BTEB q-bank

Electronic Instrument System (EIS)

1. Which instrument includes electronic instrument. System? A 006 mt

Ans:- There are many different Electronic Instrument Systems, including:
1. Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS).
2. Engine Indicating & Crew Alerting System (EICAS).
3. Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring (ECAM).

2. What is the full form of EFIS? A 007 mt

Ans:-Electronic Flight Instrument System.

14
3. What are the components of EFIS? A 007mt
Ans:- The components of EFIS are,
1. Electronic Attitude Director Indicator (EADI).
2. Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator (EHSI).
3. Display Control Panel.
4. Symbol Generator.

s
4. What information is displayed in EADI? B 006 mt (BARD)
ic
Ans:- The following information is typically displayed on an EADI:
● Aircraft attitude: The aircraft's attitude is displayed as a miniature aircraft symbol on a
horizon line. The symbol can be rotated to indicate the aircraft's pitch and roll.
● Altitude: The aircraft's altitude is displayed as a digital readout and a bar graph. The bar
on
graph shows the aircraft's altitude relative to a selected altitude, such as the decision
height (DH) for an instrument approach.
● Airspeed: The aircraft's airspeed is displayed as a digital readout and a bar graph. The
bar graph shows the aircraft's airspeed relative to a selected airspeed, such as the
minimum control speed (Vmc).
● Flight director commands: The flight director commands are displayed as two bars that
vi

indicate the desired pitch and roll attitude for the aircraft. The bars can be moved up or
down to change the desired pitch attitude, and left or right to change the desired roll
attitude.
● Localizer and glideslope deviation: The localizer and glideslope deviation are displayed
A

as two lines that indicate the aircraft's position relative to the localizer and glideslope of
an instrument approach. The lines are colored green when the aircraft is on the correct
course, and red when the aircraft is off course.
● Other information: Other information that may be displayed on an EADI includes the
aircraft's heading, rate of climb, and slip/skid angle.

5. What information is displayed in EHSI? B 006mt (BARD)

Ans:- The following information is typically displayed on an EHSI:
 ● Aircraft position: The aircraft's position is displayed as a miniature aircraft symbol on a
moving map. The symbol can be moved around the map to indicate the aircraft's current
position.
● Heading: The aircraft's heading is displayed as a digital readout and a compass rose.
The compass rose shows the aircraft's heading relative to true north.
● Navigation data: Navigation data, such as the aircraft's track, ground speed, and
distance to the next waypoint, is displayed on the EHSI. This information can be used to
help pilots navigate to their destination.
● Other information: Other information that may be displayed on an EHSI includes the
aircraft's altitude, airspeed, and weather radar data.

14
6. What are the advantages of EFIS? B 007 mt (BARD)
Ans:- The advantages of EFIS are,
1. EFIS systems can display multiple pieces of information on a single display, such as the
aircraft's altitude, airspeed, heading, and navigation data.
2. EFIS systems can be customized to meet the specific needs of the aircraft and the pilot.
3. EFIS systems are more reliable than traditional instruments (analog instrument)
4. EFIS systems are more affordable than they used to be.

s
5. Improve safety by providing pilots with more accurate and up-to-date information.

EICAS/ECAM
ic
7. What is the full form of EICAS? A 009 mt
Ans:- Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System.
on

8. What is the full form of ECAM? A 010 mt

Ans:- Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor.

9. Which informations displayed in EICAS/ECAM upper display? B 010 mt (BARD)

Ans:- Engine performance data, such as,
vi

1. N1 rotor speed (speed of the 1st stage compressor)

2. Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)
3. Fuel flow (which fuel is consumed by engine)
4. Oil pressure (In the engine)
A

5. Oil temperature (In the engine)

6. Warning message.
7. Caution message.

10. Which information displayed in EICAS/ECAM lower display? B 010 mt (BARD)

Ans:- In EICAS/ECAM lower display the information hows are,
1. N2 rotor speed (speed of the 2nd stage compressor)
2. Fuel quantity
3. Hydraulic pressure
4. APU status
 5. Status mesage

11. Describe about EICAS warning levels A, B, C. C 023 ™

Ans:-
LEVEL A - Warning: Requiring immediate corrective action and are displayed in
“RED”. Master warning lights are also activated and aural
warnings from the Central Warning System are given.

