Professional Documents
Culture Documents
週次 日期 內容 授課老師
配分方式 期中考50%;期末考50%
參考書目:
1. Agrios, G. N. 2005. Plant Pathology, 5th ed. Academic Press, San Diego,
CA, USA. (*Main Textbook*,偉明圖書公司代理)
2. Ownley, B. H. and Trigiano, R. N. 2016. Plant Pathology: concepts and
laboratory exercises, 3rd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
3. Strange, R. N. 2003. Introduction to Plant Pathology. John Wiley &
Sons Ltd., West Sussex, England.
4. 易希陶(編著)。1968,1969。經濟昆蟲學 (上篇總論) (下篇各論)。
正中書局,台北市。425頁,464頁。
5. 中筋房夫著。朱耀沂、陳秋男譯。2010。害蟲綜合管理學。台灣昆
蟲學會發行。261頁。
6. Metcalf, R. L., and R. A. Metcalf. 1993. Destructive and Useful Insects:
Their Habits and Control. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York.
7. Pedigo, L. P., and M. E. Rice. 2009. Entomology and Pest Management.
6th. Pearson Education, Inc.
植物病蟲害防治
病害部分
(2022)
2005
Dr. George N. Agrios, first director of the University
of Florida-IFAS Plant Medicine Program, was born in
Galarinos, Halkidiki, Greece, and received his Ph.D.
degree from Iowa State University in 1960 with the
support of a Fulbright Grant. After serving for 2 years
in the Engineering Corps of the Greek Army as a
demolition expert, he moved to the United States,
where he assumed a faculty position at the University
of Massachusetts at Amherst. His main duties there
involved teaching several courses in plant pathology
and conducting research on viruses of pepper,
squash, corn, and pome fruits. In 1980, he proposed
and spearheaded the creation of a biotechnology
program at the University of Massachusetts and
received a state wide “Award of Excellence” for his
services. In 1988, he became Chair of the UF-IFAS
Department of Plant Pathology where he served until
2002.
Dr. Agrios was elected Fellow of the American
Dr. George N. Agrios Phytopathological Society in 1983 and assumed the
highest administrative office of the Society as
1936-2010 President (1990-91). He presented a memorable
presidential address at the APS Annual Meeting in
Portland, Oregon in 1990 indicating his plans to
establish the Plant Medicine Program at the
University of Florida. Dr. Agrios also served as
President of the Northeast Division of the APS and
Chairman of the Technical Committee on Viruses and
Virus-Like Diseases of Deciduous Fruit Trees and
Vines.
2004 2016
病蟲草害-Pests (有害生物)包括:
