Seam 6 Prelim Lesson 1 Stability

1.1 Deadweight & Displacement Tonnage

Difference between the Deadweight & Displacement Tonnages

Before differentiating the two terms, let’s have first the Ship’s Capacities to be understood.
Ship tonnage is not a measure of weight, but of space. The word “ton” being used to indicate 2.83 cubic
meters. If the Gross tonnage of a vessel is 5,000 tons, this does not mean that the vessel weighs that amount
but that certain spaces in her measure 14,150 cubic meters.

A vessel’s displacement may be given as volume or a weight. The weight displacement (loaded
displacement) is the number of tons of water (water-mass) displaced by a vessel afloat. It is the actual weight
of the ship (light ship) and all aboard her at any particular time such as the cargo, bunkers, stores and etc.
Since a floating vessel displaces its own weight of water, this means that displacement is equal to the weight of
water displaced by the ship. The volume displacement is the volume of water-mass in cubic meters found by
dividing the mass in tons to the density of water in which the vessel floats. The density of sea water is 1.025
tons/m3 and the density of fresh water is 1.000 ton/m3.

Light Displacement(L/S Weight Displacement) is that of the ship when she is at her designed light draft. It
consists of the weight of the hull, machinery, spare parts, and water in the boilers. And the loaded
displacement is that of the ship when she is floating at her summer draft in a water density of 1.025 tons/m3.

The deadweight however, is the difference in metric tons between the loaded displacement of the ship
and the lightweight (lightship displacement) of the ship at any given draught. It is a measure of ship’s ability to
carry various items such as cargo, bunkers, stores, ballast water, provisions and crew, etc. It tells us how much
cargo can be loaded into the vessel (including bunker, fresh water, stores, and etc.).

The Payload is part of the Deadweight occupied by the cargo that gives freight income. The Payload is
calculated by subtracting the Stores, Bunker, & etc in tons from the Deadweight. Payload = Deadweight –
Stores, Bunker, and etc.

SOLAS Convention defines deadweight as “the difference in tones between the displacement of a ship in
water of a specific gravity of 1.025 at the load waterline corresponding to the assigned summer freeboard
(loaded displacement) and the lightweight (lightship displacement) of the ship.”

Grain Measurement and Bales Measurement are terms found in the plans of ship refer to the volume of
the cargo holds. The Grain (loose bulk) and Bales (packed cargo) capacities are expressed in cubic meters(m 3)
expressing the size of a cargo hold, and the vessel’s total cargo capacity.

The Grain capacity is the measure we get when we fill the cargo hold completely with a loose bulk cargo,
e.g. grain or coal. The cargo goes all the way to the vessel’s hull, behind the garnish and between ribs.

The Bales capacity is the volume we measure inside the garnish and the ribs. For instance, the volume
measurement used is when the vessel has loaded with boxes or sacks and we are unable to use the total
capacity of the hold. Bales capacity is therefore a smaller volume measurement than the Grain capacity.
Sample Problems involving Deadweight, L/S Weight and Loaded Displacement(Weight Displacement):

1. A vessel has a volume displacement of 20,000 m3 . How big is the Weight Displacement of the vessel in sea
water? Note that the density (p) of sea water is 1.025 tons/m3 and the fresh water is 1.000 ton/ m3.

Solution:

Density = Weight Displ. Weight Displ. = Density x Volume disp.

Volume Displ.
= 1.025 tons/m3 x 20,000 m3

Weight Displ. = 20,500 tons

2. A vessel of 15,000 ton DW has a L/W weight of 5,000 tons. How big is the vessel’s weight
Displacement (Loaded Displacement)?

Solution:

Weight Displ. = L/S weight + Deadweight

= 5,000 tons + 15,000 tons

Weight Displ. = 20,000 tons

3. A vessel has a displacement of 34,000 tons and a DW of 24,500 tons. What is the L/S weight?

Solution:

Weight Displ. = L/S weight + Deadweight

L/S Weight = Weight Disp. - Deadweight

= 34,000 tons - 24,500 tons

L/S Weight = 9,000 tons

4. A vessel with a displacement of 48,000 tons is loaded with 16,800 tons of cargo, and 4,300 tons of bunker.
Stores has been found to be 250 tons. What is the L/S Weight of the vessel?

Solution:

Given: Weight Displ. = 48,000 tons

Deadweight = 16,800 tons of cargo + 4,300 tons of bunker + 250 tons of stores
Deadweight = 21,350 tons

Weight Displ. = L/S Weight + Deadweight

L/S Weight = Weight Disp. – Deadweight
= 48,000 tons - 21,350 tons
L/S Weight = 26,650 tons
5. A vessel in sea water has a Volume Displacement of 16,300 m3. L/S Weight is 4,600 tons. What is the
Deadweight? How much cargo is loaded (Payload) on board when bunker and stores are calculated to be
1,250 tons?

Solution:

First, convert Volume Displacement to Weight Displacement. Formula to use: Density = Mass/Volume

Density = Weight Displ. Weight Displ. = Density x Volume Disp.

Volume Displ. = 1.025 tons/m 3 x 16,300 m3
Weight Displ. = 16,707.5 tons

Weight Displ. = L/S Weight + Deadweight
Deadweight = Weight Displ. - L/S Weight
= 16,707.5 tons - 4,600 tons
Deadweight = 12,107.5 tons
Payload = Deadweight - Stores & bunkers
= 12,107.5 tons - 1,250 tons
Payload = 10,857.5 tons

https://shipbuildingknowledge.wordpress.com/2018/03/21/understanding-vessels-tonnage/
 Seam 6 Prelim Lesson 1 Stability

1.2 Sketch a ship's load line indicating marks for various seasonal zones, areas and periods

Introduction To Ship Load Lines

“Load line is a special marking positioned amidships which depicts the draft of the vessel and the
maximum permitted limit in distinct types of waters to which the ship can be loaded.”

