4-Chapter - 4 Transmission Media

INWK 6111 Lec 4 Chapter 4 4/25/2023
William Stallings
Data and Computer
Communications
Chapter 4 S4.1-4
Transmission Media
Lec 4 : No lecture - students

have to study this material on
their own
Overview
 Guided Transmission media : e.g. Wire

 Unguided transmission media : wireless
 Characteristics and quality are
determined by the medium and the signal
 For guided, the medium is more important
 For unguided, the bandwidth produced by
the antenna is important
 Key concerns are data rate and distance
2
Based on/from William Stalling’s Data & Computer Communications
Bill Robertson 1
Design Factors
 Bandwidth
 Higher bandwidth gives higher data
rate
 Transmission impairments
 Attenuation
 Interference
 From sources outside the medium
 Number of receivers
 In guided media
 More receivers (multi-point) introduce
more attenuation
3
4.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum
4
Bill Robertson 2
4.1 Guided Transmission Media
 Twisted Pair
 Coaxial cable
 Optical fiber
5
4.1 Twisted Pair
•External interference affects both wires in a twisted

pair to the same extent
•The twist length is different on individual pairs within
a bundle to reduce “crosstalk”
6
Bill Robertson 3
4.1 Twisted Pair - Applications
 Still the most common medium

 Telephone network
 Used between house and local
exchange (subscriber loop)
 Within buildings
 To private branch exchange (PBX)
 For local area networks (LAN)
 10Mbps or 100Mbps
7
4.1 Twisted Pair - Pros and Cons
 Pros
 Cheap
 Easy to work with
 Cons
 Low data rate
 Short range
8
Bill Robertson 4
4.1 Twisted Pair - Transmission

Characteristics
 Analog
 Requires amplifiers every 5km to 6km
 Limited analog bandwidth (CAT 2: 1MHz)
 Digital
 Can use either analog or digital signals
 Repeater every 2km or 3km
 Limited digital data rate (CAT 5: 100Mbps)
 Susceptible to interference and noise
9
4.1 Unshielded TP
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

 Ordinary telephone wire
 Cheapest medium
 Easiest to install
 Suffers from external Electro
Magnetic (EM) interference
10
10
Bill Robertson 5
4.1 Shielded TP
 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

 Metal braid or sheathing that
reduces interference
 More expensive than unshielded
 Harder to handle (thick, heavy)
11
11
4.1 Unshielded Twisted Pair

Categories
 OLDER Cats
 Cat 3
 up to 16MHz
 Voice grade found in most offices
 Twist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cm
 Cat 4
 up to 20 MHz
 NEWER Cats
 Cat 5
 up to 100MHz
 Commonly pre-installed in new office buildings
 Twist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cm
 Cat 6 and 7
 Next slide
12
12
Bill Robertson 6
Twisted Pair Categories and Classes

Category 5e Class Category 6 Class E Category 6A Class Category 7 Class F Category 7A Class
D EA FA
Bandwidth 100 MHz 250 MHz 500 MHz 600 MHz 1,000 MHz
Cable Type Unshielded TP UTP/Foil TP UTP/FTP Shielded/FTP S/FTP
Insertion loss (dB) 24 21.3 20.9 20.8 20.3
NearEnd Cross 30.1 39.9 39.9 62.9 65

Talk loss
(NEXT)(dB)
Attenuation to 6.1 (Smaller is 18.6 19 42.1 44.1 (larger is

CrosstalkRatio worse) better)
(dB)
13
13
4.1 Near End Crosstalk
 Coupling of signal from one pair

to another
 Coupling takes place when the
transmitted signal entering the
link couples back to the receiving
wire pair
i.e. near transmitted signal is picked up
by near receiving pair
14
14
Bill Robertson 7
Must be > Insertion Loss
15
15
4.1 Coaxial Cable
16
16
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4.1 Coaxial Cable Applications

 Television distribution
 Antenna to TV
 Cable TV
 Long distance telephone transmission
 Can carry 10,000 voice calls
simultaneously
 Being replaced by optical fibre
 Short distance computer systems’ links
 Local area networks
17
17
4.1 Coaxial Cable -

