DOI: 10.1002/vms3.

1244

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

A molecular survey of Chlamydia spp. infection in commercial

poultry and detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in a commercial
turkey flock in Iran

Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Hashemian1 Seyed Ahmad Madani2

Manoochehr Allymehr1 Alireza Talebi1

1
Department of Poultry Health and Diseases,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Urmia, Urmia, Iran
2
Department of Animal and Poultry Health
and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Manoochehr Allymehr, Department of Poultry
Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran.
Email: m.allymehr@urmia.ac.ir
Funding information
Urmia University
Abstract
Background: Chlamydiaceae are a group of gram-negative intracellular bacteria which
can infect a wide variety of hosts. Some chlamydial agents are capable of crossing the
host barrier and though they are potentially a risk to very different species. They also
pose a zoonotic risk for human and different chlamydial agents are linked to several
medical maladies.
Objectives: In this study, the presence of chlamydial agents in different commercial
poultry flocks in Iran was investigated.
Methods: Swab and tissue samples were collected from 435 birds in 24 different com-
mercial poultry flocks. These samples were examined using a Chlamydiaceae-specific
real-time PCR assay targeting 23S rRNA gene. Positive samples then were subjected
to intergenic spacer rRNA (IGS) gene and major outer membrane protein gene (ompA)
PCRs. Finally, positive PCR products were sequenced and analysed.
Results: Only one flock of commercial turkey became positive. Partial DNA sequencing
of IGS gene revealed that all positive samples from the infected flock were Chlamy-
dia pneumoniae and were identical to previously studied isolates from koala (LPCoLN)
and frog (DC9). Further investigations showed slight dissimilarity in ompA gene of
C. pneumoniae from different hosts. The detected turkey isolates were located in a
different clade of phylogenetic tree, close to Western barred bandicoot and koala
isolates.
Conclusion: C. pneumoniae has passed the cross-species barrier in the past and there-
for it could potentially be zoonotic. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first
report of C. pneumoniae infection in commercial turkey.