As a result of the numerous maritime accidents that have happened at sea due to the
overloading of vessels, the significance of having a standard maximum limit for ships was identified
long before. However, it took many years from then to have an International agreement for the
universal application of Load lines.

It was in 1930, when the first International Load Line Convention took place, after which, it was
periodically amended until the latest one that happened in 2003.

In order to make a complete comprehension of Load Lines, we must address the following
questions:-

1. What is the purpose of Load Line?

2. Why is it necessary for ships to have Load Lines?
3. What exactly is a Load Line?
4. What is the marking on a Load line?
5. What are the different types of Load Lines?
Purpose and Necessity of Load Lines

The fundamental purpose of a Load Line is to allow a maximum legal limit up to which a ship
can be loaded by cargo. By prescribing such limits, the risk of having the vessel sailing with
inadequate freeboard and buoyancy can be limited. A vessel should be having sufficient freeboard at
all times, any exceptions made will result in insufficient stability and excessive stress on the ship’s
hull. This is where load-lines play an important role, as it makes the task of detecting whether the
vessel is overloaded and its freeboard tremendously easy and effortless.

However, since the buoyancy and immersion of the vessel largely depend on the type of water
and its density, it is not practical to define a standard freeboard limit for the ship at all times. For this
reason, the load line convention has put regulations that divide the world into different geographical
zones each having a different prescribed load line.

For example, a vessel sailing in Winter on North Atlantic Ocean will have a greater freeboard
than on a voyage in Tropical Zones and Freshwaters.

Understanding Load Line Mark

As we have already defined above, the Load Line is a special marking positioned amidships. All
vessels of 24 meters and more are required to have this Load line marking at the centre position of
the length of the summer load waterline.

There are two types of Load line markings:-

1. Standard Load Line marking – This is applicable to all types of vessels.

2. Timber Load Line Markings – This is applicable to vessels carrying timber cargo.

These marks shall be punched on the surface of the hull, making it visible even if the ship side
paint fades out. The marks shall again be painted with white or yellow colour on a dark
background/black on a light background. The complete Load line markings consist of 3 vital parts.

1. Deck Line – It is a horizontal line measuring 300mm by 25mm. It passes through the upper
surface of the freeboard.
2. Load Line Disc – It is a 300mm diameter and 25mm thick round shaped disc. It is intersected by
a horizontal line. The upper edge of the horizontal line marks the ‘Summer saltwater line’ also
known as ‘Plimsol Line’.
3. Load Lines – Load lines are horizontal lines extending forward and aft from a vertical line
placed at a distance of 540mm from the centre of the disc. They measure 230mm by 23mm.
The upper surfaces of the load lines indicate the maximum depths to which the ships may be
submerged in different seasons and circumstances.

S – Summer:- It is the basic freeboard line at the same level as the Plimsoll Line. Other load lines are
marked based on this Summer freeboard line.
T – Tropical:- It is 1/48th of the summer draft marked above the Summer load line.

W – Winter:- It is 1/48th of the summer draft marked below the Summer load line.

WNA – Winter North Atlantic:- It is marked 50mm below the Winter load line. It applies to voyages in
North Atlantic ( above 36 degrees of latitude) during the winter months.

F – Fresh Water:- It is the summer freshwater load line. The distance between S and F is the Fresh
Water Allowance (FWA).

TF – Tropical Fresh Water:- It is the freshwater load line in Tropical. It is marked above the T at an
amount equal to FWA.

Video Clip on Loadline/Plimsoll line on ship:

https://youtu.be/6E0bT6B5Zm4
 Seam 6 Prelim Lesson 1 Stability

1.3 Use a ship's hydrostatic particulars and given mean draughts to determine the approximate
weight loaded or discharged

The Tables of Hydrostatic Particulars (Hydrostatic Data) include the following as follows:

1. Procedures in finding the displacement (the weight of the volume of water the vessel
occupies or displaces;
2. Draft(hydrostatic) - measured from the keel baseline K parallel to the keel;
3. Displacement - the weight of the volume of water the vessel occupies or displaces;
4. LCB/VCB - the Longitudinal/Vertical Center of Bouyancy;
5. TPC – the weight in tons required to increase/decrease the draft by one centimetre;
6. LCF – the Longitudinal Center of Flotation that refers to the pivot point of the ship forward
or aft of the chosen amidships;
7. MCT – the Moment of Tons x Meters needed to change the Trim at the draft marks by
one centimeter;
8. KML/KMT - Longitudinal/Transverse Height of Metacenter that refer to the distance from
the keel baseline K, to the Metacenter(M).

Hydrostatic Properties – Draft

The water level at which the ship is floating is called the ‘draft’ of the vessel. Also, if we load the
vessel so that the weight of the forward part of the vessel is higher than that of the aft part (e.g.,
loading the forward holds more), then the forward part of the vessel will sink more compared to the
aft, leading to the water level (draft) in the forward to be more than that in the aft. This tilt is called
‘trim’ of the vessel, and it is measured by the difference in drafts in the forward and aft ends of the
vessel.

Let’s start with a simple exercise of finding out the draft and trim.
 Step 1 – Finding out the Weight and Center of Gravity (CoG) – We begin with the weights on the ship,
and the center of gravity of the weights. Following are the weights we need to account for:
 Self-weight of the ship excluding all fillings in tanks – this is called the lightweight of the ship. This is
obtained from the inclining experiment of the ship which is a one-time exercise to yield the weight
and center of gravity of the self-weight of the ship
 Weights in tanks – fuel, cargo, bilge, ballast, crew and provisions etc. These are together termed as
‘deadweight’
 Once we know the lightweight of the ship (from inclining experiment) together with the deadweight
items, we can tabulate all the weight items and their individual CoG’s and then calculate the total
weight and CoG of the entire vessel in the above ‘loading condition’
 Step 2 – Once we have the weight and CoG of the vessel in the given loading condition, the next step
is to open the table of hydrostatics of the vessel and read the draft from there.
 A table of hydrostatics will look like this below:

Now, to read the draft, we need to look up the corresponding draft for the displacement value
calculated in Step 1.

