Laboratory Report 5.

5.1 Basic Chemistry Thermodynamics: Solve the challenge of storing renewable

energy

ECHEM 001-CE11S3 GROUP 3

• DOMINGUEZ,MARTY

• DOROGA,CLYZA THYLLE

• EMANA,DANIEL JAMES

• ENDRIGA,RYAN

• GABAY,GEMWELL

• GAYDA,RONIEL

“I accept responsibility for my role in ensuring the integrity of the work submitted by the
group in which I participated.”
I Objectives

The objectives of the simulation are the following:

a. Define the core thermodynamics concepts of entropy, enthalpy, and free Gibbs energy,
and their units
b. Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics
c. Understand and apply the concept of reaction spontaneity
d. Explain the differences between the enthalpy of combustion, and enthalpy of formation
e. Understand the relationship between internal energy and enthalpy
f. Present Hess’s law in connection with performing enthalpy change calculations
g. Present the concepts of exothermic and endothermic reactions

I. Introduction

The area of physics known as thermodynamics examines the connections between heat
and other phenomena. Define the fundamental concepts of entropy, enthalpy, and free Gibbs
Energy, as well as their units, as part of the simulation. The first and second laws of
thermodynamics should be explained. Recognize and put the idea of reaction spontaneity to
use. Describe the differences between the enthalpies of formation and combustion. Recognize
the connection between enthalpy and internal energy. In this laboratory activity, we are going to
find out the concept of entropy, enthalpy, and free Gibbs energy. In addition, this report will
explain the basics of thermodynamics.

II. Materials and Procedures

A. Materials:

The personal protective equipment and things used for safety:

● Lab Coat
● Safety Goggles
● Safety Gloves

The equipments, place, and chemicals used for the simulation are:

● Calorimeter ● Fume hood

● Pipette tips ● Pipette
● Cotton String bag ● Ignition wire
● Octane ● Cotton
● Pipette tips ● PC Screen
● Trash bin ● Formula Board
● Wall table ● Poster
● Oxygen vessel dock ● Holo-table
● Analytical Balance ● Workbench
● Crucible

B. Procedure:
 1. Find a lab coat and pick it up.
2. Click the goggles and put them on.
3. Click on the wall screen to go back to the center of the room.
4. Go to the fume hood to check out the calorimeter.
5. Touch the control panel to activate the calorimeter.
6. Find the glove box and click on it to wear safety gloves.
7. Open the analytical balance by clicking the open button and place the crucible inside.
8. Press tear on the analytical balance and pick up the pipette.
9. Add a pipette tip to the pipette, use the pipette to transfer octane and empty the pipette
into the crucible.
10. Discard the used pipette tip in the trash bin and put the pipette back in the pipette holder.
11. Place the crucible in the holder in the oxygen vessel top.
12. Create a connection between the liquid sample and the ignition wire by placing a small
piece of cotton string on the ignition wire.
13. Dispose of your gloves in the trash bin and insert the top part of the oxygen vessel into
the bottom part.
14. Place the oxygen vessel in the oxygen vessel dock of the calorimeter.
15. Push the INSERT button on the control panel of the calorimeter.
16. Push the (O² fill) button to pressurize the oxygen vessel with oxygen.
17. Press the (water in) button to fill the water bath and wait for the temperature to stabilize.
18. Push the IGNITE button to start the combustion reaction.
19. Click on the screen where the initial temperature is stable
20. Click on the second formula board.
21. Click the poster on the wall above the sink.
22. Go to the Holo-Table, pick up the yellow ball and place it on the surface.
23. Pick up the blue ball and place it on the surface.
24. Place the balls so that the reaction is exothermic and click the DONE button.
25. Create an endothermic reaction and click the Done button.
26. Push the right arrow on the hollow table to look closer at the reaction.
27. Click the elements in their standard state to combine them to form the products.
28. Click on the energy surface where the entropy is highest.
29. Push the right arrow button on the holo-table.
30. Go to the workbench and look at the two screens.
31. Click on the temperature scale to increase the temperature.
32. Wait for the engineer.

