‫‪113‬‬

‫‪In case of moment due to Eccentricity:‬‬

‫‪Design steps:‬‬
‫ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ وﻋﺰم )‪ (M+N‬وھﻰ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪1. Determine required number of piles:‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺒﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﻮازﯾﻖ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Pcol *1.20‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪Qall‬‬
‫‪Pcol → Column Load‬‬
‫ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬
‫‪Qall → allowable pile capacity‬‬
‫ﻗﺪرة ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﻀﺮب ﻓﻰ ‪ ١.٢٠‬ﺑﺪل ‪ ١.١٠‬وذﻟﻚ ﻻﺧﺬ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﺰم ﻓﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬
‫‪4. Check forces in piles:‬‬
‫اﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻰ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ‪.‬‬
‫‪C.G of Piles‬‬ ‫‪C.G of Column‬‬

‫‪Mx‬‬ ‫‪My‬‬
‫‪ey‬‬

‫‪N‬‬
‫‪ex‬‬
 114

Nt Mx * y My * x
Fp = ± ± > Qall
n ∑ Y 2
∑ X 2

Nt = Pcol + own ( Pile cap )

Mx = N * e y
My = N * ex
n → Number of piles
( x & y) → Location of pile accordind to C.G of piles

.‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺧﺎزوق ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ‬

∑X 2
→ X ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ وﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ ﻓﻰ اﺗﺠﺎه‬

∑Y 2
→ Y ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ وﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ ﻓﻰ اﺗﺠﺎه‬

1 2 3 1 2 3
Y2

Y3
Y1

X1 X3
2
Y4

Y6
Y5

X4 X6
4 5 6 4 5 6

X2 = X5 = 0.00 & X1 = X3 = X4 = X6 Y1 = Y2 = Y3 & Y4 = Y5 = Y6

6. stresses
Pcol Pcol
I1 = = (ton / m2 )
Apunch ( a + d ) * (b + d )
punch‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻮزﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ال‬

I 2 = γ RC * t RC (ton / m2 )
‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻮزﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺔ‬
I 3 = FP (ton ) (Cg of pile) ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺮﻛﺰة ﻋﻨﺪ‬
 115

Example 2 (Exam 2011): A pile foundation layout is given in the following

figure. The pile cap is underground.The foundation is subjected to a vertical load
of P = 16000 kN, a bending moment of M =800 kNm. Calculate the distributed
load on piles.

Determine the C.G of piles:

( 4 * 1.00) + ( 2 * 2.00) + ( 2 * 3.00) + ( 2 * 4.00) + ( 2 * 5.00)
X=
16
X = 2.00m
Datum

0.40

C.G of Piles

C.G of Column
1.33

4.00
4.80
1.33

e=0.50m
x
X=2.00m
1.33
0.40

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.40 0.40
5.00
5.80
 116

Moment Due to Eccentricity = M Ecc

M Ecc = N * e x = 16000 * 0.50 = 8000 KN.m
Mtotal = 8000 + 800 = 8800 KN.m
Nt My * x
Fp = ±
n ∑ X2
∑X 2
= {4 * (2) 2 } + {4 * (1) 2 } + {2 * (1) 2 } + {2 * (2) 2 } + {2 * (3) 2 }
∑X 2
= 48
Force of piles in axis 6
Nt My * x 16000 8800 * 2
Fp = + = − = 633.33KN
n ∑ X2 16 48
Force of piles in axis 5
Nt My * x 16000 8800 *1
Fp = + = − = 816.66 KN
n ∑ X2 16 48
Force of piles in axis 4
Nt My * x 16000 8800 * 0
Fp = + = − = 1000 KN
n ∑ X2 16 48
Force of piles in axis 3
Nt My * x 16000 8800 *1
Fp = − = + = 11833 .33KN
n ∑ X2 16 48
Force of piles in axis 2
Nt My * x 16000 8800 * 2
Fp = − = + = 1366.66 KN
n ∑ X2 16 48
Force of piles in axis 1
Nt My * x 16000 8800 * 3
Fp = − = + = 1550.00 KN
n ∑ X2 16 48

1.00
2.00
C.G of Piles
Y

My

3.00
2.00
1.00

1 2 3 4 5 6
 117
Ex 3 : Exam 2007
1,6 1,6

- for piles shown in fig determine the forces

6 6 6
In each pile if column load is 6000 KN
5 5 5

N t = 600 * 1 . 1 = 660 t 4 4 4

5*1.6 = 8 m
0,6

3 3 3 3 3

1,2
 5 * 1 .6 + 5 * 1 .6 * 2 + 3 * 1 .6 * 3 
y =   / 24
+ +

3,4
2 2 2 2 2
 3 * 1 . 6 * 4 3 * 1 . 6 * 5 

3
y == 3 . 4 m 1 1 1 1 1 Datum
2,6
2,6

 6 * 1 .6 + 6 * 1 .6 * 2  Datum
x =   / 24
4 * 1.6 = 6.4 m

 + 3 * 1 . 6 * 3 + 3 * 1 . 6 * 4 
c.g piles ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑداﯾﺔ ﯾﺗم ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣﻛﺎن‬
x = 2 .6 m

