CARGO AND TRIM

Problem: A given vessel. TPI 40 tons, ITM 1,500 ft. tons, draft 12’00” Fwd., 14’00” Aft. The
after peak tank, 180 ft. from the tipping center TC is then filled with 40 tons
water. Find the new drafts.

tons 40
Mean sinkage = _____ = ___ = 1 inch
TPI 40
total moment 180 X 40
_______________ ___________
Total trim = = = 4.8 inches
ITM 1,500
Half trim = 2.4 inches (to be applied to each end)

Forward Aft
Original draft 12’00” 14’00”
Mean sinkage 01” 01”
_________ _________

12’01” 14’01’
Half trim - 2.4
_________
+ 2.4
_________
Final drafts 11’10.6”
14’03.4”
A vessel at a draft of 12’06” F 14’09” A discharged 435 tons of cargo48’ forward and 470 tons
36’ abaft the TC. TPI 14, ITM 970. Find the new drafts.
Discharged 435 T X 48’ = 20,880 ft.tons Fwd.
470 T X 36’ = 16,920 ft.tons Aft
______ _______

905 T 3,960
Floatation 905 905
____
= ____ = 64.65” = 5’04.65”
TPI 14
Draft before discharge 12’06” F 14’09” A 13’07” M
5’04.65 5’04.65 5’04.65
 __________ __________ ___________

7’01.35” 9’04.35” 8’02.85”

3960
_____
Change of trim = = 4.08”
970
Half trim = 2.04” -02.04” +02.04”
_________ _________

New drafts 6’11.31” 9’06.39”

A vessel 300 ft. long arrives in port with drafts 10 ft. 6 in F and 14 ft. 3 in A. TPI 20 tons MCT 1
in. 320 tons-ft. C of F 10 ft. aft of amidships. Then 80 tons of cargo is loaded in a position 80 ft
forward of amidships and 40 tons of cargo is discharged from 40 ft of amidships. Find the new
drafts.

Cargo loaded 80 tons w

_____
Bodily sinkage =
Cargo discharged 40 tons TPI
________
40
Net loaded 40 tons =
___

20 Bodily
sinkage = 2 inches
To find the change of trim take moments about the C of F.
W dist. from C of F Moment to change trim
head stern
80 90 7,200
40 30 1,200
_______

8400
Trim moment
________________
Change of trim =
MCT 1 in.
8,400
_______
= =26.25 in. by the head
320
 I
_____
Change of draft aft = X change of trim
L
140
_____
= X 26.25
300
= 12.25 inches
Change of draft Forward = Change of trim – Change of draft aft
= 26.25 – 12.25
Change of draft Forward =14 inches or 1 ft. 02 inches
Original drafts 10’06” F 14’03” A
+ 02” + 02 “
__________ ___________

10’08” 14’05”
Change due to trim +1’02” -1’00.25”
________ ____________

New Drafts 11’10” F 13’04.75” A

THE SPEED OF THE PROPELLER

1. PITCH – of the screw is the distance it would move the ship ahead in one revolution,
supposing there is no slip, or supposing it to revolve in a solid instead of water.
2. SLIP – is the difference between Actual Speed of the ship and Speed of the propeller or
Engine Speed. It is due to the yielding of the water to the pressure exerted on it by the screw
as it forces the ship ahead. The slip is increased when the wind and sea are ahead, also when
the ship’s bottom fouled and her progress through water retarded.
3. ENGINE SPEED – the rate at which propeller would drive the ship if there was no slip.
Pitch x RPM x 60
Engine Speed = _____________________
6080
Actual Slip = Engine Speed - Actual Speed
Actual Speed = Engine Speed – Actual Slip
Actual Slip
0
Slip /0 = ________________ x 100
Engine Speed
Problem 1:Given propeller pitch 20 ft., RPM 65, log registers 10.5 knots. What is the slip
percent?
 Pitch x RPM x 60
Engine speed = _____________________
6080
20 x 65 x 60
= ______________
6080
= 12.8 knots
Actual Slip = Engine Speed – Actual ship’s speed
= 12.8 – 10.5
= 2.3 knots
Actual Slip
0
Slip /0 = _____________ x 100
Engine Speed
2.3
= ____ x 100
12.8
Slip 0/0 = 18 0/0
Problem 2:The pitch of a propeller is 15 ft. allowing a slip of 10 0/0, what RPM should engine
have to take to make speed of 12 knots? The ratio of the gear is 1:3.
Solution: Actual Slip = (1000/0 - 100/0) (Engine Speed)
As = 0.90Es
P x Rpm x 60 x .9 Log 6080
3.78390 Es = _____________________ Log 12
_________
1.07918 6080
15 x Rpm x 60 x .9 4.86308
12 = ______________________ -
6080 Log 810
2.90849 6080 x 12
_________
Rpm = ____________ Log Rpm =
1.95459 15 x 60 x .9 Rpm =
90.071 x 3
_________

Rpm = 270.213
Exercises:
1. A vessel’s propeller has a pitch of 12.4 ft. and Rpm 120. In 36 hours the ship traversed a
distance of 462.6 miles find the slip percent.
Ans. = 12.4 0/0
2. Given Engine Speed 13.7, Pitch 14.3 ft., find RPM.
Ans. RPM 97.08
3. The pitch of a propeller is 19 ft. slip / 20 percent. Find the RPM in order vessel will make
speed of 18 knots.
Ans. RPM 120

