Name: Score/Mark:

Year and Section: Date:

LEARNING ACTIVITY NO.3

SEAM3 Cargo Handling and Stowage

Course
(Non-Dangerous Goods

Topic Topic 3: Cargo specific Information

LO 1.3: Interpret cargo specific information on loading

and unloading cargo regarding:
-general and broken stowage
-forms of cargo by bagged, bales and bundles, cases,
crates and cartons, drums, barrels and casks,
intermediate bulk containers and heavy indivisible loads
Learning Outcome(s)
-shipboard stowage limitations during worst weather
conditions
-the factors involved in different methods of cargo test
and examination

Inspection and Preparation of Holds

.

Instructor 2M Bernard Anthony Flores Streegan

CARGOES

Basic terms
•
stowage of cargo
•
handling
•
loading

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•
unloading/discharging
•
carriage
•
bulk cargo
•
general cargo
•
fragility
•
tainting
•
sweating
•
drum
•
keg
•
cask
•
leakage
•
method of packing
•
method of transit
•
cargo damage
•
pilferage
•
stowage factor
•
hale
•
bag
•

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carton
•
crate
•
carboy
•
glass container
•
box
•
case
•
barrel
•
Hogshead

Topic 3.1 What is Break Bulk Cargo

o
1. In modern context, break bulk is meant to encompass cargo that is
transported in bags, boxes, crates, drums, or barrels – or items of extreme
length or size. To be considered break bulk, these goods must be loaded
individually, not in intermodal containers nor in bulk as with liquids or grains.
www.logisticsplus.com/what-is-break-bulk-shipping/
What is Break Bulk Shipping? - Logistics Plus
2. People also ask
Which is the best definition of break bulk?

a. Compare bulk cargo. of or relating to the small, conventional cargo

ships designed to hold general cargo: We are confident that the future
of break bulk vessels is safe, with no chance of their becoming
redundant. Compare container ship.

Break bulk   | Definition of   Break bulk   at Dictionary.com

www.dictionary.com/browse/break--bulk
See all results for this question
How is break bulk cargo transported on a ship?

b. Break bulk cargo is transported in bags, boxes, crates, drums, or

barrels. Unit loads of items secured to a pallet or skid are also used.
A break-in-bulk point is a place where goods are transferred from one

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 mode of transport to another, for example the docks where goods
transfer from ship to truck.

Breakbulk cargo - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_bulk_cargo
See all results for this question
What's the difference between break bulk and intermodal?

c. In modern context, break bulk is meant to encompass cargo that is

transported in bags, boxes, crates, drums, or barrels – or items of
extreme length or size. To be considered break bulk, these goods must
be loaded individually, not in intermodal containers nor in bulk as with
liquids or grains.

Topic 3.2 UNITISED CARGO

Manufactured products and perishable goods come in a variety of shapes and sizes, often
with considerable storage constraints. Consequently, these cargoes need to be treated very
differently to free-flowing dry bulk cargoes, like grain.
Imagine having to individually move the millions of computers and computer parts
transported around the world every year: it would be a logistical nightmare. Instead, these
‘units’ are packaged together as unitised cargo before transportation. While the terms unitised
and containerised are often used interchangeably, strictly speaking unitised, as a cargo type,
includes containers as well as a number of other modes of transportation, such as pallets,
barges, closed wagons, goods trailers and trucks.
Unitised cargoes can be very diverse, covering forest products, metals and metal goods,
machines, electronics, food chemicals, raw materials, and investment and consumer goods,
among others.

TOPIC 3.3

What kind of products are made of iron?

 Ten Everyday Products Made from Iron 1: Appliances Most standard
household appliances—refrigerators, sinks, stoves, dishwashers, laundry

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 machines, even your toaster—are made of stainless steel, which is at least
98% iron. Steel is heat resistant and extremely strong; adding chromium to the
alloy prevents the iron from corroding.

What's the difference between iron and steel on a diet?

You don’t need to consume steel as part of your diet. The primary difference
between iron and steel is that the former is a metal, whereas the latter is an alloy.
Iron is simply a metal element that occurs naturally on Earth. In comparison, steel is
a man-made alloy that’s made by mixing iron and carbon together.

