FORMULAS

1. RD= Mass of any vol of substance / Mass of equal vol of FW (considering vol of 1m3)
RD = Density of Substance / Density of FW
Since density of FW is 1tm-3 RD is numerically = to density (if density is in tm-3)

2. Mass of SW = Vol of SW x Density of SW

3. Pressure = Depth x Density Pressure is Load per Unit Area

tm-2 = m x tm-3 1 tm-2 = 9.81 kNm-2

4. Thrust = Pressure x Area Area = Length x Breadth

5. The volume of water displaced is the underwater volume of the ship.

Buoyancy or displacement is the upward thrust experienced by the ship.
When the ship is floating freely, its displacement (or buoyancy) equals to its weight.
The weight of the ship is therefore referred to as displacement.

W = vol of water displaced x density of water displaced.

W = under water vol of ship x density of water displaced
Density in tm-2, volume in m3, displacement in tons

6. Waterplane Coefficient ( Cw ) is the ratio of the area of the water-plane to the area of a
rectangle having the same length and maximum breadth.

Cw = Area of Waterplane / L x B Area of waterplane = L x B x Cw

7. Block Coefficient ( Cb ) at any draft is the ratio of the underwater volume of the ship
at that draft to rectangular box having the same extreme dimensions.

Cb = underwater volume / L x B x d underwater volume = L x B x d x Cb

Cb of tank = vol of tank / L x B x D volume of tank = L x B x D x Cb

8. Reserve Buoyancy (RB) is the vol of the enclosed spaces above the waterline. It may
be expressed as a volume in m3 or as a percentage of the total volume of the ship.

RB = total volume – u/w volume RB% = above water vol / total vol x 100

9. Tonnes Per Centimeter (TPC) is the number of tonnes required to cause the ship to
sink or rise by one centimeter. In SI units TPC is indicated as tcm-1.

TPC = (A/100) x density of water displaced.

TPCSW = (A/100) x 1.025, TPCFW = (A/100) x 1.000, TPCDW = (A/100) x DW RD

10. FWA = W/40TPC W is in ton, TPC in cm and FWA in cm

11. Change of Draft = (Change of RD / 0.025) x FWA