LEVEL B - Caution: Requiring immediate crew awareness and possible action.

They are displayed in “AMBER”. An aural tone is also repeated
twice.

14
LEVEL C - Advisory: Requiring crew awareness, displayed in “AMBER”. There are
no caution lights or aural tones associated with this level.

12. Describe ECAM failure levels 3, 2 ,1. C 026 ™

Ans:- The failure-related mode takes precedence over the other modes. Failures are classified
in 3
levels

s
Level 3: Warning
ic
This corresponds to an emergency configuration. This requires the flight crew to carry out
corrective action immediately. This warning has an associated aural warning (fire bell type)
and a visual warning (Master Warning), on the glare shield panel.
on
Level 2: Caution
This corresponds to an abnormal configuration of the aircraft, where the flight crew must be
made aware of the caution immediately but does not require immediate corrective action.
The flight crew decide on whether action should be taken. These cautions are associated to
an aural caution (single chime) and a steady (Master Caution), on the glare shield panel.
vi

Level 1: Advisory
This gives the flight crew information on aircraft configuration that requires monitoring,
mainly failures leading to a loss of redundancy or degradation of a system, e.g. Loss of 1
FUEL TANK PUMP LH or RH but not both.
A

The advisory mode will not trigger any aural warning or ‘attention getters’ but a message
appears on the primary ECAM display.

ESDS

13. What are the classifications of triboelectric series? A 146

Ans:- The triboelectric series classifies different materials according to how well they create
static electricity when rubbed with another material. The series is arranged on a scale of
increasingly positive and increasingly negative materials
14. Give two example of each tribielectric series. B 147
Ans:- Nutral- cotton ,steel
Positive- AIR, LEATHER
Negative- wood , amber

15. Mention the generated voltage when walking over a wool/nylon carpet at 20%
humidity and 80% humidity? B 148
Ans:-
16. How humidity affects in ESDs voltage? A 148
Ans:-

14
17. Describe ESDS components handling and transportation procedure. C 150
Ans:-
1. Use of wrist straps which must be worn when handling ESD. These are conductive bands
that are connected to an effective ground point by means of a short wire lead. The lead is
usually fitted with an integral 1 MΩ resistor which helps to minimise any potential shock hazard
to the wearer (the series resistor serves to limit the current passing through the wearer in the
event that he/she may come into contact with a live conductor).

s
2.Use of heel straps which work in a similar manner to wrist straps
3.Use of static dissipative floor and bench mats
ic
4.Avoidance of very dry environments (or at least the need to take additional precautions when
the relative humidity is low
5.Availability of ground jacks (see Fig. 12.3)
6.Use of grounded test equipment
on
7.Use of low-voltage soldering equipment and anti-static soldering stations (low-voltage
soldering irons with grounded bits)
8.Use of anti-static insertion and removal tools for integrated circuits
9.Avoidance of nearby high-voltage sources (e.g. fluorescent light units

18. How you can identify that an item is ESDs? A 150

vi

Ans:- Static-sensitive components (including printed circuit board cards, circuit modules and
plug-in devices) are invariably marked with warning notices.These are usually printed with black
text on yellow back- grounds.
A

19. Why wrist strap must be used for handling ESDs components? B 150
Ans:-

20. What is the resistance value of wrist strap? A 151

Ans:- 1 MΩ resistor

Software
21. What are the levels of aircraft software? B 154 Ans:-

14
22. Describe the failure levels of aircraft software. C 154

s
ic
on

23. What are the three main types of field loadable software (FLS)? B 155
Ans:-
24. What is the standard of software certification? B 155
Ans:- "Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification" is a standards
vi

document dealing with the safety of software used in aircraft systems. The initial certification of
an aircraft requires that the design organisation (DO) shall provide evidence that the software
has been designed, tested and integrated with the associated hardware in a manner that
satisfies standard DO-178B/ED-12B (or an agreed equivalent standard).
A

25. What is the targets hardware for LSAP (FLS)? B 156

Ans:- Typical examples of target hardware for LSAP (FLS) include:
• electronic engine controls (EEC)
• digital flight data acquisition units (DFDAU)
• auxiliary power unit’s electronic control units (ECU)
• flight guidance computers (FGC).
26. What are the software distribution methods? B 157
Ans:
Media distribution: a process whereby FLS or data files are moved from the production
organisation or supplier to a remote site using storage media such as floppy disk, a PCMCIA
(Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) card, a CD-ROM or an onboard
replaceable module (OBRM).
Electronic transfer: a process where a laptop, hand-held computer or portable data loader is
used to transfer data using a serial data link or temporary bus connection.
Electronic distribution: a process whereby FLS or DFLD are moved from the producer or
supplier to a remote site without the use of intermediate storage media, such as floppy disk or
CD-ROM.