Transmission Characteristics
 Analog
 Amplifiers every few km
 Closer together for higher
frequencies
 Bandwidth up to 500MHz
 Digital
 Repeater every 1km
 Closer together for higher data
rates
18
18
Bill Robertson 9
4.1 Optical Fiber
19
19
4.1 Optical Fiber - Benefits
 Compared to coax it has

 Greater capacity
 Data rates of hundreds of Giga bps
 Smaller size & weight than coax
 Lower attenuation
 Electromagnetic isolation
 Greater repeater spacing
 10s of km at least
20
20
Bill Robertson 10
4.1 Optical Fiber - Applications
 Long-haul trunks - 1500 km,

20K to 60K voice channels
 Metropolitan trunks - 12km,
100K voice channels
 Rural exchange trunks - 10
to 160 km, < 5000 voice
channels
 Subscriber loops
 LANs - 100Mbps to 10 Gbps
21
21
4.1 Optical Fiber - Transmission

Characteristics
 Acts as a wave guide for 1014 to 1015 Hz
 includes part of infrared and visible spectra
 Sources
 Light Emitting Diode (LED)
 Injection Laser Diode (ILD)
 Comparison
 LED Cheaper than ILD
 LED has Wider operating temperature range than ILD
 LED Lasts longer than ILD
 ILD is more efficient than LED
 ILD has greater data rate than LED
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing

22
22
Bill Robertson 11
4.1 Optical Fiber Transmission

Modes
Depending on angle light propagates or exits
Varying index of refraction in core
Radius is order of wavelength supports single angle
23
23
4.1 Point-to-point Transmission

Characteristics of Guided Media
24
24
Bill Robertson 12
4.1 Attenuation of Typical

Guided Media
25
25
4.2 Wireless Transmission
 An unguided media
 Transmission and reception is via
an antenna
 Directional
 A focused antenna beam
 Careful alignment of receiving antenna is
required
 Omnidirectional
 The signal
 propagates in all directions
 can be received by many antennae
26
26
Bill Robertson 13
27
27
4.2 Wireless Frequencies
 2GHz to 40GHz  30MHz to 1GHz

 Microwave  Omnidirectional
 Highly  Broadcast radio
directional  3 x 1011 to 2 x
 Point to point 1014 Hz
 Satellite
 Infrared
 Local
connection
28
28
Bill Robertson 14
4.2 Terrestrial Microwave

 Characteristics
 Parabolic dish
 Focused beam
 Line of sight (2 towers of same height)
d = 7.14*sqrt(1.334*height)
 Higher frequencies give higher data rates
 Loss = 10log(4pd/l)2 deciBels
 Used in
 Long haul telecommunications
 Point-to-point between buildings
29
29
4.2 Typical Digital Microwave

Performance
30
30
Bill Robertson 15
4.2 Satellite Microwave

 A satellite is a relay station
 It receives on one frequency,
amplifies or repeats the signal and
transmits on another frequency
 It requires geo-stationary orbit at a
height of 35,863km at the equator
 Uses are for
 Television
 Long distance telephone
 Private business networks
 Global positioning
31
31
Very Small Aperture Terminal System

Hub: 256kpbs up
Multiple 56kbps down
Subscribers:
256kbps down
56kbps up
32
32
Bill Robertson 16
4.2 Broadcast Radio

in VHF, UHF bands
 Omnidirectional propagation
 30 MHz - 1 GHz
 FM radio
 UHF and VHF television
 Line of sight as ionosphere is
transparent at these frequencies
 Suffers from
 Multipath interference
 Reflections
33
33
4.2 Infrared
 Modulation of a non-coherent
infrared light source
 Line of sight (or reflection)
 Cons
 Blocked by walls
 Uses
 TV remote control
 IR Data port
34
34
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4.3 Wireless Propagation
35
35
36
36
Bill Robertson 18
37
37
K= 4/3) is a refraction adjustment
38
38
Bill Robertson 19
4.4 Line of sight :

Free space loss
 Due to signal spreading as it gets further from the
source
39
39
4.4 Line of Sight Transmission
40
40
Bill Robertson 20
4.4 Line of sight :