M x = 600 * 0 . 4 = 240 m .t

∑ y 2 = 5 * 3 .4 2
+ 5 * 1 .8 2 + 5 * 0 .2 2
+ 3 * 1 .4 2
+ 3 * 3 2 + 3 * 4 .6 2
= 170 . 56

660 240 * 3 . 4
F1 = + = 32 . 28 ton
24 170 . 56

660 240 * 1 . 8
F2 = + = 3 0.03 ton
24 170 . 56

660 240 * 0 . 2
F3 = + = 27 . 78 ton
24 170 . 56
660 240 * 1 . 4
F4 = − = 2 5.53 ton
24 170 . 56
660 240 * 3 . 0
F5 = − = 2 3.28 ton
24 170 . 56
660 240 * 4 . 6
F6 = − = 21 . 03 ton
24 170 . 56
 118

Example 4 (Exam 2008):

Design suitable pile founda on for a column (30*80 cm) shown in (fig 1), if the used piles are
60 cm in diameter and have a safe allowable bearing capacity of 50 tons for each pile. The
column carries an axial vertical force (Pcol =150 ton). The top of pile cap is 1.0 m below the
ground surface. Draw a neat sketch showing reinforcement details.

Determine the required number of piles :

Property Line
Pcol *1.10
.n =
Qall

0.60
150 *1.10
n= = 3.3
50

0.80
Use ⇒ n = 4.00 Piles
Pile cap arrangement : 0.30

Use (S) = 2.00 * Φ

S = 2.00 * 0.60 = 1.20m

2 Mx 1 CG of Column
2.40

2.40
e=0.2 m

e=0.2 m

CG of piles
3 4

2.40 2.40

Pile cap preliminary depth :

Pcol
τ=
2 * d * ( a + b)
150 *1000
10 =
2 * d * (30 + 80)
d = 68.1cm
t = 80cm → d = 70cm
Check Forces in piles :
Own( pile cap) = γ R.C * A * t
Own( pile cap) = 2.50 * 2.4 * 2.4 * 0.80 = 11.52 ton
M x = P * e y = 150 * 0.20 = 30 t.m
 119

Nt Mx * Y
Fpile = +
n ∑ Y2
∑Y 2
= {4 * (0.6) 2 } = 1.44
150 + 11.52 30 * 0.60
F1 = + = 52.88 > Qall ⇒ Unsafe
4 1.44
Increase No of piles to 5

Check Forces in piles : 3.8

0.87 * S = 0.87 *1.2 = 1.044

0.6
2 *1.044
y= = 0.4176 3 Mx 2 1
5

y
e y = 0.4176 − 0.40 = 0.0176

1.6
M x = P * e y = 150 * 0.0176 = 2.64 t.m 4 5
1.2
Own ( pile cap) = γ R.C * A * t
 3.8 + 1.9 
A = (3.8 * 0.60 ) + 
1.9
*1.6  = 6.84 m 2
 2 
Own ( pile cap) = 2.50 * 6.84 * 0.80 = 13.68 ton
Nt Mx * Y
Fpile = +
n ∑ Y2
∑Y = {3 * (0.4176) 2 }{2 * (1.044 − 0.4176 ) } = 1.31
2 2

150 + 13.68 2.64 * 0.4176

F1 = F2 = F3 = + = 35.58 < Qall ⇒ ok
5 1.31
150 + 13.68 2.64 * 0.4176
F4 = F5 = − = 33.89 < Qall ⇒ ok
5 1.31

Check of Punching shear :

Pcol 150 *1000
τ= =
2 * d * (a + b + 2d ) 2 * 70 * (30 + 80 + 70 + 70) 3.8
τ = 4.28 Kg / cm < 8.00 Kg / cm ⇒ OK Safe
2 2

1.0
0.6

3 2 1
Stresses :
1.5

Pcol 150
I1 = = = 100 t / m2
1.6

A( punch ) (1.0 *1.5) 4 5

1.2
I 2 = γ R.C * t = 2.50 * 0.80 = 2.0 t / m2
1.9
 120

Check of shear :
Qshear
τ sh =
0.87 * B * d
for section 1 - 1
A1 = 0.50 * 0.30 * 050 = 0.075
1.9 + 2.6
A2 = * 0.90 + 0.50 * 0.70 * 0.60 = 2.235
2
Qshear = (35.58 + 33.89) − (2 * 2.235) − (100 * 0.075) = 57.5 t
57.50 *1000
τ sh = = 3.63Kg / cm2 < 8.00 Kg / cm2 ⇒ OK Safe
0.87 * 260 * 70

