Seamanship 2 Trim, Stability and Stress 1: The Maritime Academy of Asia and The Pacific

SEAMANSHIP 2
TRIM, STABILITY AND STRESS

1
THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

1.0 DISPLACEMENT

CO: Calculate ship stability in compliance with the
IMO intact stability criteria under all conditions of
loading
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
LO1.1: Calculate the weight of cargo to be loaded or
discharged to attain a required change of draught in
compliance with the IMO intact stability criteria

The Laws of Flotation
 Archimedes Principle states that when a

body is wholly or partially immersed in a
liquid, it experiences an upthrust
(apparent loss of weight termed - buoyancy
force (Bf) ), equal to the mass of liquid
displaced.

Archimedes Principle

Video Watch
How taking a bath led to Archimedes principle - Mark Salata.mp4

DENSITY, MASS AND VOLUME
The density of any given substance is its mass per
unit volume.
density = mass / volume
volume = mass / density
mass = volume x density
For ship stability purposes, the units commonly used
are: mass : metric tons (mt)
volume : cubic meters (m³)
density : tons per cubic meter (t/m³)
Example problem:
1. A rectangular ballast tank is 12m long, 8m wide,
and has a depth of 4m. Calculate the mass of sea water
ballast, density 1.025 t/m³, that can be loaded into the
tank.
4m
12m
8m
Solution:

= (length x width x depth) density
= (12m x 8m x 4m) 1.025 t/m³
= 393.6 tons

Example problem:
2. The same ship has another tank with the same
dimensions. 300 tons of oil (density 0.84 t/m³) is loaded
into it. Calculate the sounding (level) of oil in the tank.
4m
12m
8m
Solution:

300 = (length x width x sounding) density
300 = (12m x 8m x sounding) 0.84 t/m³
sounding = 300 tons
(12m x 8m x 0.84 t/m³)
= 3.720 m

Relative Density (RD) – a ratio of the density of the
substance in question of that of Fresh Water.
Fresh Water Density = 1.000 t/m³
In Sample Problem no. 2 the density of oil is 0.84 t/m³.
The RD of oil is 0.84. in other words,
the density of the oil is 0.84 times that of fresh water.
Density of water in which a ship typically floats:
A ship is presumed to always float in water that
lies in the following density range:

Salt water density = 1.025 t/m³ or 1025 kg/m³
Fresh water density = 1.000 t/m³ or 1000 kg/m³
Brackish water or dock water = ex. 1.015 t/m³
Brackish water or dock water is water that has

more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as
seawater.
It may result from mixing of seawater with fresh
water.
Fresh Water(FW): density 1.000 t/m³ (RD 1.000)
W L

Salt water (SW): density 1.025 t/m³ (RD 1.025)
W L

Water that lies between these two extremes is termed
Dock Water or Brackish Water: ex. 1.018 t/m³

HYDROMETER
A hydrometer is an instrument used
for measuring the relative density of
liquids based on the concept of
buoyancy. They are typically
calibrated and graduated with
one or more scales such as
specific gravity.

How to use a hydrometer?
Fill your hydrometer jar about ¾ with the liquid
you wish to test. Insert the hydrometer slowly. Do
not drop it in! Now give it a spin with your thumb
and index finger, this will dislodge any bubbles
that may have formed. Once the hydrometer
comes to a rest, observe the plane of the liquid
surface. Your eye must be horizontal to this plane.
The point at which this line cuts the hydrometer
scale is your reading.
Hydrometer?

Law of Flotation – states that every floating body
displaces its own mass of the liquid in which it floats.

THE LAWS OF FLOTATION
Considering a block of steel measuring 2 m x 2 m x 2 m
that has a density of 7.84 t/m³
If the block were to be suspended by ship’s crane that

has a very accurate gauge, what mass would register on
the gauge if the block were suspended over the ship’s
side in air?