For example, if the displacement calculated was 1994 MT, then the draft is 1.25 m, and if the
displacement was 2249 MT, then the draft will be 1.4 m. However, what if the displacement
calculated falls in-between two values listed in the hydrostatic table, say, 2220 MT?

Solution by linear interpolation:

Draft in mtrs Disp. in tons

1.25 = 1994
X 226
0.15 ? = 2220 255

1.40 = 2249

_ X_ = 226
0.15 255

0.15(226) = 255 X 33.9 = 255 X

X = 33.9 X = 0.13294 (To be added to 1.25 mtrs)

255
 1.25 + 0.13294 = 1.3829 mtrs. (The draft for the 2220 disp. in tons)

So, we have computed the draft from the hydrostatics table. However, this draft is measured at
the LCF (Longitudinal Center of Floatation) of the vessel which is close to the midship and is also
called the mean draft.

In an extract of a ship’s hydrostatic table, determine the displacement in tons by a linear

interpolation when the ship’s draft is 1.65 m.

Draft in m Displacement in tons

1.55 2506
1.70 2765
1.85 3027

https://thenavalarch.com/how-to-use-a-ships-hydrostatics-to-calculate-its-draft-and-trim/

http://www.splashmaritime.com.au/Marops/data/mobi/stabi/hydrostats/hydrostats.htm
 Seam 6 Prelim Lesson 1 Stability

1.4 Use a deadweight scale to determine the change in mean draught resulting from loading or
discharging a given tonnage

The Deadweight Scale provides a method for estimating the additional draft or for determining
the extra load that could be taken onboard when a vessel is being loaded in water of density less than
that of salt water. For example, the vessel may be loading in a port where the water density is that of
fresh water at 1.000 t/cu.m.

This Deadweight Scale displays columns of scale readings for:

1. Freeboard (f);

2. Dwt in salt water and in fresh water;

3. Draft of ship (mean);

4. Displacement in tonnes in salt water and in fresh water;

5. Tonnes per cm (TPC) in salt water and in fresh water; and

6. Moment to Change Trim 1 cm (MCTC)

On every dwt scale the following constants must exist:

Any Freeboard (f) + Any draft (d) = Depth of ship (D)

Any Displacement (W) — Any Dwt = Lightweight (L wt)

The main use of the Dwt Scale is to observe Dwt against Draft. Weight in tonnes remains the
same but the volume of displacement will change with a change in density of the water in which the
ship floats. The salt water and fresh water scales relate to these changes.

On many ships this Dwt Scale has been replaced by the data being presented in tabular form.
The officer onboard only needs to interpolate to obtain the information that is required. Also the Dwt
Scale can be part of a computer package supplied to the ship. In this case the officer only needs to
key in the variables and the printout supplies the required data.

Sample Problems:

1. Using the Deadweight Scale of M/V Donnacona below, find through estimation the Displacement,
TPC, & Deadweight for the sea drafts of 6 meters. Answers for 6 meters: Disp. = 19,100 tons; TPC =
 34.63 tons; and DWT = 11,300 tons.
2. M/V Donnacona has a sea draft of 5.5 meters. Find the Displacement, TPC, & Deadweight through
estimation. Answers for 5.5 meters: Disp. = 17,300 tons; TPC = 34.25 tons; and DWT = 9,100 tons
3. What is the estimated sea draft of M/V Donnacona in problem 2 after loading it with 5,000 tons of
cargo? Ans: Draft for the New disp. of 22,300 tons (Old Disp. 17,300 + 5,000 tons of cargo) = 6.9 m.
4. M/V Donnacona has a sea draft of 8 meters and shall discharge 5,000 tons. What is the draft after
discharging through estimation? Answer: 8 meters draft = 26,400 tons. 26,400 - 5,000 tons =
21,400 tons. Draft for the 21,400 tons = 6.6 m.
5. M/V Donnacona has a lightship displacement of 8,136.4 tons. Find the estimated sea draft, TPC,
and Deadweight. Answers: Draft = 2.9 m; TPC = 31.95 tons; Deadweight = 0 ton
The Deadweight Scale of M/V Donnacona
 Seam 6 Prelim Lesson 1 Stability

1.5 Calculate the draughts in seawater given the present draughts and the density of dock water

Effect of density on draft and displacement

When the ship moves from water of one density to water of another density, without there being a
change in her mass, the draft will change. This will happen because the ship must displace the same mass of
water in each case. Since the density on the water has changed, the volume of water displaced must also
change. If the density of the water increases, then the volume of water displaced must decrease to keep the
mass of water displaced constant and vice versa.

Formulas used:

Density= Mass or Weight

Volume
Mass or Weight = Volume x Density

Volume= Mass or Weight

Density

Change of Draft/ Density/ Displacement

New Draft = Old Density NO Dra, ON Den (Mnemonic aide)

Old Draft New Density

New Displacement = New Density NO Dis, NO Den (Mnemonic aide)

Old Displacement Old Density

Problem no. 1: A box shaped vessel floats at a mean draft of 2.1 meters, in dock water of density 1,020
kgs/ m³. Find the mean draft for the same mass displacement in salt water of density
1,025 kgs/ m³.

Note: The mnemonic aide in this problem is NO Dra, ON Den.