3.8
0.7
1.0
0.6

0.6
3 2 1
1.5
2.6

0 .9

1.6
0.5

A1
1.9

A 4 5
2
0.3

1.9

for section 2 - 2
A1 = 0.70 *1 = 0.70
3.8 + 3.4
A 2 = (3.8 * 0.60) + * 0.30 = 3.36
2
Qshear = (3 * 35.58) − (2 * 3.36) − (100 * 0.70) = 30.02
30.02 *1000
τ sh = = 1.44 Kg / cm2 < 8.00 Kg / cm2 ⇒ OK Safe
0.87 * 340 * 70
3.8
3.8
1.0
0.3 0.6

0.6

A 2
3 2 1
1.5

3.4
1.6

4 5
0.7

A 1

1.0
1.9
 121

Design For Moment:

For section (1 - 1)

3.8
1.7
0.35 0.35

0.6
1.1
0.7 3 2 1
1.5

1.5
2.2

1.6
A 1
A 4 5
2

0.5

0.8
1.9

A1 = (0.35 *1.50) = 0.525m2 ⇒ X = 0.35 / 2 = 0.175m

 0.80 + 1.70 
A2 = (1.70 * 0.60) +  *1.6  = 3.02m2 ⇒ X ≈ 0.70
 2 
M1−1 = {(35.58 *1.1) + (33.89 * 0.50)} − (2 * 3.02 * 0.70) − (100 * 0.525 * 0.175)
M1−1 = 42.67t.m
42.67 * (10) 5
70 = K1 * → K1 = 0.25 ⇒ K2 = 1832
220
M1−1 42.67 * (10) 5
As = = = 33.27cm2
K2 * d 1832 * 70
As 33.27
As / m' = = = 15.12cm2 .
B1 2.20
Use ⇒ As = 8Φ16 / m'
For section (2 - 2) :

3.8
0.6

3 2 1
1.5
0.35

2.9
0.2

1.6
0.4

A1
A 4 5
0.8

2
1.0

1.9
1.9
 122

A1 = (1 * 0.35) = 0.35m2 ⇒ X = 0.35 / 2 = 0.175m

 1.9 + 2.9 
A2 =  * 0.80  = 1.92m2 ⇒ X = 0.40m
 2 
M 2−2 = (2 * 33.89 * 0.20) − (2 * 1.92 * 0.40) − (100 * 0.35 * 0.175)
M 2−2 = 5.9 ton.m

5.9 * (10)5
70 = K1 * → K1 = 1.55 ⇒ K2 = 1832
290
M 2 − 2 5.9 * (10)5
As = = = 4.6cm2
K2 * d 1832 * 70
As 4.6
As / m' = = = 151cm2
B1 2.9
Use ⇒ Asmin = 6Φ16 / m'

Check of Bond :
Qshear @ M
τ bond = ≤ 10 Kg / cm 2
0.87 * d * ∑ O
For section (1 - 1) :
Qshear = {(35.58) + (33.89)} − (2 * 3.02 ) − (100 * 0.525 ) = 10.93t.m
10.93 *1000
τ bond = = 2.02 Kg / cm2 < 10 Kg / cm 2 ⇒ OK Safe
0.87 * 70 * π *1.60 * 8 * 2.2
For section (2 - 2) :
Qshear = (2 * 33.89 ) − (2 *1.92 ) − (100 * 0.35 ) = 28.94 ton.m

28.94 *1000
τ bond = = 4.4 Kg / cm2 < 10 Kg / cm 2 ⇒ OK Safe
0.87 * 70 * π *1.60 * 6 * 2.9
 123

Example 4 (Exam 2017):

Qult = QS + Qt
QS (1) = α * CU * As = 0.35 * 40 * π * 0.40 * (16 − 1.5)
QS (1) = 255.1 KN
QS (2 ) = α * CU * As = 0.35 * 70 * π * 0.40 * (4 − 0.40)
QS (2 ) = 110.83 KN
π * 0.402
Qt = NC * CU * At = 9 * 70 * = 79.17 KN
4
Qult = 255.1 + 110.83 + 79.17 = 445.1 KN
Qult 445.1
Qall = = = 222.55 KN
FS 2
 124

Design of Pile Cap:

4 3 2 1

e x =0.25 m
3.20

My
4 3 2 1
0.85

0.60 1.80
4 3 2 1
1.20 1.20 1.20
4.40

Pile cap preliminary depth :

Pcol Nt My * X
τ= Fpile = ±
2 * ( a + b) * d n ∑ X2
180 *1000
10 = 211.68 45 *1.80
2 * (30 + 80) * d F1 = + = 21.40 < Qall ⇒ ok
12 21.60
d = 81.8 cm
211.68 45 * 0.60
t = 90 cm → d = 82 cm F2 = + = 18.90
12 21.60
Check Forces in piles : 211.68 45 * 0.60
F3 = − = 16.40
Own( pile cap) = γ R.C * A * t 12 21.60
Own( pile cap) = 2.50 * 4.4 * 3.2 * 0.90 = 31.68 ton 211.68 45 *1.80
F4 = − = 13.90
My = N * e x = 180 * 0.25 = 45 t.m 12 21.60
Nt My * X
Fpile = ±
n ∑ X2
∑X 2
= 6 *1.8 2 + 6 * 0.60 2 = 21.60
Nt = Pcol + own( pile cap) = 180 + 31.68 = 211 .68 ton