The block is suspended in air!
Since: Mass = Volume x Density
Mass of the block = (2m x 2m x 2m) x 7.84 t/m³
Mass of the block = 62.72 t

The crane operator now lowers the block so that it
becomes half submerged in the dock water that has a
density of 1.020 t/m³.
 What mass will the gauge be indicate?

the block is now displacing a volume of water
where:
Volume of water displaced = (2 m x 2 m x 1m) = 4 m³
Therefore:
Mass of water displaced = Volume x Density of DW
= 4 m³ x 1.020 t/m³
= 4.08 t which represents the
upthrust due to buoyancy force (Bf) created by the
displaced water

 Buoyancy force (Bf) created by the displaced water.
Mass of block = 62.72 t
Upthrust due to Bf = 4.08 t ( - )
Ans. Gauge reading = 58.64 t

 What mass will the gauge indicate if the crane
operator now lowers the block so that it is completely
submerged in the dock water?

the block is now displacing a volume of water where:
volume of water displaced = (2 m x 2 m x 2 m) = 8 m³
Mass of water displaced = Volume x Density of DW
= 8 m³ x 1.020 t/m³
= 8.16 t which represents the
upthrust of the buoyancy force (Bf) created by the
displaced water

Therefore:
Mass of block = 62.72 t
Upthrust due to Bf = 8.16 t (-)
Gauge reading = 54.56 t
Law of flotation – This states that every floating body

displaces it’s own mass of the liquid in which it floats.

A vessel’s displacement may be given as a volume or a
weight. The units are:
Volume displacement (m³) = V
Weight displacement (tons) = Δ
Δ is the water-mass displaced when a vessel is afloat.
The weight is given in tons (Δ), and is equal to

the weight of light ship (L/S) plus (+) eventual
cargo, bunkers, stores, ballast, etc.(DWT)
Definition of terms
• Light displacement (lightship, lightweight)
- weight of ship upon launching
- Is the mass of an empty ship i.e. without any cargo, fuel,
lubricating oil, ballast water, fresh and feed water in
tanks, consumable stores, passengers, crew and their
effects
• Load displacement
- Is the total mass of the ship when she is floating in salt
water with her summer loadline at the water surface
32
• Deadweight (DWT)
- Is the total mass of cargo, fuel, freshwater, etc., that a
ship can carry, when she is floating in salt water with
her summer loadline at the water surface.
(DWT) = load displacement - lightship

33
Sample problem:
1. A vessel with a Δ of 48000 tons is loaded with 16800
tons of cargo, and 4300 tons of bunker. Stores are
calculated to 250 tons. What is the weight of L/S?
Solution:
Δ = L/S + DWT
48000 t = L/S + ( 16800 t + 4300 t + 250 t )
L/S = 48000 t – 21350 t
L/S = 26,650 t

Remember:
The volume of displacement is the underwater volume
of a ship afloat, the volume under the waterline.
To calculate the weight displacement (Δ) of a ship, the

following need to be known.
 The volume of displacement (V)
The density of water in which it floats (ρ)
The block coefficient (Cb) (applicable for ship shape vessel)

Since, Mass = Volume x Density
the displacement of a ship is calculated by:
 for ship-shaped vessel

displacement = Volume of displacement x Cb x ρ
Δ = (L x B x Draft x Cb) x ρ
 for box-shaped vessel
displacement = Volume of displacement x ρ
Δ = (L x B x Draft) x ρ

Ship-shape vessel

Box-shape vessel

SIMPLE BOX SHAPED VESSEL CALCULATIONS
DISPLACEMENT = VOLUME OF DISPLACEMENT x DENSITY
VOLUME OF DISPLACEMENT = ( Length x Breadth x Draught )
Δ=Vxρ
Δ = (L x B x d) x ρ
Example
Calculate the displacement of a box-shaped vessel that
has a length 80 m, breadth 16 m and floats at a draught
of 4.2 m in salt water.