14
27. What is the certificate of conformity should accompany with any FLS or DFLD? B 157
Ans:-
FLS or DFLD is required to meet a specific airworthiness or operational requirement, or
certification specification.
EMC

s
28. What are the sources of EMI? B 169
Ans:- Some sources known to emit EMI include fluorescent lights, radio and radar transmitters,
ic
power lines, window heat controllers, induction motors, switching and light-dimming circuits,
microprocessors and associated circuitry, pulsed high-frequency circuits, bus cables (but not
fibre-optic cables), static discharge and lightning.
on
29. What are the ways of EMI can be conveyed from source to victim? B 169
Ans:-Radiated coupling occurs when the source emits or radiates an electromagnetic field that
propagates across an open space and is received by the unintended victim.

30. Describe the EMI reduction methods. C 171

Ans: he following lists techniques for EMI reduction under these three headings (note that some
vi

techniques address more than one factor):

1. Suppress interference at source. • Enclose interference source in a screened metal
enclosure and then ensure that the enclosure is adequately grounded. • Use transient
suppression on relays, switches and contactors. • Twist and/or shield bus wires and data bus
A

connections. • Use screened (i.e. coaxial) cables for audio and radio frequency signals. • Keep
pulse rise times as slow and long as possible. • Check that enclosures, racks and other
supporting structures are grounded effectively.
2. Reduce noise coupling. • Separate power leads from interconnecting signal wires. • Twist
and/or shield noisy wires and data bus connections. • Fit an optical fibre data bus where
possible. • Use screened (i.e. coaxial) cables for audio and radio frequency signals. • Keep
ground leads as short as possible. • Break interference ground loops by incorporating isolation
transformers, differential amplifiers and balanced circuits. • Filter noisy output leads. • Physically
relocate receivers and sensitive equipment away from interference source.
 3. Increasing susceptibility thresholds. • Limit bandwidth to only that which is strictly necessary.
• Limit gain and sensitivity to only that which is strictly necessary. • Ensure that enclosures are
grounded and that internal screens are fitted. • Fit components that are inherently less
susceptible to the effect of stray radiated fields.
4. Equipment grounds must not be lengthened beyond design specification. A circuit ground
with too much impedance may no longer be a true ground.
5. With the aid of the technical manuals, grounding and bonding integrity must be maintained.
This includes proper preparation of the surfaces where electrical bonding is made

31. What is the typical maximum bonding resistance? A 172

Ans:-

14
Avionics system

32. Name the list of avionics systems fitted in modern passenger aircraft. B 175
Ans:-

33. What is the full form of ACARS? A 176

s
Ans:- ACARS - ARINC Communication and Addressing and Reporting System
ic
34. What is the ACARS extending frequency band? A 176
Ans:-
35. EFIS system comprises what? B 178
Ans:- A typical EFIS system comprises:
on
1. primary flight display(PFD)
2. navigation display (ND)
3. display select panel(DSP)
4. \display processor unit(DPU)
5. weather radar panel(WXP)
6. multifunction display (MFD)
vi

7. multifunction processor unit (MPU)

36. List the EFIS using data sources. B 177
Ans:- The EFIS uses input data from several sources, including:
1. VOR/ILS/MLS
A

2. TACAN (see later)

3. pitch, roll, heading rate and acceleration data from an attitude heading reference system
(AHRS) or conventional vertical gyro
4. compass system
5. radar altimeter
6. air data system distance measuring equipment (DME)
7. area navigation system (RNAV)
8. vertical navigation system (VNAV)
9. weather radar system (WXR)
10. automatic direction finder (ADF).
37. What is the function of the EFIS center symbol generator? B 178
Ans:-

38. Draw an EFIS block diagram. C 179

14
s
ic
Ans:-
on
39. What is fly-by-wire (FBW)? B 182
Ans:-Fly-by-wire is the name given to the electrical/ electronic flight control system now used in
all modern passenger aircraft. .Rather than mechanical linkages operating hydraulic actuators,
fly-by-wire systems move flight control surfaces (ailerons, rudders etc) using electrical wire
connections driving motors. At the heart of the system are computers that convert the pilot's
commands into electrical signals which are transmitted to the motors, servos and actuators that
vi

drive the control surfaces.