Solution:

New Draft = Old Density

Old Draft New Density

New Draft = Old Draft x Old Density

New Density
New Draft = 2.1 m x 1020 kgs/m³
1025 kgs/m³

New Draft = 2.09 meters

Problem no. 2: A ship displaces 7,000 tons while floating in fresh water. Find the displacement of the
ship when floating at the same draft in water of density 1.015 tons/m³.

Note: The mnemonic aide in this problem is NO Dis, NO Den.

Solution:

New Displ = New Density

Old Displ Old Density

New Displ = Old Displ x New Density

Old Density

New Displ. = 7,000 tons x 1.015 tons/m³

1 ton/m³

New Displ. = 7,105 tons

Problem no. 3: A box-shaped vessel has a draft of 3.25 m while in a port of 1.023 tons/m3 density.
Determine the water density when her draft has increased to 3.27 m.

Note: The mnemonic aide in this problem is NO Dra, ON Den.

Solution:

New Draft = Old Density

Old Draft New Density

New Density = Old Draft x Old Density

New Draft

New Density = 3.25 m x 1.023 tons/m3

3.27 m

New Density = 1.017 tons/m3

4. A ship 6,400 tonnes displacement is floating in salt water. The ship has to proceed to berth where the
density of the water is 1.008 tons/m³. Find how much cargo must be discharged if she is to remain at the
salt water draft. For Quiz

Solution:
New Displ = New Density
Old Displ Old Density

New Displ. = 1.008 t/m³

6,400t 1.025 t/m³
New Displ. = 6,400t x 1.008 t/m³
1.025 t/m³

New Displ. = 6,293.85 tonnes

 Old Displacement = 6,400.00 tonnes
New Displacement = 6,293.85 tonnes
Cargo to Discharge = 106.15 tonnes

DWA Problem (Effect of density on Draft of Ship-shaped Vessel)

1. A ship floats at a draft of 5.50 m in water of density 1.010 tons/m3. If her Fresh Water Allowance
(FWA) is 280 mm, what would be her draft on passing into a water of density 1.025 tons/m3?

Solution:

DWA = FWA ( density difference in kgs.)

25 (The density difference of SW and FW)

= 280 mm (1,025 kgs/m3 - 1,010 kgs/m3)

25 kgs/m3

= 280 mm (15 kgs/m3)

25 kgs/m3

= 4,200 DWA = 168 mm or

25 DWA = 0.168 meter(Rise -)

Original Draft = 5.50000 m Subtract since the ship has a bodily rise from lower to higher
DWA = 0.16800 m density of water thereby decreasing her draft. DWA is added to
New Draft = 5.33200 m the ship’s draft if ship passes from higher to lower density of
water. DWA is subtracted from the ship’s draft if ship passes from
lower to higher density of water.

2. A vessel in a water density of 1,022 kgs./m3 or (1.022 ton/m3) has a draft of 9.82 m, FWA of 198 mm and a
TPC (tons/1 cm immersion or rise) of 22 tons/cm. She is to enter a port having a draft limit restrictions of 7.52
m at a density of 1,010 kgs/m3 or (1.010 tons/m3). Find the DWA, Arrival Draft inside the port and the no. of
tons of cargo (ballast water) to be discharged before entering.

Solutions:

DWA = FWA ( density difference in kgs.)

25 (The density difference of SW and FW)

= 198 mm (1,022 kgs/m3 - 1,010 kgs/m3)

25 kgs/m3

= 198 mm (12 kgs/m3)

25 kgs/m3

= 2,376 DWA = 95.040 mm or

25 DWA = 0.09504 meter(sinkage)(+)

Original Draft = 9.82000 m Add since the ship has a bodily sinkage from higher to lower
DWA = 0.09504 m density of water thereby increasing her draft. DWA is added to
Arrival Draft = 9.91504 m the ship’s draft if ship passes from higher to lower density of
 water. DWA is subtracted from the ship’s draft if ship passes from
lower to higher density of water.

Arrival Draft = 9.91504 m Take the difference

Draft limit = 7.52000 m
Draft diff. = 2.39500 m or
= 239.500 cms.

Draft diff. = 239.500 cms. Take their product

TPC = 22 tons/cm
Cargo to disch.= 5,269 tons

Note: The ship has to discharge her ballast water by 5,269 tons to meet the draft limit of 7.52 m. She has to do
this so that she may lower her draft to 7.52 m and avoid local port authority’s monetary penalty.
 Seam 6 Prelim Lesson 1 Stability

1.6 Calculate the amount to load to bring the ship to the appropriate load line in seawater using MCT and
TPC for a given draught given the draught amidships and dockwater density

1. A box-shaped vessel has a draft of 3.25 m while in port of 1,005 kgs/m3. She intends to load more cargo
upon reaching SW to her maximum draft of 3.86 m. Find how much more cargo in tons she can load if her
TPC is 2.5 tons.

Solution:
First, solve the New Draft of vessel when proceeding from 1,005 kgs/m3 density to SW density.

New Draft = Old Density NO Dra, ON Den (Mnemonic aide)

Old Draft New Density

New Draft = Old Density Maximum SW Draft = 3.8600 m Take the

Old Draft New Density Present SW Draft = 3.1870 m difference
Difference in Draft = 0.6730 m
New Draft = Old Draft x Old Density Difference in Draft = 67.3 cm
New Density
New Draft = 3.25 m x 1,005 kgs/m³ Cargo to load = Difference in Draft in cm x TPC
1,025 kgs/m³ = 67.3 cm x 2.5 tons/cm
Cargo to load = 168 tons
New Draft = 3.187 meters

2. A ship-shaped vessel has a displacement of 6,325 tons while in port of 1,005 kgs/m 3. She intends to
load more cargo upon reaching SW to her maximum displacement of 6,516 tons. Find how much
more cargo she can load.

Solution:
First, solve the New Draft of vessel when proceeding from 1,005 kgs/m 3 density to SW density.