TOPIC 3.4 HEAVY LIFT CARGO
Heavy-lift items and project cargo are often of high value and great weight. They may
have delicate parts that must not be contacted and they may or may not be suitable
for carriage on deck, which will undoubtedly mean wetting by rain and sea water.
www.skuld.com/topics/cargo/project-cargo/heavy-lift-items-and-project-
cargoes/
Where is heavy lift cargo / project cargo transportation?

Project cargo can be sourced internationally or from a single location. This type

of cargo is mostly found in engineering, wind power, mining and construction
industries. A detailed engineering procedure is needed for a safe and secure
transportation of this cargo type and at the same time stay within the set budgetary
limits and deadline.

TOPIC 3.5 Roll-on/roll-off

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about ships that carry vehicles. For RORO trains,
see  Rolling highway . For the railroad car, see  Autorack . For the
trailer towed by a tractor, see  car carrier trailer . For the computer
memory management technique, see  Rollout/Rollin .
"RORO" redirects here. For other uses, see  Roro (disambiguation) .

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Loading a ro-ro passenger car ferry

Procyon Leader - stern quarter ramp

The car carrier Johann Schulte during discharge of Volkswagen  cars in Baltimore

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Train ferry  and roll-on/roll-off between Calabria and Sicily

Roll-on/roll-off (RORO or ro-ro) ships are cargo ships designed to carry

wheeled cargo, such as cars, trucks, semi-trailer trucks, buses, trailers, and railroad
cars, that are driven on and off the ship on their own wheels or using a platform
vehicle, such as a self-propelled modular transporter. This is in contrast to lift-on/lift-
off (LoLo) vessels, which use a crane to load and unload cargo.
RORO vessels have either built-in or shore-based ramps or ferry slips that allow the
cargo to be efficiently rolled on and off the vessel when in port. While smaller ferries
that operate across rivers and other short distances often have built-in ramps, the
term RORO is generally reserved for large oceangoing vessels. The ramps and
doors may be located in the stern, bow, or sides, or any combination thereof.

1.
TOPIC 3.6 WHAT ARE LIVESTOCK CARGOES / CARRIERS?.

 Livestock carriers are those ships, which specialise exclusively

in the transportation of large numbers of live animals together
with their requirements for the voyage. (food, water, sawdust
bedding, medication, etc.). Voyages
on livestock carriers generally last from three days to three or
four weeks.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock_carrier
Livestock carrier - Wikipedia
2. People also ask
Where can I find a livestock transport company?

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 How many cattle can a livestock carrier carry?
o There were at least two other large livestock carriers which specialised
in combined cargoes of cattle and sheep. One had capacity for about
7,000 cattle plus 70,000 sheep and the other could carry 14,000 cattle
plus 20,000 sheep.

How long does an open livestock carrier last?

o Voyages on livestock carriers generally last from three days to three or
four weeks. Some have lasted for months when disease outbreaks are
suspected. Open livestock carriers – in which all, or most, of the animal
pens are installed on open decks.

What kind of animals can a livestock box hold?

o The Elite Livestock Box is perfect for hauling small animals such as
goats, sheep, and swine. Safe and convenient for transporting one or
two animals without the need of loading them into a trailer. Enjoy The
Elite Experience by signing up for our monthly newsletter.

TOPIC 3.7 Timber Deck Cargo

 May 27, 2018  10 Comments  Deck CargoSafety Securing StowageTimber

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Carriage of timber on deck

Carriage of timber on deck offers an added advantage to the timber carrier

ships. Timber carriers are constructed with special requirements in accordance
with “Code of safe practices for ships carrying timber deck cargoes”.

This Code is designed to assist:

 shipowners, charterers, operating companies and ships' crew;
 port industries, shippers and pre-packaging organizations, which
are involved in preparation, loading, and stowing of timber deck cargoes;
and
 Administrations, manufacturers and designers of ships and
equipment associated with the carriage of timber deck cargoes and those
developing cargo securing manuals,
in the carriage of timber deck cargoes.

