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Topic 4 R01c With Voice
Topic 4 R01c With Voice
dy dx
G G
V
K
A
where K = form factor
• Hence, virtual work for shear:
V
L
Us K dx
0
GA
where,
v = int. virtual shear in the member caused by 1 kN of virtual
load acting at the considered point for its displacement,
expressed in a function of x.
V = ext. shear in the member caused by real loads, expressed in a
function of x
A = cross sectional area of the member
G = shear modulus of elasticity for the material
K = form factor.
1.0 for square cross section
1.2 for rectangular cross section
1.11 for circular cross section
4.7 Method of Virtual Work: Torsion
• 3-D frameworks are subjected to torsional loadings.
• The virtual strain energy due to torsion for members having
noncircular cross-sectional areas is determined using more
rigorous analysis than that presented here.
cd
dx
Tc
where ;
G J
Hence,
Tc
d dx dx dx
c Gc GJc
T
d dx
GJ
• Virtual work for torsion:
tTL
Us
GJ
where,
t = int. virtual torque caused by ext. virtual unit load
T = int. torque in the member caused by real loads
L = member’s length
G = shear modulus of elasticity for the material
J = polar moment of inertia for the cross section
Summary
• In real situation, a structure is subjected to axial, bending, shear
and torsion deformations (perhaps, temperature variation and
fabrication too).
• Hence, using virtual work method, the translation and rotational
displacement of a point/joint in a real life structure can be
calculated as:
L nN L mM L νV L tT
1 Δ, dx 0 dx 0 K dx 0 dx
0
AE EI GA GJ
Example 4.7
Determine the horizontal displacement of point B on the frame. Take
E = 200 GPa, G = 80 GPa, I =235(106) mm4, A = 50(103) mm2. The
cross-sectional area is rectangular. Include the internal strain energy
due to axial load, moment & shear.
Solution: *Please refer to the Example 4.7 solution hand out for
details calculation*
Axial load:
nNL
1. Bx ,axial
AE
1 103
Bx ,axial 1.25 (112 .5)( 3) 0 (0)( 2.4)
50000 10 200 10
6 6
0.042 mm
Bending:
L
mMdx
1. Bx ,bending
0
EI
1 3 1 2 .4
0 ( x1 )(180 x1 30 x )dx EI
2
Bx ,bending 1 (1.25 x2 )(112 .5 x2 )dx
EI 0
3 2.4
1 180 x1 30 x1 1 140.63x2
3 4 3
EI 3 4 0 EI 3 0
1660.5
10 3
35.3 mm
200 10 235 10 10
6 6 12
Shear:
L νV
1. Bx ,shear K dx
0
GA
3 1.2(1)(180 60 x ) 2 .4 1.2( 1.25)( 112 .5)
Bx ,shear 1
dx1 dx2
0 GA 0 GA
3
1.2 10 3
60 x
2
180 x 1
140 . 63 x 2.4
0.182 mm