74

Pile Cap Design

‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ھﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ھﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ ) ﺣﻤﻞ اﻻﻋﻤﺪة( ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎوى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ واﯾﻀﺎ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ وزﯾﺎدة اﺗﺰاﻧﮭﺎ‬
Methods of design of pile cap:
1. Beam Method.
2. Circulage Method.
3. Finite Element Method (FEM).
Required data for design of pile cap:
:‫ﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ھﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ ﯾﺠﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ‬
1. Pile Diameter and Length.
2. Pile allowable bearing capacity (in Compression & Tension).
3. Column Load (Normal vertical load & Moment & Horizontal load).
4. Column Dimension.

Beam Method:
In case of normal load only:
‫ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﺣﻤﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
Design steps:

1. Determine required number of piles:

.‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺒﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﻮازﯾﻖ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬

Pcol *1.10
n=
Qall
Pcol → Column Load
‫ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬
Qall → allowable pile capacity
‫ﻗﺪرة ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬
 75

2. Arrangement of piles:
:‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ رص اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ وﯾﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ‬

.‫( ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻋﺰوم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺔ‬C.G of pile & C.G of Column) ‫• ان ﯾﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ‬
.‫ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬٣-٢ ‫( ﻣﻦ‬Spacing) ‫• اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ‬
Spacing ( S ) = (2 → 3) * Φ
Φ → Pile Diameter
Examples of Pile arrangement:
If Pile number (n)=2.00
C.G of Piles&Column

Φ
Φ
2*Φ
Φ
Φ S Φ
If Pile number (n)=3.00

C.G of Piles&Column
S

0.87*S

Φ Φ
Y

Φ
S
0.87 * S
Y=
3
 76

If Pile number (n)=4.00

C.G of Piles&Column

Φ Φ

S + 2*Φ
S

Φ
Φ S Φ
If Pile number (n)=5.00

C.G of Piles&Column
S

Φ
Φ
S
S

Φ
0.87*S

Φ
Y

Φ Φ
Φ
S S

2 * 0.87 * S
Y=
5
٧ ‫ﻻ ﯾﻔﻀﻞ وﺿﻊ اﺣﺪ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ اﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة اذا ﻛﺎن ﻋﺪد اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
 77

If Pile number (n)=6.00

C.G of Piles&Column
Φ S S Φ
Φ
S

Φ
If Pile number (n)=7.00
C.G of Piles&Column
S S

Φ
3 * 0.87 * S
Φ Y=

S
S

Φ
0.87*S

7
Y

Φ
S S S

C.G of Piles&Column
0.87*S
S

S S
0.87*S

Φ
Φ
S
S

S
 78

3. Pile cap Preliminary Depth (approximate thickness of pile cap:

‫اﯾﺠﺎد ﺳﻤﻚ )ارﺗﻔﺎع( اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺔ‬
Pcol
τ=
d * 2 * (b + a )
τ → punching stress
τ = 10Kg / cm2
b & a → Column Dimensions
d → Depth of pile cap
t → thickness of pile cap
t = d + cover & cover = (7 - 10)cm
4. Check forces in piles:
.‫اﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻰ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ‬
Nt
Fp = > Qall
n
Nt = Pcol + own ( Pile cap)
n → Number of piles
5. Check of punching shear:
Pcol
τ= ≤ 8 Kg / cm2
d * 2 * (b + a + 2 d )
b & a → Column Dimensions
d → Depth of pile cap
6. Stresses:
Pcol Pcol
I1 = = (ton / m2 )
Apunch ( a + d ) * (b + d )
punch‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻮزﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ال‬

I 2 = γ RC * t RC (ton / m2 )
‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻮزﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺔ‬
I 3 = Fp (ton )
(Cg of pile) ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺮﻛﺰة ﻋﻨﺪ‬
 79

I3 I2 I3

I1

I3 I3

7. Check of shear:
.‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﯿﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻄﺎع ﻣﻤﺎس ﻻول ﺻﻒ ﺧﻮازﯾﻖ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬Check ‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
Qshear
τ sh = ≤ 8 Kg / cm2
0.87 * B * d
For section (1 - 1)
Qshear = (3 * I 3 ) − ( I 2 * A2 ) − ( I1 * A1 )
Qshear
τ sh = ≤ 8 Kg / cm2
0.87 * B1 * d

B1
0.22

1 1
I3 I3 I3
I2 A2
2 1.74 2
0.90

I3 I3 I3
I2 A2

I1 4.20
A1
 ‫‪80‬‬

‫)‪For section (2 - 2‬‬

‫‪Qshear‬‬
‫= ‪τ sh‬‬ ‫‪≤ 8 Kg / cm2‬‬
‫‪0.87 * B * d‬‬
‫‪Qshear‬‬ ‫) ‪= (2 * I 3 ) − ( I 2 * A2‬‬
‫‪Qshear‬‬
‫= ‪τ sh‬‬ ‫‪≤ 8 Kg / cm2‬‬
‫‪0.87 * B2 * d‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪I3‬‬
‫‪I3‬‬
‫‪I2‬‬