Free space loss
 Due to signal spreading as it gets further from the source
(λ=c/f)
where Eqn(4.1) is used to replace antenna gain G
 Note that whereas the previous relationship showed higher
loss at higher frequency antenna gain can provide lower
losses at higher frequencies
41
41
Problem 4.14
Suppose a transmitter produces 50W of power.
a. (Using Appendix 3A) Express the transmit power in units of dBm
and dB W.
Answer: PowerdBW = 10 log (PowerW ) = 10 log (50) = 17dBW
PowerdBm= 10 log (PowermW ) = 10 log (50,000) = 47 dBm
b. If the transmitter’s power is applied to a unity gain antenna with a
900Mhz carrier frequency, what is the received power in dBm at a free
space distance of 100m?
Answer: Using Equation (4.4) (derived from 4.3 slide 39),
LdB= 20 log(900 × 106 ) +20 log (100) – 147.56
= (120 + 59.08)+40 – 147.56 = 71.52dB (Remember this is a ratio
and is dimensionless)
PrdBm= (47 – 71.52)dBm
(Note that Transmit power and Receive power are in dBm and all
losses are in dB: www.mth.msu.edu/~maccluer/Gallery/1.pdf ) 42
42
Bill Robertson 21
Problem 4.14
c. Repeat b) for a distance of 10km (10,000m)
Answer: LdB= (120 + 59.08) +80 – 147.56 =111.52 dB;
PrdBm= 47 – 111.52 =–64.52 dBm
d. Repeat c) with a receiver antenna gain of 2

Answer: The antenna gain results in an increase of 10 log2 = 3 dB, so
that
PrdBm= (-64.52+3) dBm = –61.52 dBm
43
43
 THE END
Do Problems 10th Ed: 4.10 , 12, 14, 17
44
44
Bill Robertson 22

4-Chapter - 4 Transmission Media

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INWK 6111 Lec 4 Chapter 4 4/25/2023

Lec 4 : No lecture - students

 Guided Transmission media : e.g. Wire

4.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum

4.1 Guided Transmission Media

4.1 Twisted Pair

•External interference affects both wires in a twisted

4.1 Twisted Pair - Applications

 Still the most common medium

4.1 Twisted Pair - Pros and Cons

4.1 Twisted Pair - Transmission

 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

4.1 Unshielded Twisted Pair

Twisted Pair Categories and Classes

Cable Type Unshielded TP UTP/Foil TP UTP/FTP Shielded/FTP S/FTP

Insertion loss (dB) 24 21.3 20.9 20.8 20.3

NearEnd Cross 30.1 39.9 39.9 62.9 65

Attenuation to 6.1 (Smaller is 18.6 19 42.1 44.1 (larger is

4.1 Near End Crosstalk

 Coupling of signal from one pair

Must be > Insertion Loss

4.1 Coaxial Cable

4.1 Coaxial Cable Applications

4.1 Coaxial Cable -

4.1 Optical Fiber

4.1 Optical Fiber - Benefits

 Compared to coax it has

4.1 Optical Fiber - Applications

 Long-haul trunks - 1500 km,

4.1 Optical Fiber - Transmission

 Wavelength Division Multiplexing

4.1 Optical Fiber Transmission

Varying index of refraction in core

Radius is order of wavelength supports single angle

4.1 Point-to-point Transmission

4.1 Attenuation of Typical

4.2 Wireless Transmission

4.2 Wireless Frequencies

 2GHz to 40GHz  30MHz to 1GHz

4.2 Terrestrial Microwave

4.2 Typical Digital Microwave

4.2 Satellite Microwave

Very Small Aperture Terminal System

4.2 Broadcast Radio

4.3 Wireless Propagation

4.3 Wireless Propagation

4.3 Wireless Propagation

4.3 Wireless Propagation

K= 4/3) is a refraction adjustment

4.4 Line of sight :

4.4 Line of Sight Transmission

4.4 Line of sight :

d. Repeat c) with a receiver antenna gain of 2

Do Problems 10th Ed: 4.10 , 12, 14, 17

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