40. What is the advantage of fly-by-wire? A 182

Ans:- . Mother significant advantage of FBW is a significant reduction in aircraft weight which in
A

turn reduces fuel consumption and helps to reduce undesirable CO2 emissions.

FMS

41. What is the purpose of FMS? B 183 (BARD)

Ans:- The purpose of the Flight Management System (FMS) of an aircraft is to provide the pilot
with information and services to help them fly the aircraft safely and efficiently. The FMS does
this by integrating information from a variety of sources, including GPS, INS, and weather radar.
42. Which information is provided by FMS? B 183 (BARD)
Ans:- They are,
● Navigation: The FMS provides the aircraft with information about its position, velocity,
and altitude.
● Guidance: The FMS can provide the aircraft with guidance signals to help it fly along its
flight plan.
● Performance: The FMS can provide the aircraft with information about its performance,
such as fuel burn, range, and endurance.
● Communications: The FMS can communicate with other aircraft, ground stations, and
other systems on the aircraft.
● Monitoring: The FMS can monitor the aircraft's systems and sensors to detect any

14
problems.
● Wind speed and direction: The wind speed and direction at the aircraft's current location.
● Drift angle: The angle between the aircraft's true heading and its ground track.
● Error information: Information about the accuracy of the FMS's measurements.
● Altitude alerts: Warnings if the aircraft is approaching terrain or other obstacles.
● Fuel burn: Estimates of the aircraft's fuel burn based on its current speed and altitude.
● Range: The estimated distance that the aircraft can fly on its current fuel load.

s
● Endurance: The estimated amount of time that the aircraft can fly on its current fuel load.

43. What are the main components of FMS? B 183

ic
Ans:- They are,
Flight Management Computer (FMC)
Display System (could be existing EFIS)
Data Base Storage Unit (DBU for waypoint storage)
on
Control Display Unit (CDU) with keypad.

GPS
vi

44. What information is provided by GPS? B 184

Ans:- The information can comprise:
latitude
A

longitude
altitude
time
speed.

45. What are the main advantages of GPS? A 184 (BARD)

Ans:- The main advantages of GPS are,
● Accuracy
● Global coverage
● Continuous availability
 ● Reliable
● Cost-effective
● Navigation
● Landing
● Collision avoidance
● Fuel efficiency

46. List the segments of GPS. A 184

Ans:- GPS consists of three segments: the space segment; the user segment; and the control
segment.

14
47. Describe the space segment of GPS. C 185
Ans:- P.45 (A N S)

48. What are the GPS carrier frequencies? B 185

Ans:- Each satellite transmits two carriers; L1 at 1,575.42 MHz and L2 at 1,227.60 MHz. The L1
signal is modulated by a 1.023 MHz coarse/acquisition code (C/A) that repeats every 1 ms.The
L2 carrier is modulated by another apparently random coded PRN signal at 10.23 MHz.

s
ic INS/IRS

49. What is dead reckoning? A 186

Ans:-
on
50. List the components of IRS? B 186
Ans:-

51. List the output information from the IRS. A 186

Ans:-
vi

TCAS

52. What is the full form of TCAS? A 187

A

Ans:- Traffic Collision and Avoidance System.

53. When TCAS issued TA and RA? B 188

Ans:- the time TCAS issued TA and RA are,
● At 35 to 48 second prior to Closest Point of Approach (CPA) a TA issued
● At 20 to 30 seconds prior to (CPA) an RA is generated.
● If a RA is ignored, the crew response is too slow, or the conflict traffic alters its course a
corrective RA is issued.
● When the traffic is no longer ba threat TCAS announces ‘’ CLEAR OF CONFLICT'’ .
54. Draw TCAS airspace volume TA and RA region. C
Ans:- P. 63 (of aircraft navigation system book).

Prepared by: Fahim & Emon

14
s
ic
on
vi
A