FUEL CONSUMPTION AND SPEED

Problem 1:Distance to go is 940 miles. Speed 12.5 knots with 110 tons of fuel. Has to go 590
miles more with 60 tons fuel left. Find the reduced speed to reach destination.
New Consumption New speed2 x New distance
______________________ _________________________________
=
Old Consumption Old speed2 x Old distance
60 Ns2 x 590
____ ____________
=
110 12.52 x 940
(110) Ns2 (590) = 60(12.52) (940)
60(12.52) (940)
2 _________________
Ns =
(110) (590)
Log 60 1.77815
Log 12.5 = 1.09691 x 2 2.19382
Log 940 2.97313
_________

6.94510 Log 110 = 2.04139

Log 590 = 2.77085
_________

4.81224 -
4.81224
_________
Log Ns2
2.13286 Log Ns
2.13286 / 2 = 1.06643
__________

Ns 11.65 kts.
Problem 2:A vessel consumed total of 400 tons on a trip of 1000 miles average speed 13.5
knots. Find the speed to make a distance of 750 miles on 250 tons of fuel. Ans: Ns
= 12.32 kts.
Problem 3:A vessel steams 800 miles on 100 tons at 10 knots. How far would she steams on 220
tons at 12 knots? Ans: N dist. = 1,222.22 miles
Problem 4:(Given Old Consumption, Old Speed, New Speed, To find New Consumption).
Example: a vessel consumed 22 tons per day at a speed of 12.5 knots. Find
consumption if speed is increased to 14.5 knots.
Solution: New Consumption New Speed3
______________________ _____________
=
Old Consumption Old Speed3

Nc 14.53
____ _______
=
22 12.53
22(14.53)
___________
Nc =
12.53
Nc = 34.34 tons
Solved by logarithms:
Problem 5:A vessel burns 30 tons of fuel at 15 knots. If the speed is reduced to 12 knots, find her
new daily consumption. Ans: Nc = 15.36 tons
Problem 6:(Given Consumption and displacement)
Example A vessel at 3,000 tons displacement consumes 18 tons of fuel per day at a certain
Rpm. Find the consumption when at 4,500 tons displacement with the same.
Formula: New Consumption New Displacement2/3
______________________ _________________________
=
Old Consumption Old Displacement2/3
Nc 4,5002/3 or 3
√4,5002
___ _________ __________
=
2/3 3
22 3,000 √3,0002

Problem:

SIMPSON’S RULE
1. SIMPSON’S RULES are methods for measuring areas enclosed by parabolic curves.

2. (Simpson’s Special Rule) is used when number of spaces between

ordinates is exactly divisible by 2 or 3.

To determine the NUMBER OF SPACES, count ordinates -1.

A. A = Common Interval x Sum of Functions
Length of Waterplane
B. Common Interval =
__________________________

Number of Spaces C. Multipliers:

½-1-1-½ etc.

Example: A waterplane whose length is 75 feet has the following half ordinates 7, 9, 10, 13, 11,
and 10 feet. Find the area of the whole waterplane.

Number of spaces = 6-1 = 5

Common Interval = 75/5 = 15

Ordinates Multipliers Functions

7 ½ 3.5
9 1 9
10 1 10
13 1 13
11 1 11
10 ½ 5

___
Sum of Functions =
51.5

Area = Common Interval x Sum of Functions

= 15 x 51.5
= 772.5 sq. ft., the area of ½
waterplane. The whole = 1, 545.0 sq. ft.

Example 2: A waterplane with length of 45 feet has the following half ordinates 5, 6, 7, 7, 6,
and 5 feet. Find the area. Ans: Area = 558 sq. ft.
2. Simpson’s FIRST RULE is used when the number of spaces is divisible by 2 not by 3.
a) Numbers of spaces = number of ordinates -1
b) Common interval = length of waterplane
___________________________

number of spaces
c) Multipliers 1-4-1 or 1-4-2-4-1 etc.
d) Area = Sum of functions x one third of the common interval
 or = F x CI
___

3
Example 1: Find the area of water plane of a barge length 124
feet. Half ordinates 3, 10, 16, 19.5, 21, 19, 15.5, 10, and 6 feet.
Solution: Number of spaces = 9 – 1 = 8
124
Common Interval = ____ = 15.5
8
Ordinates Multipliers Functios
3 1 3
10 4 40 Area = 348 x
1/3 x 15.5 16 2 32 =
1,798 19.5 4 78
x 2 21 2 42
_______
19 4 76 Area =
3,596 sq. ft. 15.5 2 31
10 4 40
6 1 6
___

Sum of Functions 348

Example 2: A waterplane is 96 feet with the following ordinates: 6, 7, 9, 8, and 6 feet. Find the
area. Ans: Area = 720 sq. ft.
Example 3: A bulkhead whose length is 30.4 feet has the following ordinates: 38, 39, 38, 36.1,
33.2, 29.5, 23.8, 14.3, and 6.9 feet. Find the area. Ans: Area = 899.9 sq.ft.
Example 4: Required the area of a waterplane 40 feet long whose ordinates are 10, 15, 20, 18,
and 20 feet. Ans: Area = 673.33 sq. ft.