‫‪2.70‬‬
‫‪I2‬‬
‫‪A2‬‬ ‫‪A2‬‬
‫‪B2‬‬

‫‪I3‬‬
‫‪I3‬‬

‫‪0.90‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ رﺳﻢ اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﯿﺎس رﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ وﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اى اﺑﻌﺎد )‪ (B1&B2‬او ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎت )‪ (A1&A2‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻘﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‪.‬‬
 81

8. Design for Moment:

.‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻌﺰم ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﯿﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻄﺎع ﻣﻤﺎس ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮد وﯾﺘﻢ اﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺎع‬

For section (1 - 1)
M1−1
d = K1 *
B1
M1−1 = ( 2 * I 3 * X3 ) − ( A2 * I 2 * X2 ) − ( A1 * I1 * X1 )
get K1 → K 2
M1−1 As
As = & As / m' =
K2 * d B1

C.G of A1 C.G of A1
1 1 C.G of A 2 1 C.G of A 2

I2 I3
I1
X1 I1
X1 I2
B1

A2
A1 A1
A2
I3

X2 X2
X
3
1 1 1
 ‫‪82‬‬

‫)‪For section (2 - 2‬‬

‫‪M 2− 2‬‬
‫* ‪d = K1‬‬
‫‪B2‬‬
‫) ‪M 2−2 = (3 * I 3 * X3 ) − ( A2 * I 2 * X2 ) − ( A1 * I1 * X1‬‬
‫‪get K1 → K 2‬‬
‫‪M1−1‬‬ ‫‪As‬‬
‫= ‪As‬‬ ‫= '‪& As / m‬‬
‫‪K2 * d‬‬ ‫‪B2‬‬

‫‪B2‬‬
‫‪X1‬‬

‫‪X1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪X2‬‬
‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪A1‬‬ ‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪A1‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪C.G of A1‬‬ ‫‪I3‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬
‫‪I3‬‬
‫‪A2‬‬ ‫‪I3‬‬

‫‪C.G of A2‬‬ ‫‪C.G of A1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪X2‬‬

‫‪I2‬‬ ‫‪A2‬‬

‫‪C.G of A2‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ )‪ (A2‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ اﯾﺠﺎد )‪ (C.G‬ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻋﻤﻮدى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻗﻞ ﻗﻄﺮ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھﻮ ‪ ١٦‬ﻣﻢ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻻ ﯾﻘﻞ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ '‪6 Φ16 / m‬‬ ‫•‬
 ‫‪83‬‬

‫‪9. Check for Bond:‬‬

‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ )‪ (Check‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ )‪ (Bond‬وﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﯿﻦ ھﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﺰم‪.‬‬

‫‪Qshear @ M‬‬
‫= ‪τ bond‬‬ ‫‪≤ 10 Kg / cm2‬‬
‫‪0.87 * d * ∑ O‬‬
‫)‪For section (1 - 1‬‬
‫) ‪Qshear = ( 2 * I 3 ) − ( I 2 * A2 ) − ( I1 * A1‬‬
‫‪∑ O → surface area of used steel bars‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫‪∑O = π *d‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪* n * B1‬‬
‫‪d 0 = diameter of used steel‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫‪n → number of used steel in one meter‬‬

‫ﻋﺪد اﻻﺳﯿﺎخ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﺮ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ‬

‫)‪For section (2 - 2‬‬
‫) ‪Qshear = (3 * I 3 ) − ( I 2 * A2 ) − ( I1 * A1‬‬
‫‪∑O = π *d‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪* n * B2‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (Check forces in piles‬اذا زاد ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﺨﺎزوق ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﮭﺎ )‪ (Qall‬ﯾﺘﻢ‬
‫زﯾﺎدة ﻋﺪد اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ واﻋﺎدة رص اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ )‪.(Arrangement of piles‬‬
‫• ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (Check of shear-Check of Punch‬اذا ﻛﺎن اﻻﺟﮭﺎد اﻛ•ﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﮫ ﯾﺘﻢ زﯾﺎدة‬
‫ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺔ )‪ (d‬وﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‪.‬‬
‫• ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (Check of bond‬اذذا ﻛﺎن اﻻﺟﮭﺎد اﻛ•ﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﮭﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم وزﯾﺎدة ﻋﺪد اﻻﺳﯿﺎخ‪.‬‬
 84

EX1
Design a suitable pile cap for the column if the given data are

Pcol=225 ton Column Dimension (40*80)

(Qall)=45 ton (Qall)Tension=20 ton Pile Diameter =60 cm

Solution:
Determine the required number of piles :
Pcol *1.10
.n =
Qall
225 *1.10
n= = 5.5
45
Use ⇒ n = 6.00 Piles
Pile cap arrangement :
Use (S) = 2.50 * Φ
S = 2.5 * 0.60 = 1.50m

0.60 0.60
1.50 1.50
0.60

0.60
2.70
1.50
0.60

4.20
 85

Pile cap preliminary depth :