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The purpose of the Code is to ensure that timber deck cargoes are loaded,
stowed and secured properly to prevent, as far as practicable, damage or
hazard to the ship and persons on board as well as loss of cargo
overboard throughout the voyage.
The Code provides:

1. practices for safe transportation;

2. methodologies for safe stowage and securing;
3. design principles for securing systems;
4. guidance for developing procedures and instructions to be included
in ships'
TOPIC 3.8 OIL AND FATS

Oils and fats are important nutrients in a healthy diet.  Structurally, they are
esters of glycerol with three fatty acids.  As such, they are scientifically
called triacylglycerols but are commonly referred to in the food industry as
triglycerides.  Although the terms 'oils' and 'fats' are often used
interchangeably, they are usually used to distinguish triglycerides in the
liquid state at ambient temperatures (oils) from those in the solid state
(fats).

They are commonly of vegetable origin (e.g. palm oil, rapeseed oil,
soyabean oil, olive oil, cocoa butter, etc) or animal origin (e.g. pork lard,
beef tallow, fish oils) as well as from animal milk fats.

The fatty acids found in most commonly consumed oils and fats are
composed of long carbon and hydrogen chains, typically containing from 8
to 20 carbon atoms, mainly with even numbers of carbon atoms, although
animal fats also contain significant levels of odd-chain fatty acids.  They
have a methyl (CH3) group at one end and a carboxylic acid (COOH) at the
other.  It is this carboxylic acid group that reacts with the hydroxyl groups
on the glycerol molecule to form the ester linkages of the triacylglycerol
molecule.

Fatty acids can be grouped into four main types:

 Saturated
 Monounsaturated
 Polyunsaturated
 Trans

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 5. Saturated fatty acids are straight chains of carbon atoms consisting
of methylene (CH2) groups between the end methyl and carboxylic
acid groups. The most common saturated fatty acids are lauric acid
(C12), palmitic acid (C16) and stearic acid (C18).  Shorter chain
saturated fatty acids are found in butterfat (e.g. C4, butyric acid) and
coconut oil (e.g. C8, caprylic acid, and C10, capric acid).
6. Monounsaturated fatty acids contain a single carbon-carbon double
bond in the carbon chain. This is usually in the cis configuration.  The
most common monounsaturated fatty acid is oleic acid, containing
18 carbon atoms.  In oleic acid, the double bond is between carbon
atoms 9 and 10 (counting from the COOH group)
7. Polyunsaturated fatty acids have more than one double bond in the
carbon chain.  Common polyunsaturated fatty acids are linoleic acid
(18 carbon atoms and 2 double bonds between carbon atoms 9/10
and 12/13) and linolenic acid (18 carbon atoms and 3 double bonds
between carbon atoms 9/10, 12/13 and 15/16). 
8. It is, of course, possible to count the position of these double bonds
from the other end of the chain, the methyl group end.  In these two
examples, the first double bond to be encountered in linoleic acid is
at the sixth carbon atom and, for this reason, linoleic acid is also
called an omega-6 polyunsaturate.  In linolenic acid, the first double
bond is at the third carbon atom and so linolenic acid is called an
omega-3 polyunsaturate.
9. The fourth type of fatty acid, trans fatty acids, are also unsaturated
but, in this case, some or all of the double bonds are in
the trans configuration.  These are most commonly found as a result
of either hydrogenation of fats (see below) or by holding fats at a
very high temperature (>200°C) for extended periods of time.  As
such, they can gradually be produced and build up in used frying oils. 

TOPIC 3.9 REFRIGERATED CARGOES

What are refrigerated cargoes?
Any cargo that has to be loaded, maintained and/or carried at a certain temperature in
order for it to reach its destination without deterioration is classed as refrigerated
cargoes.
This includes meat, fish, poultry products, dairy products, drugs and experimental
samples. Refrigerated cargoes are perishable to a greater or lesser degree, and their
safe carriage depends on maintaining suitable storage conditions during transportation.

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Types of Refrigerated Cargoes

1. Goods carried in frozen state i.e. meats, fish and butter

2. Goods carried in chilled state i.e. beef, vegetables, cheese and eggs
3. Goods carried in air cooled condition i.e. fruits
Note: Drugs and experimental samples may be frozen or chilled.