New Displacement = New Density NO Dis, NO Den (Mnemonic aide)

Old Displacement Old Density

New Displ = Old Displ x New Density
Old Density
New Displ. = 6,325 tons x 1.025 tons/m³
1.005 ton/m³
Cargo to load = Max. SW Displ. - Present SW Displ.
= 6,516 tons - 6,450.871 tons
Cargo to load = 65 tons

= 6483.125 tons
1.005 tons

New Displ. = 6450.871 tons

3. A vessel in a water density of 1,022 kgs./m3 or (1.022 ton/m3) has a draft of 9.82 m, FWA of 198 mm and a
TPC (tons/1 cm immersion or rise) of 22 tons/cm. She is to enter a port having a draft limit restrictions of
7.52 m at a density of 1,010 kgs/m3 or (1.010 tons/m3). Find the DWA, Arrival Draft inside the port and the
no. of tons of cargo (ballast water) to be discharged before entering.

Solutions:

DWA = FWA ( density difference in kgs.)

25 (The density difference of SW and FW)

= 198 mm (1,022 kgs/m3 - 1,010 kgs/m3)

25 kgs/m3

= 198 mm (12 kgs/m3)

25 kgs/m3

= 2,376 DWA = 95.040 mm or

25 DWA = 0.09504 meter(sinkage)(+)

Original Draft = 9.82000 m
DWA = 0.09504 m
Arrival Draft = 9.91504 m
Add since the ship has a bodily sinkage from higher to lower
density of water thereby increasing her draft. DWA is added to
the ship’s draft if ship passes from higher to lower density of
water. DWA is subtracted from the ship’s draft if ship passes from
lower to higher density of water.

Arrival Draft = 9.91504 m Take the difference

Draft limit = 7.52000 m
Draft diff. = 2.39500 m or
= 239.500 cms.

Draft diff. = 239.500 cms. Take their product

TPC = 22 tons/cm
Cargo to disch.= 5,269 tons

Note: The ship has to discharge her ballast water by 5,269 tons to meet the draft limit of 7.52 m. She has to do
this so that she may lower her draft to 7.52 m and avoid local port authority’s monetary penalty.
 Seam 6 Prelim Lesson 1 Stability

1.7 Use hydrostatic data to find the position of the centre of flotation
Ktityitig
rgigssire
Gogiigf
An Extract of a Hydrostatic Table.

hsfuogjgr
Draft in meters Displacement in tons TPC in tons MCTC in tons-meter
4.00 6723.34 11.4 101.56
LCB
-20.5
LCF from AP
31.56
KM
27.67
ttgosiywu
4.01
4.02
6730.45
6739.56
12.6
13.5
104.43
107.68
-21.3
-23.6
30.45
29.78
28.34
29.28
uiyerutyo
4.03 6743.26 14.7 110.23 -25.8 27.88 30.29

Examplefyuigi tomean draft is 4.0135 meters. Find the location of LCF when her Length
Problem 1: Your ship’s
idhhggorw
Between Perpendiculars (LBP) is 148 meters. Use an Extract of Hydrostatic Table provided above.

roryiykyr
Solution: For finding the location of the Longitudinal Center of Flotation (LCF)

Step 1:spwwzutui
Interpolate first in finding the LCF from the Aft Perpendicular for the draft of 4.0135 m.

guuigsjpj Hr of
fgi@)8;/; tirektotg Draft in mtrs LCF

;2;88/85; ryiy 4.0100 = 30.45

;&40/)&);
0.01 dejgethjy
0.0035
4.0135 =
X
0.67
0(2;5)&:7 wsiiyugit
4.0200 = 29.78
87&-5&/ rsyyiiieh
58;): tlhgyksgk
0.0035 = X
0.01 0.67
((34298)2 gkt
0.0035(0.67) = 0.01 X
46(8:)585
0.002345 = 0.01 X
8&&&₱:07:
9(&&65)6₱
X = 0.002345
0.01
X = 0.2345 m (To be subtracted from 30.45 mtrs)

₱(5:”
LCF = 30.45 m - 0.2345 m
69&₱&LCF for the draft 4.0135 m = 30.2155 meters
utdkie
Location of LCF Aft or Forward of Amidships
Huo
Step 2: LCF Location = LCF in the Table – (LBP/2)
hhgfiyhit
kygkiyirt= 30.2155 m - (148 m /2)

ywggselhg
jigpykhkd
 = 30.2155 m – (74 m)

LCF Location = 43.7845 m aft of amidships

 Seam 6 Prelim Lesson 1 Stability

1.7 Use hydrostatic data to find the position of the centre of flotation

A Hydrostatic Table shows the hydrostatic data or condition of a vessel when afloat in water at
different drafts or displacement. Most hydrostatic tables are based on saltwater (1,025 kgs./m3 or 1.025
tons/m3) and the vessel is on even keel.

Naval engineers and architects of the ship builder prepare this hydrostatic data in tabular form. Any
value that is not directly on the table can be found by calculation. Also take note that some values decrease or
increase in relation to the others. Some information found on the table is not used in this topic/subject.

In this Hydrostatic Table, the minus or negative sign means forward of amidships.

Below is an example of Hydrostatic Table.

Draft in meters Displacement in tons TPC in tons MCTC in tons-meter LCB LCF from AP KM
4.00 6723.34 11.4 101.56 -20.5 31.56 27.67
4.01 6730.45 12.6 104.43 -21.3 30.45 28.34
4.02 6739.56 13.5 107.68 -23.6 29.78 29.28
4.03 6743.26 14.7 110.23 -25.8 27.88 30.29

Example Problem 1: Your ship’s mean draft is 4.0135 meters. Find her corresponding KM and the location of
LCF when her Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP) is 148 meters. Use the sample
Hydrostatic Table provided above.