Stresses :
Pcol Pcol
I1 = =
A( punch) (a + d ) * (b + d )
180
I1 = = 99.2 ton / m2
(0.30 + 0.82) * (0.80 + 0.82)
I 2 = γ R.C * t = 2.50 * 0.90 = 2.25 t / m2
 125
Design for moment :
For section (1 - 1)
M 1−1 = (3 * 13.9 * 1.9) + (3 * 16.40 * 0.70) − ( 2.25 * 2.3 * 3.2 * 1.15)
− (99.2 * 1.62 * 0.41 * 0.205) = 81.11 t.m 2.3

81.11 * (10) 5
82 = K1 * → K1 = 0.52 4 3 2 1
320 0.7

⇒ K 2 = 1832 1.9

3.2

1.62
M 1−1 81.11 * (10) 5 4 3 2 1
As = = = 53.99 cm2
K2 * d 1832 * 82
0.41
As 53.99
As / m' = = = 16.87 cm2 1.12
B1 3 .2 4 3 2 1
Use ⇒ As = 9Φ16 / m'

For section (2 - 2)
M 2− 2 = ( 21.4 + 18.9 + 16.4 + 13.9) * 0.80 − ( 2.25 * 4.4 * 1.2 * 0.60)
− (99.2 * 1.12 * 0.41 * 0.205) = 40 t.m
40 * (10) 5 4 3 2 1
82 = K1 * → K1 = 0.86
440
⇒ K 2 = 1832
1.62
M 1−1 40 * (10) 5 4 3 2 1
0.41

As = = = 26.63 cm2
K 2 * d 1832 * 82
0.8

As 26.63
As / m' = = = 6.05cm2
1.2
1.12
B1 4.4 4 3 2 1
Use ⇒ As min = 6Φ16 / m'
4.4
 126

Check of Bond :
Qshear @ M
τ bond = ≤ 10 Kg / cm2
0.87 * d * ∑ O
For section (1 - 1)
Qshear = (3 *13.9) + (3 *16.40) − (2.25 * 2.3 * 3.2)
− (99.2 *1.62 * 0.41) = 8.45 t.m
8.45 *1000
τ bond = = 0.81Kg / cm2 p 10 Kg / cm2 ⇒ OK Safe
0.87 * 82 * π *1.60 * 9 * 3.20
For section (2 - 2)
Qshear = ( 21.4 + 18.9 + 16.4 + 13.9) − ( 2.25 * 4.4 *1.2)
− (99.2 *1.12 * 0.41) = 13.17 t.m
13.17 *1000
τ bond = = 1.39 Kg / cm2 p 10 Kg / cm2 ⇒ OK Safe
0.87 * 82 * π *1.60 * 6 * 4.4
Check of Shear :
For section (1 - 1)
Qshear = (3 * 21.4) + (3 * 18.90) − ( 2.25 * 1.8 * 3.2) − (99.2 * 1.62 * 0.41) = 42.05 t.m
Qshear 42.05 * 1000
τ sh = = = 1.84 Kg / cm2
0.87 * B * d 0.87 * 320 * 82
τ sh < 8.00 Kg / cm2 ⇒ OK Safe
For section (2 - 2)
Qshear = ( 21.4 + 18.9 + 16.4 + 13.9) 1.8
− ( 2.25 * 0.60 * 4.4) = 64.66 t.m
4 3 2 1
Qshear 64.66 * 1000 1.12
τ sh = =
0.87 * B * d 0.87 * 440 * 82
3.2

τ sh = 2.06 Kg / cm2 < 8.00 Kg / cm2

1.62

4 3 2 1
⇒ OK Safe
0.41

4 3 2 1
0.6

4.4
 127

Design of Pile cap with strap beam

Design a suitable pile foundation to carry two columns C1, C2 spaced at 6.0 m for
then following data:
Column (1): 40*80 cm2, Column load = 160 ton and lies at a property line.
Column (2): 50*150 cm2, Column load = 320 t.
The used piles are 50 cm in diameter and have a safe allowable bearing capacity
of 60 tons for each pile. The level of the top of pile cap is 1.0 m below the
ground surface.
Draw a neat sketch showing reinforcement details.