KEYWORDS
Chicken, Chlamydia pneumoniae; poultry, turkeys

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2 HASHEMIAN ET AL.
1 INTRODUCTION
The phylum Chamydiae currently encompasses a single class Chlamy-
dia and a single order Chlamydiales. Microorganisms which belong
to the Chlamydiaceae family are obligate intercellular, gram-negative
bacteria with a unique biphasic life cycle (AbdelRahman & Bel-
land, 2005). It has only one genus with 12 known species, including
Chlamydia abortus, Chlamydia avium, Chlamydia caviae, Chlamydia felis,
Chlamydia gallinacea, Chlamydia ibidis, Chlamydia muridarum, Chlamydia
pecorum, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia suis, Chlamydia trachomatis
(Kuo et al., 2015; Sachse et al., 2015) and Chlamydia buteonis (Laroucau
et al., 2019). There is a possibility of more novel species to be charac-
terized in future as uncultured atypical strains have been found in some
studies (Christerson et al., 2010) and there was frequent introduction
of new species in the past decade (Laroucau et al., 2019; Sachse et al.,
2014).
Chlamydia psittaci was the first chlamydial agent discovered in birds
(Coles, 1930) and can infect more than 465 different avian species from
30 orders (Kaleta & Taday, 2003). All avian species are presumed to
be susceptible to the infection. Clinical manifestations related to avian
chlamydiosis can vary from an unapparent infection to a severe and
acute or chronic disease. Clinical signs and the outcome of the disease
depend on the host species, strain virulence and immune status of the
bird. In the case of poultry, chickens have been considered relatively
resistant to C. psittaci but turkey industry had suffered greatly from this
pathologic agent (Andersen et al., 1978; Page et al., 1975; Vanrompay,
2020; Walker et al., 1976). C. psittaci is also an important zoonotic agent
that can be transferred from infected birds to human. Contact with
birds appears to be the primary risk factor for human infection but indi-
rect environmental exposure such as dried faeces from carriers may
also transmit the disease to human (Telfer et al., 2005; Williams et al.,
1998). There are numerous reports indicating the zoonotic transmis-
sion in slaughterhouses (Dickx et al., 2010; Irons et al., 1951; Laroucau
et al., 2009; Newman et al., 1992).
C. gallinacea and C. avium have been recently discovered and charac-
terized in avian species (Sachse et al., 2014). C. avium is mostly found
in pigeons and psittacine birds, whereas C. gallinacea is associated with
chickens, turkeys and guinea fowl (Sachse et al., 2014). C. gallinacea
seems to be zoonotic (Laroucau et al., 2009) but it is not yet confirmed
and needs further investigations.
Chlamydia is shed from infected birds via ocular and nasal dis-
charges and faeces. This shedding can happen intermittently and
predisposing factors, such as stress, transportation, poor environmen-
tal conditions, overcrowding and other diseases might have a major
role in epidemiology of the infection (Vanrompay, 2020). Vertical trans-
mission of C. psittaci has been demonstrated in a variety of bird species
(Lublin et al., 1996; Wittenbrink et al., 1993) and it has been suggested
for C. gallinacea (You et al., 2019). The chlamydial agents are environ-
mentally labile but they can survive in organic materials for months
(Longbottom & Coulter, 2003).
Several studies have been conducted recently in different countries
to assess the rate of chlamydial infection in commercial and non-
commercial poultry. C. gallinacea was the prominent chlamydial agent
found in France (Hulin et al., 2015), China (Guo et al., 2016), Poland
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(Szymańska-Czerwińska et al., 2017), the United States (LI et al., 2017)
and Mexico (Ornelas-Eusebio et al., 2020). It was shown that C. galli-
nacea infection is persistent and despite the asymptomatic nature of
the infection, it can significantly affect the growth rate of broilers (Guo
et al., 2016). Other chlamydial agents like C. psittaci (Lagae et al., 2014),
C. abortus (Szymańska-Czerwińska et al., 2017), C. muridarum, C. suis
and C. pecorum (Guo et al., 2016) and C. pneumoniae (Frutos et al., 2015)
have been isolated from poultry as well.
Most studies intended to assess the chlamydia infection rate in
Iran were concentrated on Psittaciformes and Columbiformes (Doosti
& Arshi, 2011; Golestani et al., 2020; Madani & Peighambari, 2013;
Madani et al., 2011; Mahzounieh et al., 2020; Mina et al., 2019). There
are few reports of chlamydia infection in other avian orders as well
(Madani & Peighambari, 2013; Madani et al., 2011). The only report
on chlamydial infection in commercial poultry farms in Iran dates back
to 2014 in which 13 out of 48 turkey farms were found to be posi-
tive for Chlamydiaceae DNA and further investigation revealed that
none of the positive samples were C. psittaci (Tatari et al., 2016). In the
present study, the molecular detection and identification of chlamydial
infections in commercial poultry farms was attempted.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Sampling
Clinical specimens were collected from 21 poultry flocks, including five
broilers, five commercial layers, three broiler breeders, six commer-
cial turkey and two turkey breeder flocks. Twenty birds were sampled
from each flock. For every live bird, triple swab sample was taken
from conjunctiva, choanal cleft and cloaca, respectively, using a single
sterile sampling swab (QC LAB). Each four swab samples were pooled
together for DNA extraction. In addition, tissue samples, including liver,
spleen, lung and air sac, were collected during necropsy of dead birds
belonging to two commercial turkey flocks and one broiler breeder
flock. Tissue samples from each bird were also pooled together to make
a single specimen for an individual. In total, 24 commercial flocks were
investigated (Table 1).
2.2 DNA extraction
DNA extraction was performed by Exgene cell SV DNA extraction kit
(GeneAll Biotechnology) following the manufacturer’s instruction.
2.3 23S rRNA RT-PCR
All samples were tested with a real-time PCR specific to all Chlamy-
diaceae family members (Ehricht et al., 2006). This assay amplified a
111 bp of 23S rRNA gene. Cycling conditions were 95◦ C for 10 min fol-
lowed by 45 cycles of 95◦ C for 15 s and 60◦ C for 60 s. For every sample
20 µL reaction mixture was prepared as follows: 10 µL of TaqMan Mas-
ter Mix (Ampliqon), 500 nM of Ch23S-F (5′-CTG AAA CCA GTA GCT
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HASHEMIAN ET AL. 3

TA B L E 1 Triple swab and tissue samples from different commercial poultry farms which were collected for molecular diagnosis of Chlamydia
spp. infection by a diagnostic real-time PCR targeting 23S rRNA.

