PRO FORMS Ed SUBSTITUTION

ability
recover
tointerpretproformsubstitutionandellipsisfullformmustberecoverable
thewordphraseorclausetowhichapronounrefers myaunt she
antecedent
proform wordlexicalunitwhichisdependentforitsmeaningonantecedent
substitutionforantecedent
theverbdo shekkeschocolateandsodoI orwords as heretheresonot
Textualrefiningif
recfromneighbouringtextlinguisticcontext
anaphora
fatighidripoinfing antecedentcomesbeforethe
proform
usedtoavoidrepetition
OldMotherHubbardwenttothecupboardbutwhenshegottherethecupboard
cataphora cataphoricreference
forwardpointing antecedentcomesaftertheproform
IfyouseehimwillyouaskBobtotelephoneme
ABILITY
SITUATIONALRECOVER
recoverablefromtheextralinguisticsituation
Is thishers Hashecalled
ABILITY
RECOVER
STRUCTURAL
of
recoverablefromknowledge grammaticalstructure
Finished Have finished
you
substitution
usageofproformstoavoidrepetition
NOMINALSUBSTITUTION
subof anounasheadofaNPorofawholeNP
pronounsanddeterminers proformforthe3rdperson
thestint Him IEEE
ÉÉÉ
Yesterday Ifeltundertheweatherandtoday I feelthesame
onetwodiferentuses
one someforindefinitelywithindefarticle
Canyougiveme afewnails Ineedone I'llget some
you
oneones firffingypregion anounphraseheadwithorwithoutoneormoremodifiers

Have got knives IneedasharponeDid noticetheonesthey

wereselling
you any you
fornoncountnounssome
Shall Ipassthebutter Orhaveyougotsomealready
VERBALSUBSTITUTION
do forthelexicalverb
Tomlastweek IdidonThursday I mighthavedone
Didyousee
doso forthepredicate predication
Theyplannedtoreachthetopofthemountainbutnobodyknows iftheydidso
 doitthatforthepredicatepredication
IsMarystilltyingtonlightnthestove sheshouldhavedoneitbynow
CLAUSALSUBSTITUTION
notfornegative
positive
8 98 FdrIInetthqtestatesmnopsing

verbswithsoandnotbelieveguesshopeimaginereckonsuspectexpectpresumethink
suppose
so proformforpredicationconstruction so subjectoperator
equivalenttodoso
Youaskedmetoleaveandso I did
initialsowithsubject operatorinversion
notaproform it's an additiveadverb
equivalenttotoooralso
YouaskedhimtoleaveandsodidI

OTHER
TYPESOFSUBSTITUTION
hereandthere foradverbialsofplace
dou'll
Ifyoulookinthenoprawery probablyfinditthere
HEEEE.gg hIatpttatneinvitedus tothebridgeHetold usthenabouthissecret
ellipsis
grammaticalomissionsubstitutionbynothing
positionalcategories
INITIAL theinitialelements
I hopehe'sthere10ftcoursehe'shere
MEDIAL themedialelements
JohnownsaVolvoandTomowns aBMW
FINAL thefinalelements
I'mhappyifyouarehappy
categories
byusage
NOMINALELLIPSIS
ellipticalnounphrasesomissionoftheheadofNP
usuallyresultsfromfinalell
Tomorrow'smeeting willhavetobe ourfirstor ourlastmeeting
VERBALELLIPSIS
dominanttypeisfinalell
predicationisellipted
Exigaldregebaghtaticket I wouldhaveboughtaticket
omissionPfeifer

Hasshebeencrying
thing itif
Noshehasbeen laughing
CLAUSALELLIPSIS
ell ofthewholeclauseorofthewholeclauseexceptforintroductoryword
Somebodyhas hiddenmy notebookbut I don'tknowwhohashidden notebook
omissionofto infinitivedause ifit'scomplemofverbadj mayconsist of
my
to
Youcanborrow penifyouwant borrow penYouwillspeakto
just
my to my whomever Itell
youtospeakto
innegativenotisplacedbeforeto
Shehasborrowedmypeneventhough I toldhermottoIborrowmypen