Solution:
Displacement = ( L x B x d ) x ρ
= (80 m x 16 m x 4.2 m) x 1.025 t/m³
= 5510.4 t
Consider what happens if it is towed into water of lesser
density, say 1.006 t/m³
 What will be the draught of the box-shaped vessel be
now if it is floating in water density 1.006 t/m³?

Solution:
Displacement = (L x B x d) x ρ
5510.4 t = (80 m x 16 m x d) x 1.006 t/m³
5510.4 t = 1287.68 d
d = 5510.4
1287.68 note: increase in draft 4.279 m
d = 4.279 m 4.200 m –
0.079 m
(7.9 cms or 79 mm)
Summary / Conclusion:
 If a ship moves into water of lesser density, the
draught will increase
 If a ship moves into water of greater density, the
draught will decrease

Draught - is the distance from the keel to the waterline
(WL), as measured at the forward and aft ends of the
ship. It is expressed in meters. If the draughts forward
and aft are the same the ship is said to be on an even keel
Mean draft = forward draft + aft draft / 2
Load draft- summer draft
Length between perpendicular (LBP) – is the horizontal
distance from FP to AP
Forward perpendicular (FP)- is the line perpendicular to
the constructed waterline and the stem

After perpendicular (AP)- line perpendicular to
the constructed waterline and the rudder post
Freeboard- vertical distance from the waterline to
the deck line; the distance between the waterline
(WL) and the top of the uppermost continuous
deck. It is usually expressed in millimeters and is
measured in amidships
Hull Depth = Draught + Freeboard
Reserve buoyancy – This is the volume of the
enclosed spaces above the waterline.
Length between perpendiculars
(often abbreviated as p/p, p.p.,pp, LPP, LBP or
Length BPP) is the length of a ship along the
waterline from the forward surface of the stem,
or main bow perpendicular member, to the after
surface of the sternpost, or main stern
perpendicular member. When there is no
sternpost, the centerline axis of the rudder stock
is used as the aft end of the length between
perpendiculars.
DRAUGHT READING
Why do we take drafts and how to take ship’s draft?
We take a draft of the ship:
1. To find the displacement of the ship at any time.
2. To calculate the cargo loaded or discharged.
3. To adjust the loading and other consumables on
board in such a fashion so as to arrive at a particular
draft in a depth restricted port.

DRAUGHT READING

BLOCK COEFFICIENT (Cb)
- The block coefficient (Cb) is the ratio of the underwater
volume of a ship to the volume of the circumscribing block.

BLOCK COEFFICIENT (Cb) FORMULA:
Cb = volume of displacement
volume of the block
Cb = volume of displacement
(L x B x draft)
Volume of displacement = (L x B x draft) Cb

Since the ship’s volume of displacement is less than the
volume of displacement of the surrounding block, the value
of Cb must always be less than 1.00
Sample problem:
A ship floats at a draught of 3.20 m and has a waterline
length and breadth of 46.3 m and 15.5 m respectively.
Calculate the block coefficient (Cb) if its volume of
displacement is 1800 m³.
.
Solution:
Volume of Displacement = (L x B x d) x Cb
Cb = Volume of Displacement
L x B x draft
Cb = 1800m³ / 46.3m x 15.5m x 3.20m = 0.784

Example 2:
A ship has a length 200 m and breadth 18 m at the
waterline. If the ship floats at an even keel draught
of 7.56 m in water RD 1.012 and the block coefficient
is 0.824. Calculate the weight displacement.

Solution:
Volume of Displacement = (L x B x draughts x Cb)
Weight Displacement = (L x B x d x Cb) x ρ
= (200 x 18 x 7.56 x 0.824) x 1.012
= 22695.1 tons

Example 3:
A ship 64m long, 10m maximum beam, has
a light draft of 1.5m and a load draft of 4m. The
block coefficient is 0.600 at the light draft and
0.750 at the load draft. Find the deadweight.