No. of Total birds No. of pooled 23S rRNA IGS CTU/CTL Nested ompA Cpn ompA
Flock type farms sampled samplesa PCR PCR ompA PCR PCR PCR
Broiler 5 100 25 Negative NDb ND ND ND
Commercial layer 5 100 25 Negative ND ND ND ND
Broiler breeder 4 65 20 Negative ND ND ND ND
Turkey 8 130 40 4 4 Negative Negative 4
Turkey breeder 2 40 10 Negative ND ND ND ND
Total 24 435 120

Note: Positive samples have been subjected to conventional PCRs targeting intergenic spacer (IGS) and ompA (CTU/CTL, Nested ompA and Cpn ompA).
a
Each four swab samples were pooled together to form a single reduced sample. Tissue samples were investigated individually.
b
Not done. Assays shown by ND sign were not done for related specimens due to negative results from previous diagnostic real-time PCR.

TAT AAG CGGT-3′) and 500 nM of Ch23S-R (5′-ACC TCG CCG TTT
AAC TTA ACT CC-3′) primers, 200 nM of probe Ch23S-p (5′FAM-CTC
ATC ATG CAA AAG GCA CGC CG-TAMRA3′), 5 µL distilled deionized
water and 2 µL of sample DNA template (Ehricht et al., 2006).
2.4 Intergenic spacer rRNA (IGS) PCR
Positive samples from the first diagnostic PCR were further studied
using another DNA amplification method described by Lutz-Wohlgroth
et al. (2006), targeting intergenic spacer rRNA (IGS). Larger product of
approximately 750–780 bp Chlamydiaceae family was expected in this
PCR. The reaction mixture was consisted of five µL of DNA template,
25 µL of 2x Taq DNA polymerase Master Mix Red (Ampliqon), 400 nM
of forward primer (5′-CAA GGT GAG GCT GAT GAC-3′), 400 nM of
reverse primer (5′-AGT GGT CTC CCC AGA TTC-3′) and 18 µL of dis-
tilled deionized water. This mixture was subjected to amplification with
10 min at 94◦ C for initial denaturation and then 40 cycles of 30 s at
94◦ C for denaturation, annealing at 54.4◦ C for 30 s, extension in 72◦ C
for 45 s and finally 5 min at 72◦ C for final extension (Lutz-Wohlgroth
et al., 2006).
Following the thermocycler amplification, the PCR product was sub-
mitted to 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized by SafeStain
(SinaClon) colour under UV light. For this purpose, 0.8 µL of this colour
was added to cooled mixture of 25 millilitres of TAE and 0.375-g
agarose.
The positive samples were sent to be sequenced by Codon Genetic
Group laboratory.
2.5 Major outer membrane protein gene (ompA)
PCR
PCR were initially investigated by CTU (5′ ATG AAA CTC TTG AAA
TCG G 3′) and CTL (5′ CAA GAT TTT CTA GA(T/C) TTC AT(C/T) TTG
3′) primers targeting an approximately 1000 bp of ompA (Denamur
et al., 1991). Five microlitre of DNA template was added to a mixture
of 400 nM of each primer in 25 µL of Taq DNA polymerase Master Mix
Red (Ampliqon) and 18 µL of distilled deionized water. Cycling condi-
tions consisted of initial denaturation at 94◦ C for 120 s, followed by 40
cycles of 94◦ C for 60 s, 48◦ C for 60 s, and 72◦ C for 60 s and 5 min at
72◦ C for final extension. Same samples were also studied by a nested
PCR targeting a 389 to 404 bp of ompA as it was previously described
(Sachse & Hotzel, 2003). For this procedure 191CHOMP (5′ GCI YTI
TGG GAR TGY GGI TGY GCI AC 3′), CHOMP371 (5′ TTA GAA ICK GAA
TTG IGC RTT IAY GTG IGC 3′), 218PSITT (5′ GTA ATT TCI AGC CCA
GCA CAA TTY GTG 3′) and CHOMP336s (5′ CCR CAA GMT TTT CTR
GAY TTC AWY TTG TTR AT 3′) primers were used for the first and the
second round of amplifications, respectively.
Finally, another PCR assay targeted a 420 bp of the variable domain
IV region of ompA. Cpn5P (5′ CCA ATA TGC ACA GTC CAA ACC TAA
AA 3′) and Cpn3P (5′ CTA GAT TTA AAC TTG ATC TGA CAG 3′) primers
were used (Wardrop et al., 1999). A 5-µL extracted sample was added
to 25 µL of Taq DNA polymerase 2X Master Mix Red (Ampliqon), 18 µL
of distilled deionized water and 400 nM of each primer. The cycling con-
ditions were composed of 95◦ C for 5 min for initial denaturation and
then 40 cycles of 95◦ C for 1 min, 60◦ C for 1 min and 72◦ C for 1 min
and then 72◦ C for 5 min as final elongation.
The DNA sequences obtained from IGS and ompA PCR reactions
were then edited by BioEdit version 7.2.5.0 (Hall, 1999) and subse-
quently aligned with other similar sequences obtained from GenBank.
The phylogenic tree was constructed using neighbour-joining method
by MEGA 11 (Saitou & Nei, 1987). The branch support was evaluated
by bootstrapping with 1000 pseudo-replicas.