Properties of Refrigerated Cargoes

1. Rapid deterioration if proper temperatures are not maintained during

loading, voyage and discharging.
2. Susceptible to tainting and moisture contact damage.
3. Effected by presence of CO2.
4.
General Requirements for Safe Transport

The responsibility for specifying carriage instructions is that of the

shipper/owner of the goods. Only the shipper knows the full nature of the
goods, their prior history and their requirements.

Frequently this responsibility is passed to the carrier, but in this case the
shipper should agree the acceptability of the specified conditions prior to
shipment.

In either case, the exact nature of the cargo needs to be known – in the case of
fruit, for example, carriage requirements may vary dependent on type, variety,
maturity, origin and growing season conditions.

TOPIC 3.10 PAPER AND PULP

1.

What are the raw materials for paper

pulp making?
Different Raw Materials Pulp Making For Paper Mechanical Wood Pulp for Paper. ...
Sulphate Wood Pulp for Paper. ... Sulfite Wood Pulp for Paper. ... Waste Paper
Pulp Making for Paper. ... Pulp Composition. ... Main Performances of Paper Pulp. ...
Inspection Standards of Pulp Making for Paper. ... Fibrous Raw Materials. ...

What are the raw materials for paper pulp making?

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 What are products made from pulp?
o Labels and stickers
o magazines and books
o Post-it notes and envelopes
o Fabrics and clothing
o Binding agents in foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals

What kind of materials are used to make

pulp and paper?
 Pulp and paper are made from cellulosic fibers. (i.e., fibers from trees) and
other plant materials, although some synthetic materials may be used to.
impart special qualities to the finished product.

TOPIC 3.10 INSPECTION AND PREPARATION OF HOLDS

Inspection and Preparation of Holds
 June 7, 2018  1 Comment  CargoHoldInspection Preparation

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After unloading of cargo it is very important the responsible officer does a
proper inspection and preparation of Holds. Inspection of hold helps identify
for structural damage or defects in the hold. It also help to know if any damage
done by the stevedores, and same can be mentioned in the stevedore damage
report. We will study further about inspection of holds.

Similarly it is important to prepare holds before loading the next cargo.

Preparation of holds depends upon the next cargo, if next cargo is compatible
with the last, a good sweep down and removal of leftover cargo is all that is
required. If however, the next cargo is incompatible with the last or if you are
loading sensitive cargoes such as foodstuffs, a more thorough cleaning may be
required.

Why inspection and preparation of holds is important?

Cargo spaces intended to be used for loading should be inspected to ensure

that the compartment intended to be loaded with cargo is clean, dry and ready
in all respect to receive the cargo being offered.

Thorough inspection of holds is needed to:

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Avoid contamination
 No residue of the previous cargo to be left
 Holds are Taint free.
 No Visible loose rust which can cause contamination.
Safety
 Holds are safe for stevedores to work.
 Detect physical damage within the hold. It also benefits in raising
new stevedore damage claims.
 Damages to the ship structure, checking for corrosion/ cracks to get
an early warning for parts/ portions/ strengthening structures to be
renewed/ repaired.
Prevent Cargo Damage
 which can be caused from operational bilges
 ballast lines and/or
 lack of weather tight integrity of hatch covers
Fire Safety
 Identification of fire hazard for the intended cargo and availability
of firefighting equipment.
So, now we know why it is important, let us see what all you need to inspect.

Items to be inspected

1. Check that the designated compartments are clean and ready to receive
cargo.

a. Holds properly swept and cleaned from previous cargo residue.

b. Loose rust scale and loose paint removed.

c. Holds free from all stains.

d. Depending upon charterers’ requirement, holds effectively washed/rinsed &

dried.

2. Check that the drainage and bilge suctions are working effectively and that
bilge wells are dry. Bilges to be sweetened for some particular cargoes and
covered with burlap and cemented.

3. No leakage from ballast tanks present.

4. Sounding pipes and air pipes passing from holds are clean and rust free.

5. Ensure that cargo battens (spar ceiling) is in position and not damaged

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(Note: some cargoes may require cargo battens to be removed)
6. Check that the hatch lighting’s are in good order. Isolate lights if it poses fire
hazard for the intended cargo.