Solution:
Light displacement = (L x B x d x Cb) x ρ
= (64 x 10 x 1.5 x 0.600) x 1.025
= 590.4 tons
Load displacement = (L x B x d x Cb) x ρ
= (64 x 10 x 4 x 0.750) x 1.025
= 1968 tons
deadweight = load displacement – light displacement
= 1968 tons – 590.4 tons
= 1377.6 tons
COEFFICIENT OF FINENESS OF THE WATER-PLANE AREA (Cw)
- It is the ratio of the area of the water-plane to the area of
a rectangle having the same length and breadth.

WATER-PLANE AREA (WPA)
The area of the water plane at which the ship floats

COEFFICIENT OF FINENESS (Cw) FORMULA:
Cw = Area of Water-Plane
Area of a Rectangle
= Area of Water-Plane
LxB
Area of Water-Plane = L x B x Cw
Note: since the ship’s WPA is less in area than
the rectangle formed around it, the value of Cw must
always be less than 1.00.
Water-Plane Area (WPA) m²

Example 1:
A ship has a waterline length and breadth of 60.0m

And 12.4m respectively. If the coefficient of fineness of
the water-plane area (Cw) is 0.792, Calculate the WPA.
Cw = WPA
LxB
0.792 = WPA
60 x 12.4
WPA = 0.792 x 60 x 12.4 = 589.2 m²
Example 2:
MV MAAP 128m long has a maximum beam of 20
meters at the waterline, and coefficient of fineness of
0.85. Calculate the TPC at this Draft.
Area of Water plane = L x B x Cw
= 128 x 20 x 0.85
= 2176 m²
TPC = WPA x ρ = 2176 x 1.025 = 22.304 tons

100 100
MIDSHIP COEFFICIENT (Cm)
Midship coefficient is defined as the ratio of the
maximum sectional area of the hull divided by the
rectangular area formed by the waterline beam and
draft.
BWL
Am Draught

MIDSHIP COEFFICIENT (Cm) FORMULA:
Cm = Under water transverse Midship Section (Am)

Area of Rectangle
Cm = Am
BWL x Draught
Midship Area (Am) = Cm x BWL x Draught
Note: Similarly, the value of Cm must always be less

than 1.00
EXAMPLE 1:
A ship floats at a draught of 4.40m and has a
waterline breadth of 12.70m. Calculate the
underwater transverse area of the midship section if
Cm is 0.922.
Cm = Am
Breadth x Draught
0.922 = Am
12.70 x 4.40
Am = 0.922 x 12.70 x 4.40 = 51.521 m²
EXAMPLE 2:
A ship floats at a draught of 5.24m and has a
breadth amidships at the waterline of 14.36m .
Calculate the midship coefficient (Cm) if the
underwater transverse area of the midship section is
68.6 m².
Cm = Am
B x Draught
Cm = 68.6 m²
14.36m x 5.24m
Cm = 0.912
LONGITUDINAL PRISMATIC COEFFICIENT (Cp)
The longitudinal prismatic coefficient (CP) of a
ship at any draught is the ratio of the underwater
volume of the ship to the volume of the prism formed
by the product of the transverse area of the midships
section and the waterline length.

LONGITUDINAL PRISMATIC COEFFICIENT (Cp) FORMULA
Cp = Volume of Displacement of ship

Volume of Prism
Cp = Volume of Displacement of ship

Water line Length x Area of Midship section (Am)

Example 1:
A ship has the following details;
Draught = 3.63m
Waterline Length = 48.38m
Waterline Breadth = 9.42m
Cm = 0.946
Cp = 0.778
Calculate the Volume of displacement
and the Weight displacement if the ship is floating in
sea water.
Cm = Am
BWL x Draught
Am = Cm x BWL x Draught
= 0.946 x 9.42m x 3.63m
Am = 32.35 m²
Δ=Vxρ
Cp = V = 1217.6 m³ x 1.025 t/m³
LWL x Am Δ = 1248.04 tons
VΔ = Cp x LWL x Am
VΔ = 0.778 x 48.38m x 32.35 m² = 1217.6 m³
Ship’s Stability nomenclature
TRANSVERSE

