.5 UPPER CLASS
648.5 >649 - 678 12 663.5
677.5 >678 - 707 6 692.5
LIMITS
LOWER CLASS LIMITS 706.5 >707 - 736 4 721.5 are the largest
are the smallest numbers numbers that can
that can actually belong to actually belong to
CLASS WIDTH
different classes different classes
is the difference between two consecutive lower
class limits or two consecutive class boundaries

8
 RELATIVE AND CUMULATIVE
FREQUENCY TABLE
Class Frequency Relative freq. Class Cumulative freq.
475 - 504 57 18.39% Less than 504 57
>504 - 533 64 20.65% Less than 533 121
>533 - 562 55 17.74% Less than 562 176
>562 - 591 51 16.45% Less than 591 227
>591 - 620 43 13.87% Less than 620 270
>620 - 649 18 5.81% Less than 649 288
>649 - 678 12 3.87% Less than 678 300
>678 - 707 6 1.94% Less than 707 306
>707 - 736 4 1.29% Less than 736 310

Represented in histograms, Represented in bar Represented in ogive

frequency polygons, pareto charts charts, pie charts

9
STATISTICAL GRAPHS

10
 WHAT IS A GRAPH?
is a visual representation of a relationship between, but
not restricted to, two variables:
x-axis (horizontal)  INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
TYPES OF GRAPHS: y-axis (vertical)  DEPENDENT VARIABLES
• Histograms
• Frequency Polygon
• Ogive A GOOD GRAPH
clearly shows any accurately shows
• Pareto Charts trends or differences the facts
• Stem-and-leaf plot in the data
• Bar Graphs/Charts attracts the
is simple and
• Pie charts attention
uncluttered
• Dot plots
• Scatterplots has a title demonstrates
• Line graphs and labels arguments presented
• Pictographs in the text

11
 HISTOGRAM
Class Frequency
• is a bar graph which shows 475 - 504 57
frequency distribution; 504 - 533 64
• is used to summarize 533 - 562 55

discrete or continuous
562 - 591 51 EXAM GRADE OF
data;
591 - 620 43
CANDIDATE
STUDENTS
620 - 649 18
• provides a visual 649 - 678 12
interpretation of numerical 678 - 707 6

data; 707 - 736 4

• a bar graph in which the

horizontal scale represents
classes and the vertical
scale represents
GRADE
frequencies

12
 FREQUENCY POLYGON
• is a graph formed by joining the midpoints of histogram column tops;
• is used only when depicting data from the continuous variables shown on a histogram;
• is a graph formed by joining the midpoints of histogram column tops;
• smoothes out the abrupt changes that may appear in a histogram;
• is useful for demonstrating continuity of the variable being studied.

Class Frequency Midpoint EXAM GRADE OF

475 - 504 57 489.5 CANDIDATE
504 - 533 64 518.5 STUDENTS
533 - 562 55 547.5
562 - 591 51 576.5
591 - 620 43 605.5
620 - 649 18 634.5
649 - 678 12 663.5
678 - 707 6 692.5
707 - 736 4 721.5 GRADE

13
 OGIVE
a line graph that depicts cumulative frequencies

Class Midpoint Cumulative freq.

475 - 504 489.5 57
EXAM GRADE OF
504 - 533 518.5 121
533 - 562 547.5 176 CANDIDATE
562 - 591 576.5 227 STUDENTS
591 - 620 605.5 270
620 - 649 634.5 288
649 - 678 663.5 300
678 - 707 692.5 306
707 - 736 721.5 310

GRADE

14
 PARETO CHART
a bar graph with the bars arranged in descending order according to frequencies

EXAM GRADE OF
Class Frequency CANDIDATE
475 - 504 57 STUDENTS
504 - 533 64
533 - 562 55
562 - 591 51
591 - 620 43
620 - 649 18
649 - 678 12
678 - 707 6
707 - 736 4

GRADE

15
 STEM-AND-LEAF PLOT
Represents quantitative data by separating each
value into two parts: the stem (such as the leftmost
digit) and the leaf (such as the rightmost digit)

590 654 493 649 594 579 567 478 619 722
511 615 521 577 482 571 547 549 715 579
584 549 606 491 577 517 620 486 590 611
647 630 500 593 553 579 531 480 543 629
537 593 652 565 483 598 486 727 589 589
662 686 705 694 729 685 674

16
 BAR GRAPHS/CHARTS
EXAM GRADE • present data in a
visual form so that
the reader may
STUDENTS ENROLLED readily recognize
patterns or trends.
• usually
present categorical
and numeric variabl
es grouped in class
intervals.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

A B C

17
 PIE CHARTS
• is a circle divided into a series of segments;
• usually show the component parts of a whole;
• is a circular graph that shows the relative contribution that different categories
contribute to an overall total.

DISTRIBUTION OF CANDIDATE
STUDENTS EXAM GRADE
Sumber: KLHK, 2017
18
 SCATTERPLOTS (1)
• is widely used to present measurements of two or more related variables;
• the data points are plotted but not joined.

various patterns and relationships:

• data correlation
• positive or direct relationships between variables
• negative or inverse relationships between variables
• scattered data points
• non-linear patterns
• spread of data
• outliers.

19
 SCATTERPLOTS (2)

data correlation positive or direct negative or inverse scattered

relationships between relationships between data points
variables variables
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/power-pouvoir/ch9/scatter-nuages/5214827-eng.htm
20
 SCATTERPLOTS (3)

spread of data outliers

non-linear patterns

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/power-pouvoir/ch9/scatter-nuages/5214827-eng.htm

21
 LINE GRAPHS
• show specific values of data well;
• reveal trends and relationships between data;
• compare trends in different groups of a variable

22
 PICTOGRAPHS (1)
• uses picture symbols to convey the meaning of statistical information;

DISTRIBUTION OF
LECTURERS AGE

23
 PICTOGRAPHS (2)
• should be used carefully because the graphs may, either accidentally or deliberately,
misrepresent the data.

24
https://conjointly.com/kb/descriptive-statistics/, accessed July 10th, 2020
Mario F. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Addison Wesley, Longman, 8th edition, 2001
Mario F. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Addison Wesley, Longman, 10th edition, 2007
Mario F. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Addison Wesley, Longman, 11th edition, 2010
Mario F. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Addison Wesley, Longman, 12th edition, 2014
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/descriptive-statistics/frequency-distribution-table/,
accessed July 10th, 2020
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/power-pouvoir/ch9/using-utilisation/5214829-eng.htm, accessed July 10th,
2020
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/power-pouvoir/ch9/bargraph-diagrammeabarres/5214818-eng.htm, accessed
July 10th, 2020
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/excel/study/histogram/, accessed July 10th, 2020

THANK YOU
25
https://www.sparknotes.com/math/algebra1/graphingdata/section2/, accessed July 10th, 2020
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/power-pouvoir/ch9/histo/5214822-eng.htm, accessed July 10th,
2020
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/power-pouvoir/ch9/pie-secteurs/5214826-eng.htm, accessed July
10th, 2020
https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ld/all-resources/numerical-data/pie-charts , accessed July 10th, 2020
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/power-pouvoir/ch9/picto-figuratifs/5214825-eng.htm , accessed July
10th, 2020
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/power-pouvoir/ch9/scatter-nuages/5214827-eng.htm , accessed July
10th, 2020
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/power-pouvoir/ch9/line-lineaire/5214824-eng.htm , accessed July
10th, 2020

THANK YOU
26