Pcol
.τ =
2 * d * (a + b)
225 *1000
10 =
2 * d * (40 + 80)
d = 93.75cm
t = 100cm → d = 94cm
Check Forces in piles :
Own( pile cap) = γ R.C * v = 2.50 * 4.20 * 2.70 *1.00
Own( pile cap) = 28.35ton
Nt 225 + 28.35
Fpile = = = 42.225ton p 45ton ⇒ OK Safe
n 6
Check of Punching shear :
Pcol 225 *1000
τ= =
2 * d * (a + b + 2d ) 2 * 94 * (40 + 80 + 94 + 94)
τ = 3.88 Kg / cm2 p 8.00 Kg / cm2 ⇒ OK Safe

Stresses :
Pcol Pcol
I1 = =
A( punch) (a + d ) * (b + d )
225
I1 = = 96.5ton / m2
(0.40 + 0.94) * (0.80 + 0.94)
I 2 = γ R.C * t = 2.50 *1.00 = 2.50ton / m2
I 3 = 42.225ton
 86

Check of shear :
Qshear
τ sh =
0.87 * B * d
for section 1 - 1
Qshear = (2 * I 3 ) − ( A2 * I 2 )
Qshear = (2 * 42.225) − (0.90 * 2.70 * 2.50) = 78.375ton
78.375 *1000
τ sh = = 3.549 Kg / cm2 p 8.00 Kg / cm2 ⇒ OK Safe
0.87 * 270 * 94

I3

I2

2.70
A2
I3

0.90
1

for section 2 - 2
Qshear = (3 * I 3 ) − ( A2 * I 2 ) − ( A1 * I1 )
Qshear = (3 * 42.225) − (0.90 * 4.20 * 2.50) − (1.74 * 0.22 * 96.5) = 80.2847ton
80.2847 * 1000
τ sh = = 2.337 Kg / cm2 p 8.00Kg / cm2 ⇒ OK Safe
0.87 * 420 * 94
0.22

2 1.74 2
0.90

I3 I3 I3
I2 A2
4.20
 87

Design for moment :

For section (1 - 1)
M1−1
d = K1 *
B1
M1−1 = (2 * I 3 * X3 ) − ( A2 * I 2 * X2 ) − ( A1 * I1 * X1 )
M1−1 = (2 * 42.225 * 1.10) − (1.70 * 2.70 * 2.50 * 0.85) − (1.34 * 0.47 * 96.50 * 0.235)
M1−1 = 68.86ton.m
68.86 * (10) 5
94 = K1 * → K1 = 0.58 ⇒ K2 = 1832
270
M1−1 68.86 * (10) 5
As = = = 39.985cm2
K2 * d 1832 * 94
As 39.985
As / m' = = = 14.8cm2
B1 2.70
Use ⇒ As = 8Φ16 / m'

1
1.70
0.85

I3

I2
2.70
1.34

A2

0.47
0.235
1.10
1
 88

Design for moment :

For section (2 - 2)
M 2− 2
d = K1 *
B2
M 2−2 = (3 * I 3 * X3 ) − ( A2 * I 2 * X2 ) − ( A1 * I1 * X1 )
M 2−2 = (3 * 42.225 * 0.55) − (4.20 * 1.15 * 2.50 * 0.575) − (1.74 * 0.47 * 96.50 * 0.235)
M 2−2 = 44.182
44.182 * (10) 5
94 = K1 * → K1 = 0.916 ⇒ K2 = 1832
420
M1−1 44.182 * (10) 5
As = = = 25.656cm2
K2 * d 1832 * 94
As 25.656
As / m' = = = 6.108cm2
B1 4.20
Use ⇒ As (min) = 6Φ16 / m'

1.74
0.235

0.575
0.55

0.47

2 2
1.15

I3 I3
I3
I2 A2
4.20
 89

Check of Bond :
Qshear @ M
τ bond = ≤ 10 Kg / cm2
0.87 * d * ∑ O
For section (1 - 1)
Qshear = (2 * I 3 ) − ( I 2 * A2 ) − ( I1 * A1 )
Qshear = (2 * 42.225) − (2.50 * 2.70 *1.70) − (96.50 *1.34 * 0.47)
Qshear = 12.199ton
12.1991*1000
τ bond = = 1.3739 Kg / cm2 < 10 Kg / cm2 ⇒ OK Safe
0.87 * 94 * π *1.60 * 8 * 2.70
For section (2 - 2)
Qshear = (3 * I 3 ) − ( I 2 * A2 ) − ( I1 * A1 )
Qshear = (3 * 42.225) − (2.50 * 4.20 *1.15) − (96.50 *1.74 * 0.47)
Qshear = 35.68ton
35.68 *1000
τ bond = = 3.444 Kg / cm2 < 10 Kg / cm2 ⇒ OK Saf
0.87 * 94 * π *1.60 * 6 * 4.20
 90

Details of Reinforcement:

0.25
0.60

2.70

3.20
1.50
2 2

1 1

0.60
0.25
0.60 1.50 1.50 0.60
0.25 0.25
4.20
4.70
1.00
0.25

4.20
4.70
Section: 1-1
 91

0.80

1.00
0.25

4.20
4.70