K = Keel
M = Meta Center
KM = Height Of Meta Center
G = Center Of Gravity
KG = Ht Of Center Of Gravity
GM = Metacentric Height
B = Center Of Buoyancy
KB = Ht Of Center Of Buoyancy
BM = Metacentric Radius
LONGITUDINAL

SIMPSON’S RULES FOR CALCULATING AREAS UNDER
CURVES
Simpson’s Rules provide a simple means of
calculating areas under curves without
having to resort to integration techniques,
which can be somewhat confusing for the
non-mathematician.

Simpson's 1st rule
Also known as the 1-4-1 rule

• Simpson’s first rule
a, b, and c are known
as ordinates, having
lengths expressed in
meters
a b c
h h

The spacing between each of the ordinates must be
the same, with h being the distance between the
ordinates, known as the common interval, expressed in
meters
To calculate the area of the shape:

AREA = ⅓ x h x (1a + 4b+ 1c)
Where the numbers 1, 4, 1 are known as Simpson’s
multiplier

How to compute for the common interval of a
water plane?
h = l
(n-1)
Where l is the length while the n is the number of

ordinates.

Example 1.
A section of steel plate to be used in the
construction of a ship’s deck has dimensions
as shown. Calculate the area of the plate.

5.4m 4.3m 1.9m
6.3m 6.3m
Area = 1/3 x h x (1a + 4b + 1c)

Area = 1/3 x 6.3 x (1 x 5.4 + 4 x 4.3 + 1 x 1.9)
Area = 2.1 x ( 5.4 + 17.2 + 1.9)
Area = 51.45 m²
A tabular approach makes the calculation much easier as
follows
Area = 1/3 x h x ( 1a + 4b + 1c)
Using table, first calculate what is in the brackets
Ordinate SM Area Area = 1/3 x h x Sum

5.4 1 5.4 = 1/3 x 6.3 x 24.5
4.3 4 17.2
= 51.45 m²
1.9 1 1.9
sum = 24.5
• Extension of the first rule
• Consider the shape of a ship’s half water plane area
shown.

• The area has five ordinates. One way of calculating
the whole area would be to divide it up into two. Use
Simpson’s first rule to calculate both areas 1 and 2
separately and then sum them up to work out the
total!
• Area 1 Area 2

Example 2
A ship’s water plane area has half-ordinates from aft to
forward as follows 0.6m , 1.5m, 1.6m, 1.4m, and 0.0
m. if the half-ordinates are equally spaced at 4.2m apart
calculate:
A. the total water plane area
B. the TPC if the ship is floating in salt water (RD 1.025)

Calculate the area of the half water plane
ORDINATE SM AREA
AREA = 1/3 x h x Sum
0.6 1 0.6
= 1/3 x 4.2 x 15.4
1.5 4 6.0
= 21.56 m²
1.6 2 3.2
1.4 4 5.6
Total WPA = 2 x 21.56
0.0 1 0.0
= 43.12 m²
SUM = 15.4

B. TPC = WPA x ρ TPC = 43.12 x 1.025
100 100
TPC = 0.442

• Simpson’s first rule can be used whenever there are an
odd number of ordinates; hence it is often referred to
as the odd ordinate rule
• Thus:
With 3 ordinates the Simpson’s multiplier are: 141
With 9 ordinates the Simpson’s multiplier are:
142424241 and so on
Simpson's 2nd rule
Also known as the 1-3-3-1 rule, Simpson's second rule
is a simplified version of Simpson's 3/8 rule.