The major outer membrane protein gene (ompA) has been investigated
to discriminate the Chlamydia sp. strains as the variability in this gene
between strains has been reported (Sayada et al., 1995; Wardrop et al.,
1999). Three different methodologies were applied for inspection of
ompA as first two ones had no PCR product. Positive samples from IGS-
3 RESULTS
In total 435 samples from seven provinces of Iran (Markazi, Qom,
Isfahan, Tehran, Kermanshah, Khuzestan and Gilan) were investigated
(Figure 1). Only four pooled samples from a commercial turkey flock
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4 HASHEMIAN ET AL.

F I G U R E 1 Geographical locations of the poultry farms that were sampled to investigate Chlamydia sp. infection from different provinces of
Iran. The type of each flock was indicated with a different shape. The only positive commercial turkey farm was located in Markazi province.

in Markazi were positive for 23S rRNA and IGS of Chlamydia sp. in
PCR. The specimens from other flocks were negative in the diagnos-
tic PCR performed in the current study and no Chlamydia spp. Infection
could be detected in them. The CTU/CTL (Denamur et al., 1991) and
the nested PCR (Sachse & Hotzel, 2003) for ompA gene performed on
positive samples from the initial PCR had no positive result. The posi-
tive samples from the turkey flock were also positive in the third ompA
PCR using Cpn primers (Table 1) (Bodetti et al., 2002).
The 756 bp products of IGS PCR from the positive turkey flock were
sequenced and compared to the relevant sequences in GenBank. Sur-
prisingly, they were all conformed to C. pneumoniae. They were 100%
identical to each other and were also completely similar to LPCoLN
koala strain (CP001713) and DC9 frog strain (LN847058) as it is shown
in Figure 2.
The ompA PCR product sequences were compared to the Gen-
Bank using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. All four sequences from
the positive turkey flock were completely identical to each other, but
there were nucleotide differences between ompA sequences obtained
in this study and other C. pneumoniae in the GenBank (Figure 3).
The turkey isolates differed in two nucleotides comparing to LPCoLN
koala (CP001713) and WBB bandicoot (DQ358972) strains. They had
also six and seven nucleotide substitution compared to DC9 frog
(Anura sp.) (LN847053) and all human strains shown in phylogenic tree,
respectively.
The IGS sequences of turkey C. pneumoniae from the present study
were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers: OM542331,
OM542332, OM542333 and OM542334. The partial ompA
sequences were also submitted with accession numbers: OM631444,
OM631445, OM631446 and OM631447.
4 DISCUSSION
In the present study, triple swab and tissue samples from 24 commer-
cial poultry flocks were investigated for the presence of Chlamydia spp.
DNA using different PCR methods. Only a commercial turkey flock was
positive for C. pneumoniae as it was confirmed by IGS and ompA partial
sequencing. Four out of five pooled samples from the affected turkey
flock were positive and the detected isolates were identical regarding
the studied genes. C. pneumoniae infection was rarely reported in avian
species and to the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of
C. pneumoniae infection in commercial turkey.
Chickens as the most commercially raised poultry have been under
intense investigations for Chlamydiaceae infections. Although there
are some reports of C. psittaci infection in chicken farms which some of
them showed signs of zoonotic transmission (Dickx et al., 2010; Lagae
et al., 2014) but most of the recent reports indicate C. gallinacea being
the most prevalent chlamydial agent in chickens with relatively high