Solution: 1. For finding KM (Height of Metacenter above Keel)

Draft in mtrs KM

4.0100 = 28.34
0.0035 X
0.01 4.0135 = 0.94

4.0200 = 29.28

0.0035 = X
0.01 0.94

0.0035(0.94) = 0.01 X

0.00329 = 0.01 X

X = 0.00329 X = 0.329 m (To be added to 4.0100 mtrs)

0.01

KM = 28.34 m + 0.329 m
KM = 28.669 meters
 2. For finding the location of the Longitudinal Center of Flotation (LCF)
Interpolate first in finding the LCF from the Aft Perpendicular for the draft of 4.0135 m.

Draft in mtrs LCF

4.0100 = 30.45
0.0035 X
0.01 4.0135 = 0.67

4.0200 = 29.78

0.0035 = X
0.01 0.67

0.0035(0.67) = 0.01 X

0.002345 = 0.01 X

X = 0.002345 X = 0.2345 m (To be subtracted from 30.45 mtrs)

0.01

LCF = 30.45 m - 0.2345 m

LCF for the draft 4.0135 m = 30.2155 meters

Location of LCF Aft or Forward of Amidships

LCF Location = LCF in the Table – (LBP/2)

= 30.2155 m - (148 m /2)

= 30.2155 m – (74 m)

LCF Location = 43.7845 m aft of amidships

 Seam 6 Prelim Lesson 1 Stability

1. 8 Calculate the change of trim resulting from loading or discharging a given weight at a specified position

Example.

Note: The Change of Trim (COT) is named “by the head” due to the shift of cargo on the ship’s
forward or head.
Note: The Bodily Sinkage is used because the weight was loaded. Its value is to be added to the
Original Drafts Forward and Aft. The COT is named “by the head” due to the loading of weight in
the forward part of the ship. The “l” is found to be 43.5 m by subtracting 1.5 m from 45 m( ½ of 90
m) w/c is at the midship section and is the CF distance from the aft. The Change of Draft
Aft(Change due Trim) shall be subtracted since the Change of Draft Forward (Change due Trim) is
to be added because the weight has been loaded in the forward part of the vessel.
Note: The Bodily Sinkage is used because weight loaded is more than the weight discharged.Its value is
to be added to the Original Drafts Forward and Aft. The COT is named “by the head” due to the
trimming moments effect on the ship’s head/forward. The “l” is found to be 27 m by adding 24 m
to 3 m w/c is the distance of the weight from the CF for the 80 t of weight. The “l” is found to be 9
m by subtracting 3 m from 12 m as the distance of 40 t weight from the CF. The Change of Draft
Aft(Change due Trim) shall be subtracted since the Change of Draft Forward (Change due Trim) is
to be added because the weight has been loaded in the forward part of the vessel.
Note: The Bodily Rise is used because weight discharged is more than the weight loaded. Its value is
to be subtracted from the Original Drafts Forward and Aft. The COT is named “by the head” due to
the trimming moments effect on the ship’s head/forward. The Change of Draft Aft (Change due
Trim) shall be subtracted since the Change of Draft Forward (Change due Trim) is to be added
because the trimming moment effect is in the forward part of the vessel.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS

1. Sample Problem. A ship of 104 m. long arrives in port with draft 3.5 m Forward and 4.8 m Aft. TPC 12 tons;
and MCT 1cm. 122 tons-m. The center of floatation is 1.7m. aft of amidship. If 77 tons of cargo is loaded in
position 23m. forward of amidship and 41 tons of cargo is discharged from 13 m aft of amidship, what are the
new drafts?

Cargo loaded 77 tons Bodily sinkage = w

Cargo discharged 41 tons TPC
Net Loaded 36 tons (diff.) 36
12
Bodily sinkage = 3.0 cm.(to be added to the F & A drafts)

To find the change of trim, take the moments about the center of floatation.

Weight Distance from CF Moments to change trim by

Head Stern
77 t 24.7 m 1,901.9 t-m
41 t 11.3 m 463.3 t-m(Trimming effect is on the ship’s head)
2,365.2 t-m (add)

Change of Trim (COT = Trim moments 2,365.2

MCT 1 cm. 122

Change of Trim (COT) = 19.39 cm. by the head .1939 m

Change of Draft Aft (CDA) = l x Change of Trim 50.3 x 19.39

L 104

0.48365 x 19.39

Change of Draft Aft (CDA) = 9.38 cms or 0.0938 m (-)

Change of Draft Forward (CDF) = Change of Trim – Change of Draft Aft

= 19.39 cm – 9.38 cm

Change of Draft Forward(CDF) = 10.01 cms or 0.1001 m (+)

Original draft = 3.5000 m Forward 4.8000 m Aft

Bodily sinkage = 0.0300 m 0.0300 m
3.5300 m (add) 4.8300 m (add)
Change due trim = + 0.1001 m(CDF) - 0.0938 m (CDA)
New draft = 3.6301 m Forw’d 4.7362 m Aft

Note: The Bodily Sinkage is used because the loaded weight is more than the weight discharged. Its
value is to be added to the Original Drafts Forward and Aft. The COT is named “by the
 head” due to the trimming moments effect on the ship’s head/forward. The Change of Draft Aft
(Change due Trim) shall be subtracted since the Change of Draft Forward (Change due Trim) is to
be added because the trimming moment effect is in the forward part of the vessel.

2. Sample Problem. A ship of 6,100 tons displacement has drafts 7.5 m F and 8.7 m A. MCT 1 cm =110 tons-
meter; TPC 22 tons. Center of Floatation is amidships. 455 tons of cargo is discharged from each of the
following four holds:
No 1 hold, center of gravity 37 m. forward of amidships
No 2 hold “ “ 22 m. “ “ “
No 3 hold “ “ 18 m aft “ “
No 4 hold “ “ 44 m aft “ “

The following bunkers are also loaded:

160 tons at 14 m. forward of amid ship
68 tons at 17 m. aft of amidships

Find the new draft forward and aft.