Consider the shape shown:
a b c d
h h h

Formula:
AREA = 3/8 x h x (1a + 3b + 3c + 1d)
The Simpson’s multipliers are 1, 3, 3, 1
Simpson’s rule # 2:
To find areas when the number of ordinates is such that if

one be subtracted from the number of ordinates the
remainder is divisible by 3.
Area=3h/8 (1a+3b+3c+2d+3e+3f+1g)
Example 3:
A section of steel plate to be used in the

construction of a ship’s deck has dimensions as
follows 1.8m , 3.4m, 4.4m, 4.9m, if the half-
ordinates are equally spaced at 4.6m apart
calculate the area.

1.8 3.4 4.4 4.9
4.6 4.6 4.6

Solution:
ORDINATE SM AREA
1.8 1 1.8
3.4 3 10.2
4.4 3 13.2
4.9 1 4.9
sum = 30.1
AREA = 3/8 x h x ( sum )
= 3/8 x 4.6 x 30.1
= 51.92 m²
or
AREA = 3/8 x h x (1a + 3b + 3c + 1d)

= 3/8 x 4.6 x ( 1x 1.8 + 3 x 3.4 + 3 x 4.4 + 1 x 4.9 )
= 3/8 x 4.6 x ( 1.8 + 10.2 + 13.2 + 4.9 )
= 51.92 m²

Extension of the second rule
Consider the shape of a ship’s half-water plane area shown.
The area has seven ordinates. These multiplier in this case
are 1 3 3 2 3 3 1
area 1 area 2
h h h h h h

Example 4
A ship has a half water plane area with equally

spaced half-ordinates as follows: 0.20m, 1.20m,
1.70m, 1.82m, 1.75m, 1.65m, and 1.21m. The
half ordinates are equally spaced at 1.40m apart.
Calculate the total water-plane area.

Illustration and solutions:
1 3 3 2 3 3 1
0.20 1.20 1.70 1.82 1.75 1.65 1.21
1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

or
AREA = 3/8 x h x (1a + 3b + 3c + 2d + 3e + 3f + 1g)
= 3/8 x 1.4 x (1x 0.20 + 3 x 1.2 + 3 x 1.7 + 2 x 1.82 + 3x 1.75 + 3
x 1.65 + 1 x 1.21)
= 3/8 x 1.4 (0.2 + 3.6 + 5.1 + 3.64 + 5.25 + 4.95 + 1.21)
= 3/8 x 1.4 x 23.95
= 12.57 m² x 2
= 25.15 m²

Simpson’s second rule can be used whenever there is a
number of ordinates such that
number of ordinates - 1 = a whole number
3
With 4 ordinates the Simpson’s multipliers are: 1331
Where 4-1 = 1
3
With 7 ordinates the Simpson’s multipliers are: 1332331
Where 7 - 1 = 2
3 And so on….
Simpson's 3rd rule
Also known as the 5 + 8 -1 rule
-To find area between two consecutive ordinates

is when three consecutive ordinates are known.
Area = h/12 (5a + 8b - 1c)

Area 1 Area 2
a b c
h h
The rule states that the area between two consecutive

ordinates is equal to five times the first ordinates plus
eight times the middle ordinate minus the external
ordinate, all multiplied by 1/12 of the common interval.
Area 1 Area 2
a b c
h h
Thus: Area 1 = h/12 (5a + 8b – c)

Also Area 2 = h/12 (5c + 8b – a)

Example 5:
Three consecutive ordinates in a ship’s

waterplane, spaced 6 meters apart, are 14, 15,
and 15.5m respectively. Find the area between
the last two ordinates

Illustration:
a b c
14m 15m 15.5m

Solution:
shaded area = h/12 (5c + 8b – a)
= 6 / 12 ( 5 x 15.5 + 8 x 15 – 14 )
= 6/12 ( 77.5 + 120 – 14)
= 6/12 ( 183.5 )
= 91.75 m²

What is TPC?
What is the relationship between draught and density?
TPCI : Tons Per Centimeter Immersion
Tons Per Centimeter (TPC) – The TPC for any given
draught is the weight that must be loaded or discharged
to change the ship’s mean draught by one centimeter.