HASHEMIAN ET AL.
F I G U R E 2 The evolutionary relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae
which has been detected in turkeys (CPT-IGS) inferred by using the
neighbour joining method for partial intergenic spacer rRNA gene
sequence (756 bp) based on jukes-cantor model (1000 bootstraps).
Bootstrap percentage support is presented at clade nodes.
F I G U R E 3 The evolutionary relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae
which has been detected in turkeys (CPT-ompA) inferred by using the
neighbour joining method for partial ompA sequence (420 bp) based
on jukes-cantor model (1000 bootstraps). Bootstrap percentage
support is presented at clade nodes.
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5
prevalence in some countries (Guo et al., 2016; Heijne et al., 2018;
Hulin et al., 2015; Laroucau et al., 2009; LI et al., 2017; Marchino
et al., 2022; Ornelas-Eusebio et al., 2020; Szymańska-Czerwińska et al.,
2017). The possibility of zoonotic transmission for C. gallinacea can-
not be ruled out (Laroucau et al., 2009) and recently, C. gallinacea has
been reported in people working in poultry farms suggesting a bird-to-
human transmission (Marchino et al., 2022). In our study in contrast to
many other studies neither C. psittaci, nor C. gallinacea was found. The
absence of these agents could be due to vast antibiotic administration
in commercial flocks as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones are not yet
forbidden in Iranian poultry industry. On the other hand, commercial
poultries are exclusively raised in confined systems and closed barns in
Iran, and free-range productions are not yet applied in Iran except for
backyard non-commercial birds which were not sampled in this study.
It was shown that chlamydial infection has a reverse relationship with
confinement (Ornelas-Eusebio et al., 2020).
Chlamydiosis in turkey industry has been caused serious economic
loss (Vanrompay et al., 1993). Prevalence of C. psittaci infection in this
industry seems to be high in some countries (van Loock et al., 2005;
Vanrompay et al., 1997) and there are numerous reports on zoonotic
transmission from turkeys to people especially abattoir workers with
some casualties in past (Andersen et al., 1978; Dickx et al., 2010; Irons
et al., 1951). C. gallinacea has been also identified in these birds but the
impact of this agent on turkeys is not yet clarified (Vogler et al., 2019).
Because of the importance of C. psittaci infection in turkeys we col-
lected samples from 10 flocks including 2 turkey breeder and 8 turkey
broilers. Out of these flocks only one flock was infected with a rarely
reported in birds’ species, C. pneumoniae. The absence of other agents
could be due to the same reasons mentioned earlier including confined
production and possible antibiotic applications.
C. pneumoniae, which is the only chlamydial agent found in this
study, has an extremely divers host range. This agent has been iso-
lated from humans (Grayston, 1968), horses (Wills et al., 1990), reptiles
and amphibians (Bodetti et al., 2002), Australian marsupials like koalas
(Wardrop et al., 1999), bandicoots (Kutlin et al., 2007) and some bird
species (Frutos et al., 2015). Frutos et al. identified this agent in 48%
of captive birds from different avian species in Argentina. Interestingly
in that study the only sample taken from a chicken was positive for C.
pneumoniae (Frutos et al., 2015).
The rate of C. pneumoniae infection in humans is relatively high with
up to 96% seropositivity in adults (Wang et al., 1993). The infection can
cause vast spectrum of clinical signs from asymptomatic infection to
severe respiratory disease and pneumonia. It is believed that C. pneu-
moniae is responsible for 10% of all community-acquired pneumonia in
adults and 5% of bronchitis and sinusitis (Blasi et al., 2009; Hammer-
schlag, 2000). C. pneumoniae has been also linked with less common
conditions like atherosclerosis (Grayston, 2000), stroke (Saikku et al.,
1988), myocarditis (Wesslén et al., 1992), multiple sclerosis (Sriram
et al., 1998) and Alzheimer’s disease (Balin et al., 1998). The human
infection is chronologically considered a recent event since different
isolates of this agent from human show little diversity, whereas isolates
from different animal species are significantly divers at molecular level
(Mitchell et al., 2010; Rattei et al., 2007). All Chlamydiaceae members