Solution:

Property
Line
P1 = 160 ton P2 = 320 ton

6.00

Determine the required number of piles :

First Trial :
for column 1
Pcol *1.10 160 *1.10
n1 = = = 2.933
Qall 60
n1 = 3
for column 2
Pcol *1.10 320 *1.10
n1 = = = 5.8
Qall 60
n1 = 6
Pile Arrangement :
S = 3 * Φ = 3 * 0.50 = 1.50m
 128

Datum
C.G of Col C.G of piles

1.50
Y1

0.50 1.50 1.50

1* 0.87 * S 1* 0.87 *1.50

Y1 = = = 0.435m
3 3
Distance Between the datum and C.G of piles (Y1 ) = 0.435 m
Distance Between the property line and C.G of piles = 0.435 + 0.50 = 0.935 m
b 0.80
Distance Between the property line and C.G of Column (1) = = = 0.40m
2 2
Eccentrecity (e) = 0.935 - 0.40 = 0.535m

‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻰ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ‬

∑M ( B) = 0.00 P = 160 ton P2 = 320 ton
6.00
160 * 6.00
R1 = = 175.66ton (A) (B)
5.465
∑ M ( A) = 0.00
(320 * 5.465) − (160 * 0.535)
e=0.535 m 5.465

R2 = = 304.34ton R1 = 175.66 ton R2 = 304.34 ton

5.465
Check :
∑ Fy = 160 + 320 − 175.66 − 304.34 = 0.00 ⇒ OK

Determine the required number of piles :

Second Trial :
for column1
Pcol *1.10 175.66 *1.10
n1 = = = 3.22
Qall 60
n1 = 4
 ‫‪129‬‬

‫ﯾﻘﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻋﺎدة رص اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮد اﻻول ان ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (e‬ﻣﻊ ﺿرورة ان ) ‪( 2φ ≤ S ≤ 3φ‬‬
‫‪C.G of Col‬‬ ‫‪C.G of piles‬‬
‫‪0.5 * S + 0.50 - 0.40 = e‬‬
‫‪0.5 * S + 0.10 = 0.535‬‬ ‫‪0.40‬‬
‫‪S = 0.87m ≤ 2φ ⇒ Not allowed‬‬

‫‪S‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫‪Use ⇒ S = 2φ = 1.0m‬‬ ‫‪0.5*S+0.50‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪C.G of Col‬‬ ‫‪C.G of piles‬‬

‫‪2.5‬‬
‫‪2.0‬‬

‫‪e‬‬

‫‪2.0‬‬
‫‪4.0‬‬
‫‪e = 0.50 + 0.50 − 0.40 = 0.60 m‬‬
‫‪∑M‬‬ ‫)‪( B‬‬ ‫‪= 0.00‬‬ ‫‪P = 160 ton‬‬
‫‪6.00‬‬
‫‪P2 = 320 ton‬‬

‫‪160 * 6.00‬‬ ‫)‪(A‬‬

‫= ‪R1‬‬ ‫‪= 177.77 ton‬‬ ‫)‪(B‬‬
‫‪5.4‬‬
‫‪R2 = 160 + 320 − 177.77 = 302.22 ton‬‬ ‫‪e=0.60 m‬‬ ‫‪5.400‬‬

‫‪R1 = 177.77 ton‬‬ ‫‪R2 = 302.22 ton‬‬

‫‪Pile cap preliminary depth :‬‬

‫‪for Column 1‬‬
‫‪Pcol‬‬ ‫‪160 *1000‬‬
‫= ‪.τ‬‬ ‫= ‪⇒ 10‬‬ ‫‪⇒ d = 66.66cm‬‬
‫)‪2 * d * (a + b‬‬ ‫)‪2 * d * (40 + 80‬‬
‫‪t = 80cm → d = 70cm‬‬
‫‪for Column 2‬‬
‫‪Pcol‬‬ ‫‪320 *1000‬‬
‫= ‪.τ‬‬ ‫= ‪⇒ 10‬‬ ‫‪⇒ d = 80‬‬
‫)‪2 * d * (a + b‬‬ ‫)‪2 * d * (50 + 150‬‬
‫‪t = 90cm → d = 80cm‬‬

‫ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ اﺟﮭﺎد ‪ punch‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ وﺟﻮد ﻛﻤﺮة اﻟﺸﺪاد وﻟﻜﻦ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻻﯾﺠﺎد ﺳﻤﻚ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﮭﺎﻣﺎت‬

‫ﯾﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻻﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺗﯿﻦ‬

 130

Check Forces in piles :

For Column 1
Own ( pile cap) = γ R.C * A * t = 2.50 * 2 * 2 * 0.90 = 9 ton
Nt
Fpile =
n
Nt = R1 + own ( pile cap) = 177.77 + 9 = 184.66 ton
186.77
Fp1 = = 46.7 < Qall ⇒ ok
4
For Column 2
Own ( pile cap) = γ R.C * A * t = 2.50 * 4 * 2.5 * 0.90 = 22.5 ton
Nt
Fpile =
n
Nt = R1 + own ( pile cap) = 302.22 + 22.5 = 324.72 ton
324.72
Fp 2 = = 54.12 < Qall ⇒ ok
6

Design of strap beam :