Effects of Loading and Discharging
Addition of substances (Loading) and removal of
substance (Discharging) affects the draught and
hence TPC.
Increase or decrease of draught is also called as
sinkage or rise respectively.
Simply, addition of weight causes sinkage and
removal of weight causes rise.
It is calculated as increase or decrease of draft in
centimetres.
Sinkage/Rise = (added/removed weight)/TPC.
Example 1:
Calculate the TPC for a ship with a Water-plane area of
1500 m² when it is floating in
a. Fresh Water
b. Dock Water of RD 1.005
c. Salt Water
Formula : TPC = WPA x ρ

100
Solution:
A. TPC = 1500 x 1.000 = 15.000 tons
100
B. TPC = 1500 x 1.005 = 15.075 tons
100
C. TPC = 1500 x 1.025 = 15.375 tons
100

Sample problem 2:
The water plane area of a ship is 1730 m².
Calculate the TPC and the increase in draught if a
weight of 270 tons is added to the ship.
TPC (in tons) = (WPA × Density)/100
TPC = (1730 × 1.025)/100
= 17.73 Tonnes
Increase in draught (in cms.) = w / TPC
sinkage(cm) = 270 tons / 17.73
= 15.23 cms
Example 3.
Introduction to hydrostatic table
MV Pepetone has initial mean draught of

4.40m in salt water and is required to complete
loading with draught of 6.70m. Using the
hydrostatic particulars calculate the amount of
cargo that must be loaded.

MV PEPE
TONE

Two methods may be used as follows
Method 1
1. Read off the DISPLѕѡ values for both the initial
and required final draught.
2. Subtract the smaller from the larger.
3. Result equals the amount to load.

Method 2
1. Read off the TPCѕѡ values for both the initial and
required final draughts.
2. Calculate the mean TPCѕѡ value
3. Calculate the required change in draught, in this
case sinkage
4. Use Sinkage/Rise (cms) = w
TPC

Solution method 1
Initial mean draft 4.40m DISPLѕѡ 24507 tons
Required draft 6.70m DISPLѕѡ 38216 tons (-)
Cargo to load 13709 tons
Solution method 2
Initial mean draft 4.40m TPCѕѡ 58.90
Required draft 6.70 TPCѕѡ 60.14
Mean TPCѕѡ = 58.90 + 60.14 = 59.52 m
2
Sinkage (cms) 6.70m – 4.40m = 2.30m = 230cms
•
Sinkage (cms) = w
TPCѕѡ mean
Cargo to load (w) = Sinkage (cms) x mean TPCѕѡ
= 230 x 59.52
= 13689.6 tons

The answers differ for two reasons
1. In using the mean value of TPC it is assumed that the
TPC value changes linearly between the range of
draughts concerned. This is not so, as the underwater
form of a ship does not (usually) change uniformly with
drafts.
2. Displacement values taken from the hydrostatic data
in using method 1 will be rounded to the nearest whole
ton. If the change in draft is only small it is usual to use
TPC value for the initial waterline instead of the mean
TPC value. Obviously the greater the amount of cargo
loaded or discharged; the greater will be the error!
NOTE:
TPC increases with WPA and for normal ship-
shape the WPA will increase with draught.
TPC increases with density.
ACTIVITY/SEATWORK
1. Look at the TPC values on the hydrostatic
table, which would be provided on a ship, and
confirm the previous two statement.
Using the hydrostatic particulars determine the
displacement, and TPC values for the ship when
floating at a draught of 6.30m in:
A. salt water (RD 1.025)
B. fresh water (RD 1.000)
C. dock water (RD 1.012)

A. the hydrostatic data MV Pepetone gives the following salt water
values for a draught of 6.30m
Displacement = 35813 tons
TPC = 59.91 tons
B. Displacement in fresh water (RD 1.000)