6 HASHEMIAN ET AL.
are considered potentially zoonotic and C. pneumoniae has evidently
passed the cross-species barrier. However, the importance of the ani-
mal strains in public health is unknown but they could be considered
potentially zoonotic (Myers et al., 2009; Rattei et al., 2007).
The PCR amplification of ompA gene using CTU/CTL primers (Dena-
mur et al., 1991) was not possible for the detected turkey isolates in this
study. This could be the result of low sensitivity of these primers for
non-C. psittaci strains since other researchers had similar experience
using these primers for non-psittaci Chlamydiaceae (Laroucau et al.,
2009; Madani & Peighambari, 2013).
In contrast to some recent investigations, the chlamydial infection
in commercial poultry flocks of Iran seemed to be less prevalent than
some other countries (Guo et al., 2016; Heijne et al., 2018; Lagae
et al., 2014; LI et al., 2017; Ornelas-Eusebio et al., 2020; Szymańska-
Czerwińska et al., 2017), based on the current study. In another study
conducted to assess chlamydia infection in commercial turkey flocks
in Iran, 9.6% of sampled birds were positive in real-time PCR (Tatari
et al., 2016). Using the same nested PCR as our investigation (Sachse
& Hotzel, 2003), Tatari et al. also failed to further characterize their
positive specimens. This indicates that probably another chlamydial
species, like the one we found in our study, might be involved in those
flocks as well. In another study on backyard turkeys in Khuzestan
province in Iran, 58.9% of serum samples collected were positive for
C. psittaci antibody (Ghorbanpoor & Myahi, 2007). This might indicate
that infection rates in backyard poultries are higher than commercial
ones as this hypothesis is supported by another study (Ornelas-Eusebio
et al., 2020), or due to intermittent shedding of this agent, we were not
able to detect chlamydia DNA.
5 CONCLUSION
The only positive turkey flock was infected by C. pneumoniae which is
rare in avian species. This agent has passed the cross-species barrier
in the past and therefor it could potentially be zoonotic. Importance
and pathogenicity of this agent in birds are not yet understood and
isolation and experimental infection are also needed to elucidate the
pathogenicity of the agent for turkeys as no clinical signs or unusual
mortality were observed or reported by the flock owner.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Study concept and design: Seyed Ahmad Madani; Manoochehr Ally-
mehr; Alireza Talebi. Acquisition of data: Seyed Mohammad Mahdi
Hashemian. Analysis and interpretation of data: Seyed Ahmad Madani
and Manoochehr Allymehr. Drafting of the manuscript: Seyed Moham-
mad Mahdi Hashemian. Critical revision of the manuscript for impor-
tant intellectual content: Manoochehr Allymehr, Seyed Ahmad Madani,
Alireza Talebi. Study supervision: Manoochehr Allymehr, Seyed Ahmad
Madani.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Dr. Haddad Marandi for his kind
technical assistance.
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CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
All data supporting this research are presented in this manuscript.
ETHICS STATEMENT
The present study did not involve any human subject. All experimental
procedures were carried out according to the standard animal experi-
mentation protocols of the Veterinary Ethics Committee of Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University (IR-UU-AEC- 2381/PD/3).
ORCID
Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Hashemian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-
5130-3288
Seyed Ahmad Madani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-2942
Manoochehr Allymehr https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8656-0014
Alireza Talebi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6476-0488
PEER REVIEW
The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.
com/publon/10.1002/vms3.1244.
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How to cite this article: Hashemian, S. M. M., Madani, S. A.,
Allymehr, M., & Talebi, A. (2023). A molecular survey of
Chlamydia spp. infection in commercial poultry and detection
of Chlamydia pneumoniae in a commercial turkey flock in Iran.
Veterinary Medicine and Science, 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.1244