#26 Ordanel Jan Eric B.

BSMT III - CAR CARRIER

SEAM 2
Assessment #4
Effect of Density on Draft And Displacement

Box Shape Vessel

let an empty compartment amidships be holed below the waterline to such an extent that the water
may flow freely into and out of the compartment. A vessel holed in this way is said to be ‘bilged’.

Figure 30.1(b) shows the vessel in the bilged condition. The buoyancy provided by the bilged
compartment is lost. The draft has increased and the vessel now floats at the waterline W1L1, where it
is again displacing its own weight of water. ‘X’ represents the increase in draft due to bilging. The
volume of lost buoyancy (v) is made good by the volumes ‘y’ and ‘z’.
v= y+z
Let ‘A’ be the area of the waterplane before bilging, and let ‘a’ be the area of the bilged compartment.
Then:
y + z = Ax - ax or;
v=x(A-a)
Increase draft = x = v / A - a
Increase in draft = volume of lost buoyancy / Area of intact waterplane
Note. Since the distribution of weight within the vessel has not been altered, the KG after bilging will be
the same as the KG before bilging.
Example 1
A box-shaped vessel is 50 meters long and is floating on an even keel at 4 meters draft. An amidships
compartment is 10 meters long and is empty (see Figure 30.1(c)). Find the increase in draft if this
compartment is bilged.
x = v /A - a is equal to l x B x d / ( L - 1) B
B = the Breadth of the vessel
Then ;
x = 10 x B x 4 / (50xB) - (10xB)
x = 40B / 40B
Increase draft in 1 meter
Ship Shaped Vessel
The prismatic coefficient of a ship at any draft is the ratio of the volume of displacement at that draft to
the volume of a prism having the same length as the ship and the same cross-sectional area as the ship’s
midships area. The prismatic coefficient is used mostly by ship-model researchers.

In the figure below the shaded portion represents the volume of the ship’s displacement at the draft
concerned, enclosed in a prism having the same length as the ship and a cross-sectional area equal to
the ship’s midships area (Am).

The Prismatic Coefficient

Prismatic coefficient (Cp) = Volume of ship ÷ Volume of prism

= Volume of ship ÷ (L x Am)
Volume of Ship = L x Am x Cp
Cm x Cp = Cb
or
Cp = Cb ÷ Cm

Having described exactly what Cw, Cb, Cm, and Cp are, it would be useful to know what their values
would be for several ship types. For most merchant vessels, the coefficients are usually rounded off to
three decimal places. However, for very large vessels such as supertankers or ULCCs, they are rounded
off to four decimal places. First of all, it must be remembered that all of these form coefficients will
never be more than
unity. To be so is not physically possible.

For the Cb values at fully loaded drafts Table below gives good typical values.

Box Shaped Vessel KB and under water volume

A box-shaped vessel floats upright on an even keel as shown in fresh water of density 1000 kg per cu. m,
and the centre of buoyancy is 0.50 m above the keel. Find the height of the centre of buoyancy above
the keel when the vessel is floating in salt water of density 1025 kg per cubic metres.
Note. The centre of buoyancy is the geometric centre of the underwater volume and for a box-shaped
vessel must be at half draft, i.e. KB 1/2 draft.

In fresh water
New Draft / Old Draft = Old Density / New Density
New Draft = Old Draft x Old Density / New Density
 = 1 x 1000 / 1025
New Draft = 0.976 m
New KB = 1/2 New Draft
Ans. New KB = 0.448m or, 0.49m

Ship Shaped Vessel KB and under water volume

It has already been shown that when the density of the water in which a vessel floats is changed the
draft will change, but the mass of water in kg or tonnes displaced will be unchanged.

New Displacement = Old Displacement

New Volume x New density = Old Volume x Old Density
New Volume / Old Volume = Old Density / New Density
With ship shapes this formula should not be simplified further as it was in the case of a box shape
because the underwater volume is not rectangular. To find the change in draft of a ship shape due to
change of density a quantity known as the ‘Fresh Water Allowance’ must be known.

Fresh Water Allowance (FWA)

The Fresh Water Allowance is the number of millimetres by which the mean draft changes when a ship
passes from salt water to fresh water, or vice versa, whilst floating at the loaded draft. It is found by the
formula:
FWA in mm = Displacement (in tonnes) / 4 x TPC

The total volume of fresh water displaced is then V + v

Mass = Volume x Density
Mass of sallt water Displaced = 1025 v
Mass of FW displaced = 1000 V + v
Mass of FW Displaced = Mass of SW displaced
1000 (V + v) = 1025 v
1000v + 1000v = 1025 v
1000v = 25 v
v = V / 40

Now let w be the mass of salt water in volume v, in tonnes and let W be the
mass of salt water in volume V, in tonnes,
w = W / 40
But w = FWA / 10 x TPC
FWA / 10 x TPC = W / 40
Or FWA = W / /(4 x TPC) x mm
Where W = Loaded salt water displacement in tonnes
dock

Water allowance as the distance by which “S” can be submerged while the ship is on dock water, density
between fresh and salt water

Figure 5.3 shows a ship’s load line marks. The centre of the disc is at a distance below the deck line
equal to the ship’s statutory freeboard. Then 540 mm forward of the disc is a vertical line 25 mm thick,
with horizontal lines measuring 230 25 mm on each side of it. The upper edge of the one marked ‘S’ is
in line with the horizontal line through the disc and indicates the draft to which the ship may be loaded
when floating in salt water in a Summer Zone. Above this line and pointing aft is another line marked ‘F’,
the upper edge of which indicates the draft to which the ship may be loaded when floating in fresh
water in a Summer Zone. If loaded to this draft in fresh water the ship will automatically rise to ‘S’ when
she passes into salt water.
The perpendicular distance in millimetres between the upper edges of these two lines is therefore the
ship’s Fresh Water Allowance. When the ship is loading in dock water which is of a density between
these two limits ‘S’ may be submerged such a distance that she will automatically rise to ‘S’ when the
open sea and salt water is reached. The Group weights, water draft, air draft and density.

distance by which ‘S’ can be submerged, called the Dock Water Allowance, is found in practice by simple
proportion as follows:
x = the dock water allowance
PDW = Density pf the dock water (then;)
x mm / FWA mm = 1025 - PDW / 1025 - 1000
Dock water Allowance = FWA (1025 - Pdw) / 25

Recognize sign and symbols used in Load line Marks: TF = Tropical fresh, F = fresh water, S = salt water,
W = Winter, WNA = Winter North Atlantic
S – Summer / Salt water :- It is the basic freeboard line at the same level as the Plimsol Line. Other load
lines are marked based on this Summer freeboard line.
T – Tropical :- It is 1/48th of summer draft marked above the Summer load line.
W – Winter :- It is 1/48th of summer draft marked below the Summer load line.
WNA – Winter North Atlantic :- It is marked 50mm below the Winter load line. It applies to voyages in

North Atlantic ( above 36 degrees of latitude) during winter months.

F – Fresh Water :- It is the summer fresh water load line. The distance between S and F is the Fresh
Water Allowance (FWA).
TF – Tropical Fresh Water :- It is the fresh water load line in Tropical. It is marked above the T at an
amount equal to FWA.