Ohm’s Law and Power

Chapter 2
The Electric Circuit
A practical electric circuit has at least four parts:
 a source of electromotive force

 conductors

 a load
 A means of control
The Electric Circuit
 a source of electromotive force

 batteries
 generator
The Electric Circuit
 conductors
 wires that connect the various parts of
the circuit and conduct the circuit.
 wires which offer low resistance to a
current.
The Electric Circuit
 a load

 represents a device that uses electric

energy.
 such as lamp, bell, toaster, radio or a
motor.
The Electric Circuit
 control devices

 switches, variable resistances, fuses,

circuit breakers or relays.
 The Electric Circuit
 A complete or closed circuit is an unbroken path
for current from the emf, through a load, and
back to the source.
conductor (wire)

electromotive Load
force (battery) (resistor)

control (switch)
conductor (wire)
The Electric Circuit
 A circuit is called incomplete or open circuit if a
break in the circuit does not provide a
complete path for current.

VB R

SW

Switch open
The Electric Circuit
 To protect a circuit, a fuse is placed directly into
the circuit.

 fuse will open the circuit whenever a dangerously

large current starts to flow.
 fuse will permit the currents smaller than the fuse
value to flow but will melt and therefore break or
open a circuit if a larger current flows.
The Electric Circuit
 A dangerously large current will flow when a
“short circuit” occurs.

 A short circuit is usually caused by an accidental

connection between two points in a circuit which
offers very little resistance.

Shorting
VB connection
R

fuse
The Electric Circuit

R R
G1 G2
The Electric Circuit
 A ground symbol is often used to show that a
number of wires are connected to a common
point in a circuit.

EXACTLY THE SAME

Resistance
 the opposition of current to flow.
 To add resistance to a circuit, electrical
components called resistors are used.
 A resistor is a device whose resistance to
current flow is a known, specified value.
 measured in ohms, and represented by
symbol R in equation.
 One ohm is defined as the amount of
resistance that will limit the current in a
conductor to one ampere when the
voltage applied to the conductor is one
volt.
Resistance
 Resistors are common components
of many electrical and electronic
devices.

 To established the proper value of circuit

voltage, to limit current, and to provide
load.
 Resistors are classified into two :
 Fixed resistors
 Variable resistor
Variable Resistors
 are used to vary or change the amount of
resistance in a circuit.
 are called potentiometers or rheostats.
 Potentiometers generally consist of carbon
composition resistance elements, while the
resistance element in a rheostat is usually made
of resistance wire.
Photos for Potentiometer

Photos for Rheostat

Variable Resistor
 Rheostats are often used to control very high
currents such as those found in motor and lamp
loads.
 Potentiometers can be used to vary the value of
voltage applied to a circuit.
 Ohm’s Law
 Ohm’s law defines the relationship between
current, voltage, and resistance.

V
I R
 Ohm’s Law
Example no. 1
An electric light bulb draws 1.0 A when operating on
a 120-V dc circuit. What is the resistance of the bulb?

Solution:
Light Bulb
I = IA R=?
V = 120-V
V
R=
I
R =120 Ω
Power

P=V I
P=I R
2
Power

P= V2 /R
Power
Example no. 2
If the voltage across a 25 000Ω resistor is
500 V, what is the power dissipated in the
resistor?

P = V2 / R
= 5002 / 25 000
= 10 W
HORSEPOWER
One horsepower (hp) is equivalent to
746 watts.
ELECTRIC ENERGY

kWh = kW x h
ELECTRIC ENERGY
Example
How much energy is delivered in 2h by a
generator supplying 10 kW?

kWh = 10kW x 2h
kWh = 20kWh Energy delivered