7. Inspect and ensure all means of access to the compartments are safe.

8. Guard rails and safety barriers should be seen to be in place.

9. Ensure all necessary fixed and portable fire-fighting arrangements are ready
for immediate use. Blow through CO2/Halon lines with compressed air.

10. Inspect Cargo Hold Ventilation system.

11. Inspect and ensure hatch covers are weather tight and that all the securing
devices are in good working condition.

12. If Cargo Hold is meant to take heavy weather ballast then pressure test the
lines for leakage and subsequently blank off the ballast lines.

13. Double Bottom tank manhole covers to be absolutely tight.

14. Cargo securing points/ fixed fittings etc are in good condition.

So once a Hold is inspected let us proceed to prepare a Hold for loading.

Hold Preparation

As per Charter party or as per contract of carriage the owner is required to “…

make the holds, refrigerating and cooling chambers and all other parts of the
ship where goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and
preservation”.

The owner is required to present his vessel in a state that he is ready to load
cargo, that means the holds are ‘clean and dry’ prior to commencement of
loading. If the owner fails to present his ship in a proper state to receive cargo,
he risks to claims amounting to large sums of money. It is, therefore of utmost
important to prepare cargo holds of ship to loading.

Cargo quality can be affected due to

 Contamination
 Staining
 Water contact
 Inadequate ventilation

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To avoid contamination and water contact of cargo it is better to inspect and
test the Hatch Covers and Bilge Suction. Contamination, Staining, Water
contact and Inadequate ventilation can also occur if proper dunnage is not
used or laid in the cargo hold.

Related Post:     CARGO PLANNING ON CONTAINER SHIP

Ventilation procedure to be followed properly to avoid cargo damage. Read

more about Cargo ventilation here.
Checking weather-tightness of the hatch cover

The two most common leak detection tests are

1. the water hose test

2. the ultrasonic test
Ultrasonic testing is the preferred method because areas of inadequate hatch
sealing are accurately located.

While other method are also used such as, Chalk testing gives only an
indication of poor compression and potential leaks. Chalk testing is not a leak
detection test. Light testing is also effective but is potentially dangerous
because personnel are in a closed, dark hold looking for light infiltration
between panels.

Checking Bilge Suction

Neglecting maintenance and testing of hold bilge systems can have serious
consequences, resulting in unnecessary cargo claims due to water
contamination.

The bilge suction line in the hold bilge is normally fitted with a perforated
strum box which prevents cargo debris from entering the bilge line. The strum
box should be thoroughly cleaned after each cargo discharge and if possible,
dismantled and checked for damage or corrosion. The end of the bilge suction
line must be confirmed as clear, with no debris fouling the end of the suction
pipe.

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16/9
HOLDS BILGE SUCTION FILTERS.

Follow Below procedure to test Hold Bilges:

 Test bilge suction by filling bilge well with water and pumping it
out.
 Non return valves fitted in the hold bilge pumping systems are to
ensure that water pumped from the hold bilges to the engine room
and over-side or into a holding tank cannot flow back via the bilge
line into the hold bilge wells and then into the cargo hold.
 The easiest way to test the non return valve is to stop the pump (or
eductor) and allow water to flood back into the bilge line up to the
non return valve. If no water enters the hold bilge then the non
return valve is working correctly. As prudent seamanship all non
return valves on the bilge line should be overhauled on a
regular basis.

The overa11 responsibility for the stowage of cargo rests with the
Master.

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In practice, whilst the Master retains overall responsibility,
the supervision of
stowage of cargo normally is delegated to the Chief Officer. His task
is to see that
neither the ship nor her cargo is damaged. Furthermore, he is
responsible for the
safe handling, loading, stowage and carriage, including the custody of
the cargo
throughout the voyage. Above all, he must ensure that the safety of
the ship is not
imperiled by the carriage of goods. His aim must be to have the cargo
evenly
distributed throughout the ship, to ensure her general stability. In
practice, it is
usual for the ship to be loaded a little deeper art, to improve
the vessel's
movement through the water. This is called "trimmed by the stem",
the term
"trim" referring to the difference in draught between the stem and
stern.
A ship with a centre of gravity too law will be stiff and consequently
apt to strain
heavily in rough weather. Conversely, a ship with a centre of gravity
too high will
be tender and inclined to roll, thereby creating an unstable vessel.
Basica1ly, there are two types of cargo: bulk and general cargo. Bulk
cargoes
present little difficulty in stowage, as they tend to be conveyed in
specia1ized
vessels
between two ports and are usua11y loaded and discharged by
mechanical means.
Cargoes such as grain, coal, copra and similar cargoes, are usually
carried in bulk,
and most he adequately ventilated during the voyage, as they
are liable to