病害:diseases
草(雜草)害:weeds
屬於競爭 (competition)
病害 (Disease) 的定義
寄主細胞和組織受到病原與環境因子的持續
性刺激而引發功能性障礙並導致病徵產生
Diseases caused by temperature (too low or too high) Diseases caused by fungi and fungal-like
organisms
Diseases caused by soil moisture (lack or excess) Diseases caused by bacteria and mollicutes
Diseases caused by light (lack or excess) Diseases caused by viruses and viroids
Russetting on apples
Chilling injury on pineapple 番茄葉凍傷
(凍傷)
(鳳梨黑心症)
土壤水分缺乏
淹水傷害
受連日豪雨淹水災害的花生田 未受淹水災害的花生田
雲林元長鄉 台南11號花生 2021.8.25
韭菜避光栽培成韭黃 (light lack)
夜晚照燈調整植物光週期 (開花與落葉時間異常)
高溫環境易造成田間微氣候缺氧,導致馬鈴薯產生褐化或甚至黑心病徵。
PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate)
臭氧(ozone)造成菸草葉片褐化
造成萵苣葉背產生亮銅色病徵
SO2污染造成覆盆子(raspberry)葉脈間白化 氟化物污染造成松葉褐枯
香蕉緣枯症
緣枯症 香蕉緣枯症
柑橘缺鋅症 柑橘缺鎂 玉米缺錳
鉀肥過量造成椪柑果皮粗糙
大豆栽種在鹼性土壤 (pH過高),葉片全面性褪色黃化。
棉花
番茄
番茄
木瓜
檸檬苗
農藥殺草劑產生的藥害
improper cultural practices
Diseases caused by temperature (too low or too high) Diseases caused by fungi and fungal-like
organisms
Diseases caused by soil moisture (lack or excess) Diseases caused by bacteria and mollicutes
Diseases caused by light (lack or excess) Diseases caused by viruses and viroids
線蟲 病毒 (包括類病毒)
(電子顯微鏡下才看得到)
講義第2頁
講義第2頁
Aspergillus flavus 黃麴黴菌
Aspergillus flavus
Mistletoe Broomrapes
病害的發生條件與循環
病害總量
講義第3頁
感染
入侵 (成功入侵)
寄主辨識
立足
試入 (嘗試侵入)
碰觸 病原生長、繁殖
經由各種媒介協助
蟄伏 (潛伏、等待) 病徵顯現
首次感染源散播
病原散播 (形成二次感染源)
講義第3頁
第二章 植物病原微生物概論
Classification of plant diseases 講義第1頁
Diseases caused by temperature (too low or too high) Diseases caused by fungi and fungal-like
organisms
Diseases caused by soil moisture (lack or excess) Diseases caused by bacteria and mollicutes
Diseases caused by light (lack or excess) Diseases caused by parasitic higher plants
卵菌 結合菌
真菌孢子與
子實體型態
常見植物病原真菌之簡易分類概況及其引起的病害 講義第5頁
種腐、幼苗倒伏、根腐、莖(塊莖)腐、萎凋、軟腐
卵菌 白銹、露菌 (葉部霜黴、壞疽)
結合菌
果腐、瓜腐、麵包黴
講義第7頁
Slime mold 黏菌
Clubroot (棍棒根、根腫)
甘藍 青花菜
甘藍根腫病
Potato powdery scab
馬鈴薯粉瘡痂病
葡萄露菌病 Downy mildew 瓜類露菌病
蕹菜 (空心菜,屬旋花科) 白銹病 莧菜 (屬莧科) 白銹病
馬鈴薯晚疫病
Phytophthora infestans 引起
柑橘裾腐病
Phytophthora sp.引起
Phytophthora sp.引起的病害
青蔥疫病 木瓜疫病
Damping-off disease caused by Pythium sp.
胡瓜幼苗倒伏病
真菌 True Fungi
Kingdom Phylum Class Genus
卵菌 結合菌
真菌孢子與
子實體型態
黏菌 寄生性黏菌 瓶菌
十字花科根腫病 馬鈴薯癌腫病
種腐、幼苗倒伏、根腐、莖(塊莖)腐、萎凋、軟腐
卵菌 白銹、露菌 (葉部霜黴、壞疽)
結合菌
果腐、瓜腐、麵包黴
講義第7頁
Mucor bread mold
Synchytrium endobioticum
Potato Wart 馬鈴薯癌腫病
Rhizopus stolonifer
Choanephora squash rot 甘藷軟腐病