4 * 46.7
q1 = = 93.4 t / m'
2
6 * 54.12
q2 = = 81.18 t / m'
4
I 2−1 = γ * b * t = 2.5 * 2 * 0.9 = 4.5 t / m'
I 2−1 2 = γ * b * t = 2.5 * 2.5 * 0.9 = 5.625 t / m'
I 2 = γ * t = 2.50 * 0.90 = 2.25 t / m2
 131

4.00

2.50
1.00

2.00 1.50 1.50

P1 =160 t P2 =320 t
0.80 1.20 1.25 1.50 1.25
-I =4.5 t/m' -I =5.625 t/m'
-2 -2
q 1 =93.4 t/m' q 2 =81.18 t/m'

112.24

17.8 17.8 y
0
0
x
94.42
88.8

M=79.96 t.m

M=91.35 t.m
 132

Q0 = 0.00
Q1 = −160 − (4.5 * 0.8) + (93.4 * 0.80) = −88.88 ton
Q2 = −88.88 − (4.5 *1.2) + (93.4 *1.20) = +17.80 ton
Q3 = 17.8 − (5.625 *1.25) + (81.18 *1.25) = +112.24 ton
Q4 = +112.24 − 320 − (5.625 *1.50) + (81.18 *1.50) = −94.42 ton
Q5 = −94.42 − (5.625 *1.25) + (81.18 *1.25) ≈ 0 ton

For Upper Moment :

88.8 X
=
17.8 1.2 − X
X = 0.999
Moment = Area of shear

* (0.8 + 0.999) * 88.88 = 79.96 t.m

1
Mmax =
2
For Lower Moment :
94.42 y
=
112 .24 1.5 − y
y = 0.685
Moment = Area of shear

Mmax = * (1.25 + 0.685) * 94.42 = 91.35 t.m

1
2

For Lower Steel :

M
d = K1
b
Take the width of strap beam = 50 cm
91.35 *10 5
d = 0.40 ⇒ d = 170.9 ⇒ Take t = 180 cm ⇒ d act = 172 cm
50
M 91.35 *10 5
As = = = 29.5 cm
K2 * d 1800 *172
use ⇒ As = 8Φ 22
For Upper Steel :
M 79.96 *10 5
d = K1 ⇒ 172 = K1 ⇒ K1 = 0.43 ⇒ K 2 = 1818
b 50
M 79.96 *10 5
As = = = 25.6 cm
K2 * d 1818 *152
use ⇒ As = 7Φ 22
 133

Cheak of shear :
Qshear 112 .24 *1000
τ= = = 15 > 8 Kg / cm2 ⇒ Use Stirrups
0.87 * b * d 0.87 * 50 *172
q
q sus = τ − c = 15 − 4 = 11 Kg / cm
2
use stirrups Φ12 with four branches
As * Fs 4 * (1.13) * 2000
q sus = ⇒ 11 =
b*S 50 * S
S = 16.4
use ⇒ 7Φ12 / m' ( four branches)

Design of pile cap of column 1

M = ( 2 * Fp1 * X ) − ( I 2 * A2 * X 2 ) = ( 2 * 46.7 * 0.25) − ( 2.25 * 2 * 0.80 * 0.40)
M = 21.91 ton.m
M
d = K1
b

0.25
2.0
21.91 *10 5
80 = K1 ⇒ K1 = 0.76 ⇒ K 2 = 1832 1 1
200

0.8
M 21.91 *10 5
As = = = 14.95 Cm 2
K2 * d 1832 * 80
As 14.95
As / m' = = = 7.47 Cm 2
2.0
B 2
use ⇒ As (min) = 6Φ16 / m'

Design of pile cap of column 2

M = (3 * Fp 2 * X ) − ( I 2 * A2 * X 2 ) = (3 * 54.12 * 0.50) − ( 2.25 * 4 *1* 0.50)
M = 76.68 ton.m
4.00
M
d = K1
b
76.68 *10 5
0.50

80 = K1 ⇒ K1 = 0.57 ⇒ K 2 = 1832
400 2 2
5
1.00

M 76.68 *10
As = = = 52.31 Cm 2
K2 * d 1832 * 80
As 52.31
As / m' = = = 13.07 Cm 2
B 4
use ⇒ As (min) = 7Φ16 / m'
 ‫‪134‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ‪:‬‬
‫• ﯾﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ ﺣﺪﯾﺪ )‪ (Asmin‬ﻓﻰ اﻻﺗﺠﺎه اﻻﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﮭﺎﻣﺔ‪..‬‬
‫• ﯾﺗم وﺿﺢ ﺣدﯾد اﻧﻛﻣﺎش ﻓﻰ ﻛﻣرة اﻟﺷداد‬

‫‪Details of reinforcement:‬‬

‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬ ‫‪0.50‬‬

‫‪2.50‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪0.50‬‬
‫‪2.00‬‬

‫‪2.00‬‬
‫‪1.50‬‬ ‫‪1.50‬‬
‫‪4.00‬‬
‫‪1.80‬‬

‫‪0.90‬‬

‫‪Sec 1-1‬‬
 135

Design of combined footing

.‫ھﻰ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻻﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮد‬

:‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻻﺗﯿﺔ‬

‫• ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟﻮد ﻋﻤﻮد ﺟﺎر ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻢ رﺑﻂ ﻋﻤﻮ اﻟﺠﺎر ﻣﻊ اﻗﺮب ﻋﻤﻮد ﻟﮫ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ وﯾﺸﺘﺮط ان ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
.‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬٥.٠٠ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﻦ ﻻ ﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ‬
.‫• ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت ﻟﻠﮭﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬

EX 1 :
Design a suitable foundation for the two columns shown in figure using circular
piles with maximum allowable ver cal capacity =55 ton and the pile diameter is
= 50 cm.
Draw the details of Reinforcement.

neighbor

P=175 ton P=250 ton

Col =40*60 Col =40*80

3.50

Solution:
The suitable type of foundation Combined footing
1 - Calculation of the value and position of resultant :
R = P1 + P2 = 175 + 250 = 425ton
∑M @( a ) = 0.00
P2 * 3.75 250 * 3.50
X= = = 2.058 m ≈ 2.06 m
R 425
 ‫‪136‬‬

‫‪P1 = 175 ton‬‬ ‫‪R = 425 ton‬‬ ‫‪P2 = 250 ton‬‬

‫‪X‬‬

‫‪a‬‬
‫‪3.50‬‬
‫‪2 − Number of piles required :‬‬
‫‪R * 1.10 425 * 1.10‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 8.5‬‬
‫‪Qall‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬
‫‪Take → n = 10 piles‬‬

‫ﯾﻔﻀﻞ ان ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ )‪ (R‬ﻣﻊ )‪ (C.G of piles‬ﻣﻊ اﻻﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﺸﺮوط اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺨﻮزاﯾﻖ )‪ (S‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺘﻔﺎدى‬
‫وﺟﻮد ﻋﺰوم ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺣﯿﻞ‬

‫ﯾﺠﺐ ان ﯾﺒﺘﻌﺪ اول ﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﺎر ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺨﺎزوق )‪(Ф‬‬

‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ= ‪ ١٠‬ﺧﻮازﯾﻖ وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﻢ اﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (S‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻮزاﯾﻖ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪X + 0.30 = 2S + φ‬‬
‫‪2.06 + 0.30 = 2S + 0.50‬‬ ‫‪C.G of two columns‬‬
‫‪⇒ S = 0.93 < 2φ‬‬
‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬

‫‪0.30‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺨﻮزاﯾﻖ اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﮫ وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﻢ رص اﻟﺨﻮزاﯾﻖ ﺑﺎﻗﻞ )‪ (S‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﺮﺣﯿﻞ اﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪Use S = 2φ = 1.0m‬‬
 137

C.G of two columns C.G Piles

0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50

0.50
1 2 3 4 5

2.00
1.00
2.36 e=0.14 m

1 2 3 4 5

0.50
5.00

3 − Approximate thickness of pile cap :

for column 1 :
P1 175 *1000
τ= ⇒ 10 = ⇒ d = 109.3vcm
(a + 2b) * d (40 + 60 + 60) * d
for column 2 :
P2 250 *1000
τ= ⇒ 10 = ⇒ d = 104 cm
2 * ( a + b) * d 2 * (40 + 80) * d
Take ⇒ t = 120cm &d = 110 cm
4 − Force in piles :
Nt R + own( pile cap) M y * X
Fp = = +
n n ∑ X2
M y = R * e x = 425 * .14 = 59.5 t.m
own( pile cap) = γ * A* t = 2.50 * 5 * 2 *1.2 = 30 ton
Nt = 425 + 30 = 455
∑X 2
= 4 * 2 2 + 4 *12 = 20
Nt M y * X 455 59.5 * 2
FP (1) = + = + = 51.45 ton < Qall (55 ton) ⇒ Safe
n ∑ X 2 10 20
Nt M y * X 455 59.5 *1
FP ( 2 ) = + = + = 48.475 ton
n ∑ X 2 10 20
Nt M y * X 455 59.5 * 0
FP (3 ) = + = + = 45.5 ton
n ∑ X 2 10 20
Nt M y * X 455 59.5 *1
FP ( 4 ) = + = − = 42.525 ton
n ∑ X 2
10 20
Nt M y * X 455 59.5 * 2
FP (5 ) = + = − = 39.55 ton
n ∑ X 2 10 20
 138

5-Check of punching shear:

0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50

0.50
0.55
1 2 3 4 5
0.55

2.00
0.40

0.40
1.50

1.50

1.00
0.60 0.80

0.55
1 2 3 4 5

0.50
1.15 1.90

5.00

for Column 1

τ=
Pcol
=
(175 − (2 * 51.45))*1000 = 1.72
Kg / cm2 < 8.0 Kg / cm2 ⇒ Safe
{2 * (a + ) + (b + d )} * d
d {( 2 * 115 ) + (150 )} * 110
2
for Column 2