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spontaneous combustion. With general cargo, the problem is more
difficult, and
calls for much greater skill. Such cargoes are conveyed genera1ly in
cargo liners,
provided with numerous decks, including "tween decks". The position
is made
more difficult not only by the variety of cargoes conveyed, each with
its own
characteristics such as fragility, tainting, sweating, etc., but also by
the wide
variety of ports served by the cargo liner. Thus, cargo for later or
"deep" ports on
the voyage bas to he loaded first, and that for earlier ports loaded last.
This causes
many problems to the stevedore who is responsible to the
Master for the
discharging and loading.
Container terminals are built and are equipped on the quay face with
giant
portioner cranes capable of lifting containers in and off the container
vessels. A
feature of the cranes is the spreader which automatically connects
with the top
comer castings of each of two containers to lift them. Gantry cranes of
45 tonnes
capacity are used to handle the container stack.
Types
of Packing
The method of packing depends primarily on the nature of the goods
themselves
and the method of transit for the anticipated voyage. Packing is not
only designed
as a form of protection to reduce the risk of the goods being damaged
in transit,
but also to prevent pilferage. There are numerous types of packing.
Many goods have little or no form of packing whatsoever, and are
carried loose.

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These include iron and steel plates, iron rods, railway sleepers and
steel rails.
Such cargoes are generally weight cargoes, with a low stowage factor.
Heavy
vehicles, locomotives and buses are also carried loose,
because of the
impracticability and high cost of packing.
Bales are a form of packing consisting of a canvas cover often cross-
looped by
metal or Tope binding. It is most suitable for paper, wool, cotton,
carpets and
Tope. Bags made of jute, cotton, plastic or paper, are a cheap form of
container.
They are suitable for cement, coffee, fertilizers, flour and oil cakes.
Their main
disadvantage is that they are subject to damage by water, sweat, books
Of, in the
case of paper bags, breakage.
Cartons are a very common form of packing, and may be
constructed of
cardboard, strawboard, or fiberboard. This form of packing is very
much on the
increase, as it is easily handled particularly by palletization.
The principal
disadvantage is its liability to crushing and pilfering.
Crates are a form of container half-way between a bale and a case.
They are of
wooden construction. Lightweight goods of larger cubic capacity,
such as light
machinery, domestic appliances like refrigerators, cycles, and certain
foodstuffs,
for instance oranges, are suitable for this form of packing.
Carboys, or glass containers, enclosed in metal baskets have a limited
use, and are Any port primarily employed for the carriage of
acids and other dangerous liquids
transported in small quantities.

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Boxes, cases and metal-lined cases are also used extensively. They are
made of
wood, vary in size and capacity, and may be strengthened by the
provision of
battens and metal binding. Many of them, such as tea chests, are lined
to create
airtight packing, so as to overcome the difficulties that arise when
passing through
zone s of variable temperature. A lot of machinery and other items of
expensive
equipment, including cars and parts, are packed in this form.
Barrels, hogsheads and drums are used for the conveyance of liquid or
greasy
cargoes. The main problem associated with this form of packing is the
likelihood
of leakage if the unit is not properly sealed, and the possibility of the
drums
becoming rusty during transit. Acids can also be carried in plastic
drums and
bottles.
Pa1lets and containers of standardized form are the most recent types
of packing.
IMO STANDARD MARINE COMMUNICATION PHRASES
IV-C/l.2 -
HANDUNG DANGEROUS GOODS (also see IMO-IMDG Code,
1994)
1.2.1 -
Briefing on nature of dangerous goods
What is IMO-Class of these goods?
- IMO-Class of these goods: ... .
- This package contains IMO-Class ... goods.
- These goods/liquids/substances are flammable/oxidizing/poisonous-
handle
with caution.
- These goods emit flammable gases in contact with water-keep dry.
- These goods are liable to spontaneous heating and combustion.
- Do not touch ... .