Total cargo discharged 1,820 tons Bodily Rise = w

Total bunkers loaded 228 tons TPC
Net weight discharged 1,592 tons = 1,592
22
Bodily Rise = 72.36 cms. or 0.7236 m
Assume levers and moments aft of LCF are positive(+). Assume levers and moments forward of
LCF are negative(-).

Weight Distance from the CF Moments to change trim by:

Head Stern
-455 t -37 +16,835
-455 t -22 +10,010
-455 t +18 - 8,190
-455 t +44 -20,020
+160 t -14 - 2,240
+ 68 t +17 +1,156

-30,450 +28,001

+28,001
Resultant moments 2,449 tons -meter by the head = - 2,449 or 2,449 tons-meter

Change of trim = Trim moments

MCT 1 cm
= 2,449
110
Change of Trim (COT) = 22.26 cms or 0.2226 m by the head
 Since the center of floatation is amidships,

Change of draft aft = change of draft forward. So, CDA and CDF is by ½ of COT
COT = 22.26 cms. The ½ of COT = 22.26 cms ½ COT = 11.13 cms.
2
½ Change of Trim(COT) = 11.13 cms

Original draft 7.5000 m Fwd 8.7000 m Aft

Bodily rise - 0.7236 m - 0.7236 m
6.7764 m 7.9764 m
Change due trim + 0.1113 m (CDF) - 0.1113 m (CDA)

New draft 6.8877 m F 7.8651 m A

Note: The Bodily Rise is used because the discharged weight is more than the weight loaded. Its
value is to be subtracted from the Original Drafts Forward and Aft. The COT is named “by the
head” due to the trimming moments effect on the ship’s head/forward. The Change of Draft Aft
(Change due Trim) shall be subtracted since the Change of Draft Forward (Change due Trim) is to
be added because the trimming moment effect is in the forward part of the vessel.
 Seam 6 Prelim Lesson 1 Stability

1. 12 Use hydrostatic data to find the KM and thence the GM

1.7 Use hydrostatic data to find the position of the centre of flotation

A Hydrostatic Table shows the hydrostatic data or condition of a vessel when afloat in water at
different drafts or displacement. Most hydrostatic tables are based on saltwater (1,025 kgs./m 3 or 1.025
tons/m3) and the vessel is on even keel.

Naval engineers and architects of the ship builder prepare this hydrostatic data in tabular form. Any
value that is not directly on the table can be found by calculation. Also take note that some values decrease or
increase in relation to the others. Some information found on the table is not used in this topic/subject.

In this Hydrostatic Table, the minus or negative sign means forward of amidships.

Below is an example of Hydrostatic Table.

Draft in meters Displacement in tons TPC in tons MCTC in tons-meter LCB LCF from AP KM
4.00 6723.34 11.4 101.56 -20.5 31.56 27.67
4.01 6730.45 12.6 104.43 -21.3 30.45 28.34
4.02 6739.56 13.5 107.68 -23.6 29.78 29.28
4.03 6743.26 14.7 110.23 -25.8 27.88 30.29

Example Problem 1: Your ship’s mean draft is 4.0135 meters. Find her corresponding KM and the location of
LCF when her Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP) is 148 meters. Use the sample
Hydrostatic Table provided above.

Solution: 1. For finding KM (Height of Metacenter above Keel)

Draft in mtrs KM

4.0100 = 28.34
0.0035 X
0.01 4.0135 = 0.94

4.0200 = 29.28

0.0035 = X
0.01 0.94

0.0035(0.94) = 0.01 X

0.00329 = 0.01 X

X = 0.00329 X = 0.329 m (To be added to 4.0100 mtrs)

0.01
KM = 4.0100 m + 0.329 m
KM = 4.339 meters
 Seam 6 Prelim Lesson 1 Stability

1.9 Calculate by using moment about the keel, the position of G for a given disposition of cargo, fuel and water
 Sample Trimming Table of a Specific Vessel
LCG Mean Draft 6 m Mean Draft 8 m Mean Draft 10 m
Compartment from
3 Correction in cm Correction in cm Correction in cm
Capacity m AP
Ballast Location FWD AFT FWD AFT FWD AFT
FPT Fore 2596.10 BW -84.70 +6.877 -7.925 +6.907 -7.519 +6.949 -7.130
No. 1 TST P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx
No. 1DBT P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx
No. 2 TST P/S 470.3 x 2 BW -43.87 +3.287 -3.738 +3.417 -3.720 +3.551 -3.614
NO. 2 DBT P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
x
No. 3 TST P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No.4 TST P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No.4 DBT (Cntr) P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 4DBT(Side) P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 5 TST P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 5 DBT P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 6 TST P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
Fuel Oil Tanks
No. 3 DBT P/S 582.7 x 2 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 6 DBT P/S xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
F.O Deep Tank P/S xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
Diesel F.O Tank P/S xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
Fresh Water
Tanks
Fresh W.T 279.80 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
Drink W.T xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
APT Aft 277.60 69.39 -9.712 +8.428 -8.676 +7.970 -7.731 +7.534
Cargo Holds
No. 1 Cargo Hold 8910.40 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 2 Cargo Hold 9358.70 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 3 Cargo Hold 9353.50 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 4 Cargo Hold 9353.50 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 5 Cargo Hold 9329.90 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 6 Cargo Hold 9208.20 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

Note:
1. The Trimming table is only for the specific vessel.
2. The trimming table is calculated for every 100 tons of loaded weight.
3. For discharging weights, reverse the sign of the correction.
4. Sinkage or rise due to loading or discharging of weight is not included
5. The table should only be used for rough calculation of resulting drafts and trim.
6. The minus or plus sign indicates how the correction should be applied.
 How to use the Trimming Table

Example: Given the Sample of Trimming Table provided above and the Initial drafts fwd and aft to be
Draft Forward = 7.95 m; and Draft Aft = 8.10 m, find the Final Drafts and Trim resulting from loading,
and discharging of weights due to ballasting/deballasting operations.

