1-Chapter 1

INWK 6111 Lec 1 Chapters 1&2 4/25/2023
William Stallings
Data and Computer
Communications
Ed. 10 Chapter 1
Introduction
Lec 1
1
From/for William Stallings Data & Computer Communications
Further Reading
 Web sites for IETF, IEEE, ITU-T, ISO

 Internet Requests for Comment (RFCs)
 Halsall, F. Data Communications,
Computer Networks and Open Systems,
Addison Wesley
 Rental:
https://www.vitalsource.com/products
/data-and-computer-communications-
william-stallings-v9780133506594
2
Bill Robertson 1
1.2 A Communications Model
 Source  Receiver
 generates data to  Converts received
be transmitted signal into data
 Transmitter  Destination
 Converts data into  Takes incoming
transmittable data
signals
 Transmission
System
 Carries data
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1.2 Simplified Communications

Model - Diagram
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Bill Robertson 2
1.2 Key Communications Tasks
 Transmission System  Addressing and

Utilization routing
 Interfacing  Recovery
 Signal Generation  Message formatting
 Synchronization  Security
 Exchange  Network Management
Management
 Error detection and
correction
5
1.2 Simplified Communications

Model - Tasks
Error detection
and control
Exchange management
Signal interface synchronization

generation
Message formatting
Recovery from
transmission
interruption
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Bill Robertson 3
1.3 Data Communications

Model
7
1.4 Networks : 1
 Point to point communication are

not usually practical
 Devices are too far apart
 A large set of devices would need
impractical number of connections as
each device would need to be
connected to every other device -
fully connected
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Bill Robertson 4
1.4 Networking : 2
 The solution is a communications

network
 LAN - Local Area Network
 WAN - Wide Area Network
 MAN - Municipal Area Network
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1.4 Simplified Network Model
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Bill Robertson 5
1.4 Wide Area Network (WAN)

 Covers a large geographical area
 Crosses public rights of way
 Relies in part on common carrier
circuits
 Alternative technologies include
 Circuit switching
 Packet switching
 Frame relay
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
 Gigabit Ethernet and IP
11
11
1.4 Circuit Switching
 A dedicated communication path

is established for the duration of
the conversation
 e.g. as in a telephone network
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Bill Robertson 6
Imagine you’re an undertaker working in Kansas City

in the late 19th century. You’re one of just two
undertakers serving a city of more than 50,000
people, so business must be booming, right?
Not if your competitor is stealing all of your clients.
Legend has it that Almon Brown Strowger found
himself in this exact position in the 1870s and 1880s.
The wife of the other undertaker in town worked at
the local telephone exchange, and whenever a caller
would ask for Strowger’s services, she’d put the call
through to her husband, instead. This left Strowger’s
business in grave straits. (No pun intended.)
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13
1.4 Circuit Switching
 A dedicated communication path

is established for the duration of
the conversation
 e.g. as in a telephone network
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Bill Robertson 7
1.4 Packet Switching : 1
 Data is sent out in sequence

 Small pieces (packets) of data
are sent at a time
 Packets are passed from node
to node between source and
destination
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15
1.4 Packet Switching : 2
 Used for terminal to computer,

and computer to computer
communications
 Has high overhead for error
correction purposes
 Node to node error correction
 End to end error correction
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Bill Robertson 8
1.4 Frame Relay : 1

 Introduced because
 Modern systems are more reliable
than those used when packet
switching was introduced
 Errors can be caught in the end
systems
 Most overhead for error control is
stripped out
 With statistical multiplexing FR
supports up to 40-50Mbps
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1.4 Frame Relay : 2
 Can be leased line between

destinations
 Can be leased line to the Internet
cloud
 virtual connection across the cloud
 path is “connected” however medium is
shared
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Bill Robertson 9
1.4 Asynchronous Transfer

Mode
 ATM
 An evolution of frame relay
 Little overhead for error control
 Fixed packet (cell) length
 Anything from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps
 Constant data rate using a packet
switching technique
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19
1.4 Local Area Network (LAN)

 Small scope
 Building or small campus
 Broadcast systems
 Switched systems
 Wireless systems
 Usually owned by the same
organization that owns the
attached devices
 Data rates are typically much
higher than WANS
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Bill Robertson 10
1.4 Wireless Networks

 Wireless networks can be used in both
LANS and WANS
 802.11 a,b,g,n,p,
 ac,ad,af,ax,ay
 ba,bb,be Wi-Fi (LAN)
 802.16a Wi-Max (Broadband)

 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-
are-the-ieee-802-11-wireless-lan-
standards
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1.5 Internet: Key Elements
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Bill Robertson 11
1.5 Internet: Key Elements
= An access point to a network