Mycorrhizae 菌根
表面菌絲體 皮下菌絲體 發芽管
吸器 壓器
侵入釘
胞內菌絲體
胞間菌絲體 + 吸器
胞間菌絲體
皮孔
氣孔 泌水孔
傷口
講義第6頁
花蜜分泌孔
氣孔 傷口
泌水孔
講義第13頁
講義第4頁
子囊菌與不完全菌
真菌的生活史
栗樹萎凋
桃縮葉
皺縮 潰瘍
白粉
香蕉葉斑
葉斑
炭疽
柑橘黑點
根腐、莖腐、鞘腐 菌核菌
草莓灰黴
麥角
萎凋
荷蘭榆樹 種黴、種腐、果黴、果腐 蘋果瘡痂 桃褐腐
倉儲病害:種黴、種腐、果黴、果腐、莢腐 煤煙 講義第7頁
真菌 True Fungi
Pyrenomycetes Glomerella炭疽病菌
核菌綱 (產生子囊殼, Claviceps麥角病菌
子囊單壁) Ophiostroma荷蘭榆樹病
Magnaporthe稻熱病
Cryphonectria栗樹萎凋病
Rosellinia白紋羽病
桃縮葉病
Taphrina deformans 引起桃縮葉病 Taphrina pruni 引起李囊果病
葡萄白粉病 Powdery mildew
玫瑰白粉病
洋香瓜白粉病 西瓜白粉病
芒果炭疽病 Anthracnose
香蕉炭疽病
草莓炭疽病造成草莓幼苗根冠腐爛而萎凋
麥角菌
Claviceps purpurea
causes ergotism (麥角中毒症)
又稱 St. Anthony’s fire
麥角生物鹼 (ergot alkaloids) 使患者手足
發生壞疽、中樞神經錯亂,乃至死亡。
葉片上煤煙病
Venturia inaequalis 蘋果瘡痂病
玫瑰黑斑病
(玫瑰黑星病)
甘藍菌核病 (Head rot)
菌核
Fig.柑橘果實青黴病及綠黴病
草莓灰黴病 柑橘黑點病
桃褐腐病 柑橘黑星病
講義第4頁
擔子菌
講義第4頁
擔子菌
擔孢子 擔孢子柄
精孢子 春孢子 夏孢子 冬孢子
精孢子器 春孢子器 夏孢子堆 冬孢子堆
講義第6頁(新修訂,請同學更新)
Basidiomycota Pucciniomycetes (Pucciniales 銹菌目)
擔子菌門 銹菌綱 Puccinia玉米、小麥銹病
孢子不具鞭毛,有 Hemileia 咖啡銹病
性孢子為擔孢子 Gymnosporangium 梨赤星病
Ustilaginomycetes (Ustilaginales 黑穗菌目)
(黑穗菌與銹菌皆為 黑穗菌綱 Ustilago 玉米、小麥(裸)黑穗病
絕對寄生菌)
Exobasidiomycetes (Tilletiales 腥黑穗菌目)
外擔菌綱 Tilletia 小麥腥黑穗病(蓋黑穗病)
(Exobasidiales 外擔菌目)
Exobasidium 茶餅病
Agaricomycetes (Ceratobasidiales 角擔菌目)
傘菌綱 Thanatephorus
(=Rhizoctonia solani) 立枯絲核菌
(Atheliales 阿太菌目)
Athelia rolfsii (Sclerotium rolfsii)白絹病
(Agaricales傘菌目或菇目)
Armillaria蜜環菌 (樹木基腐根腐)
(Hymenochaetales 刺革菌目)
Inonotus 纖孔菌 (木材腐朽)
(Aphyllophorales 非摺菌目)
Phellinus 褐根病
Ganoderma 靈芝
銹病 蘋果、梨赤星病
白松皰銹病
立枯絲核菌 白絹病
褐根病
蜜環菌 根腐
根腐、莖腐、鞘腐 白樺茸 木腐 木材腐朽
講義第8頁
Figure 1. Stem rust infected wheat plants in the field
擔孢子感染barberry
春孢子感染小麥
講義第8頁
Barberry 刺檗
(Berberis vulgaris)
小檗科 小檗屬
Figure . Aecia of the wheat stem rust fungus produced on infected barberry leaf.
龍柏銹病 - 梨赤星病
White pine blister rust
白松皰銹病
(gooseberry)
醋栗
醋栗
白松
醋栗銹病 – 白松皰銹病
咖啡銹病
咖啡銹病
小麥裸黑穗病 Loose smut
(由Ustilago tritici所引起)
小麥腥黑穗病common bunt
(小麥蓋黑穗病 Covered smut)
(由Tilletia caries引起)
補充教材
黑穗菌寄生於菰草後會分
泌IAA、Cytokinin與 Ustilago esculenta
ethylene,刺激菰草嫩莖的
薄壁細胞增生,形成長紡
綞形菌癭,同時葉片光合
作用製造的養分也轉移集
中貯藏於此菌癭,形成幼
嫰的筍莖,即是可食用的
茭白筍。一旦溫度超過
30℃或低於10℃時會抑制
黑穗菌的活動,因而影響
結筍。(from 王也珍)
立枯絲核菌 白絹病
褐根病
纖孔菌
蜜環菌 根腐
根腐、莖腐、鞘腐 白樺茸 木腐 木材腐朽
講義第8頁
病原:Rhizoctonia solani
(立枯絲核菌,不產孢子,靠菌絲和菌核傳播)
水稻紋枯病
Rhizoctonia solani 引起
白絹病 (Sclerotium rolfsii 引起)
(不產孢子,靠菌絲和菌核傳播)
茄子 落花生
樹木褐根腐病
(褐根病)
樹木褐根病
Phellinus root rot
菌絲面
褐色網紋
褐根病
Armillaria root rot 蜜環菌根腐病