Displacement sw x RD = 35813 x 1.000 = 34939.5 tons
1.025 1.025
TPC in fresh water (RD 1.000)
TPC sw x RD = 59.91 x 1.000 = 58.45 tons
1.025 1.025
C. Displacement in dock water (RD 1.012)
Displacement sw x RD = 35813 x 1.012 = 35358.78 t
1.025 1.025
TPC in dock water (RD 1.012)

TPC sw x RD = 59.91 x 1.012 = 59.15 tons
1.025 1.025

Note: TPC is always stated for Salt Water unless otherwise
specifically mentioned.
Effect of draft and density on TPC
Since the TPC as has been seen is dependent on the 2 factors:
1. Water plane area – which determines the underwater
volume of the ship
2. And the density of the water on which the ship is floating
Thus if any of these two factors change the TPC will be
affected.

For box shaped vessels the 1st factor is not applicable
since the shape is uniform all the way from the top to the
bottom, the walls are all vertical. The 2nd factor of density
needs to be attended to. As the density increases the TPC
also increases.
However for most ships being ship shaped meaning not
box shaped, means that both the factors affect the TPC.
The water plane area would change as the ship sinks
deeper into the water or is lightened. Also the density
affects the TPC in the same way as for a box shaped vessel.

Deadweight scale
The deadweight scale provides a method for
estimating the additional draft or for determining the
extra load that could be taken onboard when a
vessel is being loaded in water of density less than
that of salt water. For example, the vessel may be
loading in a port where the water density is that of
fresh water at 1.000t/m³

This deadweight scale displays columns of scale
readings for:
Freeboard (f)
Dead weight in salt water and in fresh water
Draft of ship (mean)
Displacement in tonnes in salt water and fresh
water
Tons per cm (TPC) in salt water and fresh water
Moment to change Trim 1 cm (MCTC)
On every dwt scale the following constants must exists:
Any freeboard (f) + Any draft (d) = Depth of ship (D)
Any displacement(Δ) – Any Dwt = Lightweight(Lwt)
Note: The main use of the Dwt scale is to observe Dwt
against draft. Weight in tonnes remains the same but
the volume of displacement will change with a change
in density of the water in which the ship floats. The salt
water and fresh water scales relate to these changes.

On many ships this Dwt scale has been replaced by
the data being presented in tabular form. The officer
on board only needs to interpolate to obtain the
information that is required.

NEXT
MEETING
QUIZ NO 1

CARGO HOLD LOADING PLAN
TST 5 P/S
APT
CH 7 CH 6 CH 5 CH 4 CH 3 CH 2 CH 1 FPT
WBT 5 P/S WBT 4 P/S WBT 3 P/S WBT 2 P/S WBT 1 P/S

Seamanship 2 Trim, Stability and Stress 1: The Maritime Academy of Asia and The Pacific

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Seamanship 2 Trim, Stability and Stress 1: The Maritime Academy of Asia and The Pacific

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SEAMANSHIP 2

TRIM, STABILITY AND STRESS

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

 Archimedes Principle states that when a

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

How taking a bath led to Archimedes principle - Mark Salata.mp4

mass = volume x density

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

mass = volume x density

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

Brackish water or dock water is water that has

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

If the block were to be suspended by ship’s crane that

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

Law of flotation – This states that every floating body

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

The weight is given in tons (Δ), and is equal to

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

To calculate the weight displacement (Δ) of a ship, the

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

 for ship-shaped vessel

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

Volume of displacement = (L x B x draft) Cb

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

A ship has a waterline length and breadth of 60.0m

TPC = WPA x ρ = 2176 x 1.025 = 22.304 tons

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

Cm = Under water transverse Midship Section (Am)

Note: Similarly, the value of Cm must always be less

THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

Cp = Volume of Displacement of ship