III. Data and Results

In this laboratory activity, we gathered data and results such as the following:

● How is the energy stored? the excess electrical energy is stored by pumping the water to
the reservoir.
● Octane- main component of gasoline to touch the control to activate.
 ● The sample is combustion inside the oxygen vessel. As the reaction occurs the heat
generated by combustion gradually heats up the oxygen vessel and the surrounding
water.
● In calorimeter output, the initial temperature stable is on the 15 and the final temperature
stable is on the 23. The difference between these two is the change in temperature
associated with the reaction. The temperature change in the heat of reaction are not the
same but they are related by this simple formula on the board.
● Endothermic reaction consumes heat from the surroundings and the change in enthalpy
is positive.
● Delta G does change sign when t gets high enough, it means that the melting of ice is a
spontaneous process above a certain temperature. The melting of ice starts at 273 K.
● No matter how high the temperature gets in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is never a
spontaneous reaction; it requires a lot of energy to occur. Delta G stays positive
regardless of the temperature.
● The combustion of fuel is always a spontaneous reaction that releases a lot of energy.
Delta G stays negative no matter how high the temperature gets.
● The rusting iron increases when both the enthalpy and the change in entropy are
negative; the reaction is spontaneous only below a certain temperature. The rusting of
the iron top beating up at 1499 K.
● Photosynthesis corresponds to the making of the hydrocarbon fuel from the carbon
dioxide and water. Just like the process, the making of hydrocarbon fuel from the carbon
dioxide and water is never a spontaneous process.

IV. Discussion

The law of conservation of energy, which states that while energy can be changed from
one type to another, it cannot be created or destroyed—in other words, the energy in the
universe is constant—leads to the first law of thermodynamics.

According to LibreText (2022), if the system (the molecules involved in the reaction)
experiences a change in internal energy, U, then the surroundings (the rest of the universe) will
also experience a change in energy, but with the opposite sign. This is important to understand
when considering chemical reactions.
The system's change in internal energy, U, is written as

ΔU = q + w

Where q is the heat transfer rate and w is the amount of work being done. From the
perspective of the system, the sign of q and w indicates the direction of the flow of heat and
work: If heat flows into the system (which is the case for an endothermic reaction), then q is
positive; if heat flows out of the system (which is the case for an exothermic reaction), then q is
negative. W is positive if work is being done to the system (such as pushing a piston to
compress the volume), whereas w is negative if work is being done to the system (such as a
gas expanding to move a piston).

Labsters Theory (2021) explained that many different types of energy exist, but
overall they are divided into two different forms of energy: Potential or Kinetic.

Potential energy, Epot, is the energy an object holds due to its position relative to other
objects or to factors like electric charge or internal stress:

● A ball lying on top of a hill has potential energy, because of its position relative to
the gravitational pull of the earth.
● A spring that is extended has potential energy, because it is stretched against the
stress of the material it is composed of.

Kinetic energy, Ekin, is the energy an object holds due to its motion:

The ball rolling down the hill has kinetic energy, because it is in motion.

Bratannica (n.d.) stated that The science of using a calorimeter is called

calorimetry.

The change in heat caused by a chemical reaction is measured by a calorimeter.

A change in the reaction medium's temperature or the temperature of a water bath is
the calorimeter's actual output. By combining the change in temperature, T, and the
total heat capacity, C, one can determine the change in heat of the reaction being
observed, H:
ΔH = C⦁ΔT

The change in energy, or the change in enthalpy, of a reaction, denoted by the

symbol U, is closely related to the change in heat, or the change in enthalpy, denoted
by the symbol H. Find out more about the connection between energy and heat here.

It added that there are two different kinds of calorimeters: constant volume
calorimeters measure the change in heat of a combustion reaction, while constant
pressure calorimeters measure the heat of a reaction in a liquid medium.

According to Labster Theory (2019), a system's enthalpy, also known as that

system's heat, is one of its properties. Despite not being the same thing, heat and
temperature are related by a straightforward formula. This can be used in calorimetry,
which determines the change in enthalpy associated with a chemical reaction using the
change in temperature. The unit of measurement for enthalpy is the joule, or J, and it is
denoted by the letter H.

The definition of enthalpy, H, is

H = U + pV

Where p is the system's pressure, V is its volume, and U is its internal energy. pV
and w are interchangeable terms. You might remember from the first law of
thermodynamics that the energy change in a system, U, is determined by the total
amount of heat and work that system has experienced.

An element or compound is in its standard state when it is at 25°C and normal

atmospheric pressure.

Pure elements have zero enthalpies of formation in their standard state.

Labster Theory (2020) also explained that Hess's law states that in going from one
particular set of reactants to one particular set of products it doesn't matter whether the reaction
takes place in one or multiple steps: The change in enthalpy will be the same.
 Hess's law is illustrated by this reaction, going from the reactants to the products over
the constituent elements in their standard states.

Every spontaneous process raises the universe's entropy, according to the second law
of thermodynamics.

A common illustration is how your room seems to get messy all by itself (spontaneously),
whereas cleaning up takes effort. How come? Well, when you decide that the door hook is the
only place to hang your bag, your room will be more disorganized than ever. The likelihood of
disorder is simply higher because there are many more disorganized locations for your bag (and
every other item in your room) than there are organized ones, and the increase in entropy is a
matter of statistics.