τ=
Pcol
=
(250 − (2 * 42.525) − (2 * 39.55))*1000 = 1.14 Kg / cm2 < 8.0 Kg / cm2 ⇒ Safe
2 *{( a + d ) + (b + d )} * d 2 *{190 + 150} *110
 139

6- Design of section:

Mmax ‫ واﯾﺟﺎد ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬SFD ‫ﯾﺗم اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ اﻻﺗﺟﺎه اﻟطوﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﻋﺗﺑﺎرھﺎ ﻛﻣرة وﯾﺗم رﺳم‬
175 t 250 t
5.00
-I 2 =6 t/m'
-

2*51.45 2*48.48 2*45.5 2*42.53 2*39.55

0.30 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.30 0.70 0.50
0.20 179.92
100.86 178.12
15.86 3.0
94.86
9.86 0.0
1.8 75.10
81.1
176.8 178 71.88 76.08

Mmax = 113.85 t.m

Mmax = 32.88 t.m

I 2 = γ * b * t = 2.50 *1.20 * 2 = 6 t / m'

Q8 = 9.86 + (2 * 45.5) = 100.86
Q0 = 0.00
Q9 = 100.86 − (6 *1.00) = 94.86
Q1 = −6 * 0.30 = −1.8 ton
Q10 = 94.86 + (2 * 42.53) = 179.92
Q2 = −1.8 − 175 = −176.8
Q11 = 179.92 − (6 * 0.30) = 178.12
Q3 = −176.8 − (6 * 0.20) = −178
Q12 = 178.12 − 250 = −71.88
Q4 = −178 + (2 * 51.45) = −75.1
Q13 = −71.88 − (6 * 0.70) = −76.8
Q5 = −75.1 − (6 *1.00) = −81.1 ton
Q14 = −76.8 + (2 * 39.55) ≈ 3.0
Q6 = −81.1 + (2 * 48.48) = 15.86
Q15 = 3 − (6 * 0.5) ≈ 0 ton
Q7 = 15.86 − (6 *1.00) = 9.86
 140

1 
M Upper = (175 *1.2 ) +  * 6 *1.5 2  − (2 * 51.45 *1.0 ) = 113 .85 t.m
2 
1 
M Lower =  * 6 *1.2 2  − (2 * 39.55 * 0.70 ) = −51.05 t.m
2 
M 113.85 *10 5
d = K1 * ⇒ 110 = K1 * ⇒ K1 = 0.46 ⇒ K 2 = 1832
b 200
M 113.85 * 10 5
As = = = 56.48cm2
K2 * d 1832 *110
56.49
As / m' = = 28.24
2.00
use ⇒ As = 9Φ 20 / m'

For Lower Moment

M 51.05 *10 5
As = = = 25.33 cm2
K 2 * d 1832 *110
25.33
As / m' = = 12.66
2.00
use ⇒ As = 7Φ16 / m'

7 − Check of shear
Q 179.92 *103
q= = = 9.4 > 8Kg / cm2 ⇒ Unsafe
0.87 * d * b 0.87 *110 * 200
179.92 *103
8= ⇒ d = 129
0.87 * d * 200
t = 140 cm ⇒ d = 130 cm

8-Design of transversal Direction:

‫( ﻣﻦ وش اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬d/2) ‫ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻻﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻌﺮﺿﻰ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﺮض ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺗﺨﯿﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50

d/2=0.65m d/2=0.65m
2.00

0.65 0.80 0.65

1 1 2 2
0.30

0.30
0.80

0.80

1.25 2.10
5.00
 141

For Sec 1 - 1
I 2 = γ * t = 2.5 * 1.4 = 3.5 t/m 2
M 1−1 = (51 .45 * 0.30 ) − (3.5 * 1 .25 * 0 .8 * 0 .4 ) = 14 .03 ton .m
M 14 .03 * 10 5
d = K1 * ⇒ 130 = K1 * ⇒ K1 = 1 .22 ⇒ K 2 = 1832
b 125
M 14 .03 * 10 5
As = = = 5 .89 cm 2
K 2 * d 1832 * 130
5.89
As / m' = = 4.71
1.25
use ⇒ As (min) = 6Φ16 / m'

For Sec 2 - 2

M 2 − 2 = ( 42 .53 + 39 .55 ) * 0.30 − (3 .5 * 2 .1 * 0 .8 * 0 .4 ) = 22 .27 ton .m

M 22 .27 * 10 5
d = K1 * ⇒ 130 = K1 * ⇒ K1 = 1 .22 ⇒ K 2 = 1832
b 200
M 22 .27 * 10 5
As = = = 9.35 cm 2
K 2 * d 1832 * 130
9.35
As / m' = = 4.45
2 .1
use ⇒ As (min) = 6 Φ16 / m'
 142

9-Details of reinforcement:

0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50

0.50
2.00
1.00
1 1

0.50
1.60 1.05 2.35
5.00
1.10

Sec 1- 1