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1.1.6. -
Briefing on stowage and securing.
Check careful and safe stowage.
Check pro per use of handling gear.
Check careful separation of different lots.
Refuse damaged (crushed/renailed/wet/torn/resewn
...
boxes/cartons/cases/
crates/bags/...)
.
Do not over stow cartons with other goods
... .
Do not use books for handling bags.
Place dunnage between tiers.
Fill up broken stowage with small stowage.
Stow
...
into tween deck of
no. ...
hold.
Stow
... in
reefer hold.
Stow empty containers
in
topmost tiers
.
Stow container(s) onto hatch cover(s).
Check containers for damage.
Check correct fixing of rope clips.
Secure heavy lift(s) immediately.
Relash all lashings.

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A. Comprehension & Vocabulary
A.1
Decide which of the statements below is true or false:
1. The Chief Officer is most the responsible for the stowage
of cargo. _______
2. The Master and the Chief Officer are responsible for the
safety of the ship and the cargo. ______
3. Cargo for "deep" ports is loaded first. ______________________
4. The ship tends to roll when the centre of gravity is too low. _____
5. If the ship is stiff, she wll1 be subject to strain in heavy
weather. _____
6. General cargo and bulk cargoes are handled by mechanica1
means.__________
7. Container cranes are fitted with a spreader as a lifting
Device. _____
8. The sequence of ports of discharge is not a factor which
affects the stowage of cargo. __________

A.2
Complete the following sentences:
1. The method of packing depends on __________________ .
2. Packing is designed for __________________ .
3. Bales are suitab1e for conveying __________________ .
4. Bags are most suitab1e for __________________ .
5. Bags are subject to damage by __________________ .
6. Cartons are made of __________________ .
7. Crates are a form of packing used for __________________ .
8. Crates are made of __________________ .
9. Boxes are strengthened by __________________ .
10. The main prob1ems invo1ved in the use of drums are
__________________ .
11. The standardized container sizes are __________________ .
12. Heavy and bulky cargoes are usual1y carried
__________________ .

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A.3
Complete the following text with the terms below:
•
ports
•
stow
•
stowage
•
seaworthy
•
shift
•
pilferage
•
discharge
•
hold
Stowage of cargo

In the
1.
_____________ the first consideration must be given to safety. The
cargo
must be stowed so that the ship wi11 be stable and
2.
_____________ . It must be
secured in such a manner that it cannot
3.
______________ if the vessel
encounters bad weather.
Then care must be taken to
4.
_____________ it so that it is not damaged by other
cargo or water which may find its way info the
5.
_____________ . Care must be

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taken to prevent it from
6.
_____________ or damage while it is being stowed.
Where cargo is shipped for several
7.
_____________ , arrange it so that you can
conveniently
8.
_____________ it at each port of rotation and that none shall be
overcarried.

A.4
Supply the right terms from the reading text:
•
Chief Officer
•
stowage and carriage
•
bulk cargoes
•
loading
•
general cargoes
•
Stowage

Types of cargo

The officer in charge of the loading,

1. ______
____________, and safe discharging of
the cargo is the _______
2. _______
_____ Cargo such as bags of flour, boxes of electric
equipment, crates of citrus fruit, Pallets with oil drums, is
known as
3.

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_____________ . On the other band, cargoes which are carried loose,
such as
cement, ores, coal, etc., are called
4.
_____________ .
The
5.
______________ and unloading of cargo require much knowledge
and
skill. The
6. _________
_____________ of cargo on board is performed by stevedores

XII. STUDENT REFLECTION

Write a min. of 300-word Reflective Learning Report. You may refer
to the guide questions below. Write legibly and submit your work at
the end of week 1.

Guide questions:

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1. Think about what you have done.
Share your thoughts in different perspective, what transpired
during your activities and evaluate your actions.

2. Think about what happened.

What you did and what didn’t work.

3. Analyze what happened.

Explain what your learnings are as well as your difficulties and
make a plan on how you would improve.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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