LibreTexts (2022) has provided some information about entropy. Entropy is frequently
used as a gauge for a system's disorder or randomness. It would probably be more accurate to
describe it as a representation of the number of available microstates for a system. Every
spontaneous process, according to the second law of thermodynamics, moves toward more
available microstates and greater entropy.

LibreTexts added that the energy associated with a chemical reaction that can be used
to do work at a constant temperature and pressure is known as the Gibbs free energy, or G, in
thermodynamics. Gibbs free energy, G, is measured in joules, J.

By deducting temperature, T, times entropy, S, from enthalpy, H, one can calculate the
Gibbs free energy:

G = H - TS
 The equation states that the change in Gibbs free energy, G, for a reaction at a specific
temperature determines the spontaneity of the reaction at that temperature.

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

If ΔG is:

Negative: The procedure is impromptu and might go as planned. An exergonic reaction

is one that has a negative G value.

Positive: Although the process as written isn't spontaneous, it could change direction on
its own. A reaction is referred to as endergonic if its G value is positive.

Zero signifies an equilibrium in the process.

Keep in mind that G will change depending on the temperature, possibly even taking on
a different sign. You can read more about how the Gibbs free energy changes with temperature.

V. Conclusion

After the activity, we then conclude the following:

a. Entropy is often interpreted as a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.

The entropy unit is a non-S.I. unit of thermodynamic entropy, usually denoted "e.u." and
equal to one calorie per kelvin per mole, or 4.184 joules per kelvin per mole. Enthalpy is
a property of a system also referred to as the heat of that system. Heat and temperature
are not the same, but they are related by a simple formula. Enthalpy is denoted with the
symbol H, and it is measured in joules, J, which is a measure of energy. In
thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy, G, is the energy associated with a chemical
reaction that can be used to do work at a constant temperature and pressure. The unit of
Gibbs free energy, G, is joules, J.
b. The first law of thermodynamics is a consequence of the law of conservation of energy,
which states that energy can be converted from one kind of energy to another, but
cannot be created or destroyed. In other words, the energy of the universe is constant.
The second law of thermodynamics states that all spontaneous processes cause an
increase in the entropy of the universe. In the process of transmitting or converting
 energy, more and more energy is wasted, and isolated systems naturally tend to
become more chaotic.
c. A spontaneous reaction is one that promotes product formation under the conditions in
which the reaction occurs. A roaring campfire is an example of a natural response. It is
exothermic, because the system loses energy as energy is lost to the surroundings as
heat. Some of the products of fire consist of gases such as carbon dioxide and water
vapor. The entropy of the system increases during the combustion reaction. The
combination of decreasing energy and increasing entropy indicates that the combustion
reaction is a spontaneous reaction.
d. Enthalpy of combustion describes a reaction in which one substance reacts with oxygen
to produce usually carbon dioxide and water. Other products include SO2 if the first
reactant contains sulfur or NO2 if it contains nitrogen while enthalpy of formation shows
a specific product being made from elemental reactants. Also, the product in the
equation must have a coefficient of 1 in front of it.
e. Internal energy is the total energy contained in a system where enthalpy is the total heat
content of a system while enthalpy is equal to the sum of internal energy and product of
pressure-volume work. The first law of thermodynamics states that a change in internal
energy is equal to the heat added to a system minus work done by the system. Both are
state functions and both are extensive properties.
f. Hess's law states that in going from one particular set of reactants to one particular set
of products it doesn't matter whether the reaction takes place in one or multiple steps.
Hess's law is due to enthalpy being a state function, which allows us to calculate the
overall change in enthalpy by simply summing up the changes for each step of the way,
until the product is formed. All steps have to proceed at the same temperature and the
equations for the individual steps must balance out. It follows from Hess' Law, that the
change in enthalpy of a reaction, ΔHr, can be calculated by subtracting the sum of the
enthalpies of formation of the reactants from the sum of the enthalpies of formation of
the products, according to following equation: ΔHr = ΣΔHf(products) - ΣΔHf(reactants)
g. A reaction that releases heat when it occurs is called exothermic. The enthalpy change
ΔH of an exothermic reaction is negative. The enthalpy change is negative because the
system loses heat (by releasing it into the environment). A negative ΔH value means
that the product enthalpy is less than the reactant enthalpy. The enthalpy change ΔH for
an endothermic reaction is positive because heat is added to the system. A positive ΔH
value means that the product enthalpy is higher than the reactant enthalpy.
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