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1.6
Network
From/for William Stallings Data & Computer 24

Communications
24
Bill Robertson 12
William Stallings
Data and Computer
Communications
Ed.10 Chapter 2, Ch14.1,4

Protocols and Architecture

25
25
2.1 Protocols
 Used for communications

between entities in a system
 Entities
 User applications
 e-mail facilities
 terminals
 Systems
 Computer
 Terminal
 Remote sensor
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Bill Robertson 13
Key Elements of a Protocol
 Syntax
 Data formats
 Signal levels
 Semantics
 Control information
 Error handling
 Timing
 Speed matching
 Sequencing
27
27
2.2 Protocol Architecture

 Task of communication broken up into
modules
 For example file transfer could use three
modules
 File transfer application
 Communication service module
 Network access module
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Bill Robertson 14
A Three Layer Model

 See following slides
 Application Layer
 Transport Layer
 Network Access Layer
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Application Layer
 Support for different user

applications
 e.g. e-mail, file transfer
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Bill Robertson 15
Transport Layer
 Reliable data exchange

 Independent of network being
used
 Independent of application
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31
Network Access Layer
 Exchange of data between the

computer and the network
 Sending computer provides
address of destination
 May invoke levels of service for
Quality of Service
 Dependent on type of network
used (LAN, packet switched etc.)
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Bill Robertson 16
Protocol Architectures and

Networks
2 levels
Port Address for each application of addressing
Each system in the network has a unique address
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Operation of a Protocol
Architecture
DSAP: Destination Service Access Point
PDU : Protocol Data Unit
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Bill Robertson 17
Protocol Data Units (PDU)

 At each layer, protocols are used to
communicate
 To obtain a transport protocol data unit
 Control information is added to user data at
each layer
 Transport layer may fragment user data
 Each fragment has a transport header added
 Destination Service Access Point
 Sequence number
 Error detection code
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Network PDU
 Adds network header

 network address for destination
computer
 Facilities requests
 e.g priority
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Bill Robertson 18
From/for William Stallings Data &

37
Computer Communications
37
Standards
 Are required to allow for
interoperability between
equipment
 Advantages
 Ensures a large market for equipment
and software
 Allows products from different vendors
to communicate
 Disadvantages
 Freezes technology
 There may be multiple standards for
the same thing
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Bill Robertson 19
Standards Organizations
 Internet Society
 ISO : International Organization
for Standardization
 CCITT: International
ConsultativeCommittee on
Telegraphy and Telephony
 ITU-T (formally CCITT)
International Telecommunication
Union - Telecommunication
Standardization Sector
 ATM forum
39
39
Standards Organizations
 Internet Society
 ISO : International Organization
for Standardization
 CCITT: International
ConsultativeCommittee on
Telegraphy and Telephony
 ITU-T (formally CCITT)
International Telecommunication
Union - Telecommunication
Standardization Sector
 ATM forum
40
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Bill Robertson 20
 THE END
 Do problems
Ed. 10: 2.4, 2.6, 2.9, 2.14
41
4/25/20 For/from William Stallings Data & Computer Communications
23
41
Break
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42
Bill Robertson 21

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INWK 6111 Lec 1 Chapters 1&2 4/25/2023

 Web sites for IETF, IEEE, ITU-T, ISO

1.2 A Communications Model

1.2 Simplified Communications

1.2 Key Communications Tasks

 Transmission System  Addressing and

1.2 Simplified Communications

Signal interface synchronization

1.3 Data Communications

 Point to point communication are

 The solution is a communications

1.4 Simplified Network Model

1.4 Wide Area Network (WAN)

1.4 Circuit Switching

 A dedicated communication path

Imagine you’re an undertaker working in Kansas City

1.4 Circuit Switching

 A dedicated communication path

1.4 Packet Switching : 1

 Data is sent out in sequence

1.4 Packet Switching : 2

 Used for terminal to computer,

1.4 Frame Relay : 1

1.4 Frame Relay : 2

 Can be leased line between

1.4 Asynchronous Transfer

1.4 Local Area Network (LAN)

1.4 Wireless Networks

 802.16a Wi-Max (Broadband)

1.5 Internet: Key Elements

1.5 Internet: Key Elements

= An access point to a network

From/for William Stallings Data & Computer 24

Ed.10 Chapter 2, Ch14.1,4

From/for William Stallings Data & Computer Communications

 Used for communications

Key Elements of a Protocol

2.2 Protocol Architecture

A Three Layer Model

 Support for different user

 Reliable data exchange

Network Access Layer

 Exchange of data between the

Protocol Architectures and

Each system in the network has a unique address

Protocol Data Units (PDU)

 Adds network header

From/for William Stallings Data &

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