Ballasting/Deballasting Operations:

1. Pump in ballast 900 tons in TST 2 P/S;

2. Pump in FW 277.60 tons APT; and
3. Pump out ballast 1,000 tons FPT

Solution:
Step 1. Find the Mean Draft.

Mean Draft = Fwd Draft + Aft Draft Mean Draft = 7.95 m + 8.1 m
2 2
Mean Draft = 16.05
2

Mean Draft = 8.025 m

Mean Draft = 8.0 m

Step 2. Divide each weight by 100 and multiply by its fwd and aft correction.

TST 2 Fwd: 900/100 x 3.417 = 30.753 cm or 0.308 m

Aft : 900/100 x 3.720 = 33.48 cm or 0.335 m

APT Fwd: 277.60/100 x 8.676 = 24.085 cm or 0.241 m

Aft : 277.60/100 x 7.970 = 22.123 cm or 0.221 m

FPT Fwd: 1,000/100 x 6.907 = 69.07 cm or 0.691 m

Aft : 1,000/100 x 7.519 = 75.19 cm or 0.752 m

Step 3. Convert the Corrections to meters and apply to FWD and AFT Drafts

FWD AFT
Initial Drafts 7.950 m 8.100 m
Pump in TST 2 + 0.308 m - 0.335 m
8.258 m 7.765 m
Pump in APT - 0.241 m + 0.221 m
8.017 m 7.986 m
Pump out FPT - 0.691 m + 0.752 m
Final Drafts 7.326 m 8.738 m
Trim 1.412 m by the Aft/Stern
 Seam 6 Prelim Lesson 1 Stability

1.12 Calculate the new draughts after loading or discharging a given quantity of cargo; use a trimming table
or curves to determine changes in draughts resulting from loading, discharging or moving weights given
the initial draughts, forward and aft
 Sample Trimming Table of a Specific Vessel

Compartment LCG Mean Draft 6 m Mean Draft 8 m Mean Draft 10 m

from Correction in cm Correction in cm Correction in cm
Capacity m3 AP
Ballast Location FWD AFT FWD AFT FWD AFT
FPT Fore 2596.10 BW -84.70 +6.877 -7.925 +6.907 -7.519 +6.949 -7.130
No. 1 TST P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx
No. 1DBT P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx
No. 2 TST P/S 470.3 x 2 BW -43.87 +3.287 -3.738 +3.417 -3.720 +3.551 -3.614
NO. 2 DBT P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
x
No. 3 TST P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No.4 TST P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No.4 DBT (Cntr) P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 4DBT(Side) P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 5 TST P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 5 DBT P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 6 TST P/S xxxxx BW xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
Fuel Oil Tanks
No. 3 DBT P/S 582.7 x 2 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 6 DBT P/S xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
F.O Deep Tank P/S xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
Diesel F.O Tank P/S xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
Fresh Water
Tanks
Fresh W.T 279.80 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
Drink W.T xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
APT Aft 277.60 69.39 -9.712 +8.428 -8.676 +7.970 -7.731 +7.534
Cargo Holds
No. 1 Cargo Hold 8910.40 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 2 Cargo Hold 9358.70 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 3 Cargo Hold 9353.50 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 4 Cargo Hold 9353.50 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 5 Cargo Hold 9329.90 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
No. 6 Cargo Hold 9208.20 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

Note:
1. The Trimming table is only for the specific vessel.
2. The trimming table is calculated for every 100 tons of loaded weight.
3. For discharging weights, reverse the sign of the correction.
4. Sinkage or rise due to loading or discharging of weight is not included
5. The table should only be used for rough calculation of resulting drafts and trim.
6. The minus or plus sign indicates how the correction should be applied.
 How to use the Trimming Table

Example: Given the Sample of Trimming Table provided above and the Initial drafts fwd and aft to be
Draft Forward = 7.95 m; and Draft Aft = 8.10 m, find the Final Drafts and Trim resulting from loading,
and discharging of weights due to ballasting/deballasting operations.

Ballasting Operations:

1. Pump in ballast 900 tons in TST 2 P/S;

2. Pump in FW 277.60 tons APT; and
3. Pump out ballast 1,000 tons FPT

Solution:
Step 1. Find the Mean Draft.

Mean Draft = Fwd Draft + Aft Draft Mean Draft = 7.95 m + 8.1 m
2 2
Mean Draft = 16.05
2

Mean Draft = 8.025 m

Mean Draft = 8.0 m

Step 2. Divide each weight by 100 and multiply by its fwd and aft correction.

TST 2 Fwd: 900/100 x 3.417 = 30.753 cm or 0.308 m

Aft : 900/100 x 3.720 = 33.48 cm or 0.335 m

APT Fwd: 277.60/100 x 8.676 = 24.085 cm or 0.241 m

Aft : 277.60/100 x 7.970 = 22.123 cm or 0.221 m

FPT Fwd: 1,000/100 x 6.907 = 69.07 cm or 0.691 m

Aft : 1,000/100 x 7.519 = 75.19 cm or 0.752 m

Step 3. Convert the Corrections to meters and apply to FWD and AFT Drafts

FWD AFT
Initial Drafts 7.950 m 8.100 m
Pump in TST 2 + 0.308 m - 0.335 m
8.258 m 7.765 m
Pump in APT - 0.241 m + 0.221 m
8.017 m 7.986 m
Pump out FPT - 0.691 m + 0.752 m
Final Drafts 7.326 m 8.738 m
Final Trim 1.412 m by the Aft/Stern