Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional
Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services.
Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi
Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramco’s
employees. Any material contained in this document which is not
already in the public domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given,
or disclosed to third parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part,
without the written permission of the Vice President, Engineering
Services, Saudi Aramco.
CONTENTS PAGE
Work Aid 1D: Procedures That Are Used To Calculate The Effect Of
Laminar Flow On Cv 96
WORK AID 2: PROCEDURES THAT ARE USED TO COMPUTER SIZE
CONTROL VALVES FOR LIQUID APPLICATIONS 97
Work Aid 2A: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control
Valves For Water Applications 97
Work Aid 2B: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control
Valves For Choked Flow 100
Work Aid 2C: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control
Valves For Fluids In The Sizing Database 101
Work Aid 2D: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control
Valves With Piping Factor Correction 103
Work Aid 2E: Procedures Used To Computer Size Control Valves
With Viscosity Correction 105
Work Aid 2F: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control
Valves With Viscosity And Piping Factor Correction 108
Work Aid 2G: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control
Valves For Minimum, Normal, And Maximum Flow
Conditions 110
Work Aid 2G: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control
Valves For Minimum, Normal, And Maximum Flow
Conditions, cont'd. 112
WORK AID 3: PROCEDURES THAT ARE USED TO COMPUTER SIZE
CONTROL VALVES FOR GAS AND STEAM
APPLICATIONS 114
Work Aid 3A: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control
Valves For Ideal Gasses With The ISA Method 114
Work Aid 3B: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control
Valves For Real Gasses With The ISA Method 115
Work Aid 3C: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control
Valves For Vapors With The ISA Method 116
Work Aid 3D: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control
Valves For Steam With The ISA Method 117
Work Aid 3E: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control
Valves For Ideal Gasses With The Fisher Method 118
Work Aid 3F: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control
Valves For Real Gasses With The Fisher Method 119
Work Aid 3G: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control
Valves For Vapors With The Fisher Method 120
Work Aid 3H: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control
Valves For Steam With The Fisher Method 121
Work Aid 3I: Procedures That Are Used To Calculate The Effect Of
Compressibility On Valve Size 122
Work Aid 3J: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control
Valves For All Flow Conditions 124
WORK AID 4: PROCEDURES THAT ARE USED TO ENTER VALVE
SIZING DATA ON THE SAUDI ARAMCO ISS 127
GLOSSARY 128
Figure 21 Screen That Appears When The Units Option Under Config Is Selected 41
Figure 22 Drop-Down Menu That Lists Valve Sizing Methods 42
Figure 23 Options For Variables To Solve For 43
Figure 24 Calculation Screen For ISA Liquid Sizing 44
Figure 25 Calculation Options 45
Figure 26 Pull-Down Menu That Lists Units Options For Q 46
Figure 27 Pull-Down Menu That Lists Fluids In The Sizing Database 47
Figure 28 Table Of Values That Is Displayed When The F9 Key Is Pressed 48
Figure 29 Numerical Constants For The ISA Gas Sizing Equations 51
Figure 30 Gas Flow And Pressure Relationships 52
Figure 31 Choked Flow As A Function Of xT 53
Figure 32 Effects Of k On FKxT And qmax 55
Figure 33 Pressure And Flow Relationships As x Increases From 0.02 To
xT 56
Figure 34 Reduced Pressure PVC Leads To Reduced Fluid Density And
Reduced Flow 57
Figure 35 Effect of Sonic Velocity On Flow 58
Figure 36 Effect of Vena Contracta Enlargement 59
Figure 37 Relationships Among x, FkxT, And Y 60
Figure 38 Generalized Compressibility Chart 64
Figure 39 Valve Sizing Method Options 68
Figure 40 Available Calculation Types 69
Figure 41 Valve Sizing Screen For The ISA Gas Valve Sizing Method 69
Figure 42 Calculation Options For The ISA Gas Valve Sizing Method 70
Fluid States
Figure 1
Fluid States As A Function Of Pressure And Heat Content
ISA Standards
Units Constants - The following table includes the values of some of the constants that
are used in the various forms of the ISA sizing equation.
Figure 4
Units Constants For The ISA Liquid Sizing Equations.
The constant N1 is included in Equations 3 and 4 The constants N2 through N6 are used in
supplemental equations that will be discussed later in this Module.
• the term p1-p2 instead of ∆P to describe pressure drop across the valve.
• The term N1, which is a units constant. By selecting the proper constant, the
specifier may apply the equation by using either metric or English
measurement units. Conversions are possible with the generic equation as well.
ISA vs. Generic Equation Similarities - Despite minor differences in nomenclature, the two
equation forms are algebraically identical, and as a result, they will give identical
results. The only exception is the use of the N1 term (units constant) in the ISA
equation; however, a units conversion factor can be applied to any sizing equation.
Common Use Of Equation Forms - When reviewing sizing catalogs, technical articles, and
other documentation, specifiers will commonly encounter both the ISA nomenclature
and minor departures from the ISA nomenclature that some valve manufacturers
employ.
Choked Flow
Figure 5
Pressure And Flow Relationships.
Figure 6
Pressure And Velocity Profiles Around A Restriction
Pressure Recovery
Pressure Recovery Defined - The difference between Pvc and P2 is referred to as pressure
recovery. P2 is a fixed value that is dictated by the process, while the pressure at the
vena contracta (Pvc) is a function of valve style and geometry.
High Recovery vs. Low Recovery Control Valves - Low recovery (globe style) control
valves produce a relatively small pressure dip at the vena contracta. High recovery
valves (ball and butterfly valves) produce a greater pressure dip at the vena contracta.
Refer to Figure 7 below. Whether a valve is a high recovery or low recovery type has a
significant bearing on the pressure drop at which choked flow occurs.
Figure 7
Comparison Of High And Low Recovery Valves
Figure 8
Fluid Vaporization When Pvc < Pv
Figure 9
Pressure And Flow Relationships
Associated Phenomenon - Whenever the fluid pressure at the vena contracta falls below
the fluid vapor pressure, one of two other phenomena will occur in conjunction with
choked flow. The fluid will either be cavitating or flashing, depending, as shown in
Figure 10, on the value of P2.
Figure 10
Pressure Profiles For Flashing And Cavitating Flows
Cavitation
Cavitation Defined - If downstream pressure (P2) recovers to a pressure that is greater
than the local vapor pressure (Pv) of the fluid, the vapor cavities collapse and the fluid
mixture reverts to a liquid. The entire liquid-vapor-liquid phase change is known as
cavitation.
Cavitation Damage results from the collapse of millions of tiny vapor cavities on
boundary surfaces. Depending on cavitation intensity, proximity to critical surfaces,
and time of exposure, the micro-jets and the shock waves that are associated with the
collapse of vapor cavities can produce extreme damage to valves and other
components. Cavitation damage has a characteristic appearance that is rough and
cinderlike.
Anti-Cavitation Trim is available for many valves to reduce or eliminate cavitation
damage. These special trim designs will be discussed in another module in this course.
Flashing
Flashing Defined - If downstream pressure remains at or below the local vapor pressure
of the fluid, the vapor remains in the fluid stream, and the mixture is said to be
flashing.
Flashing Damage results from liquid droplets impinging on metal surfaces at high
velocity. Flashing damage has a smooth and polished appearance.
Selection Of Valves For Flashing Fluids follows the same general strategy as valve
selection for other erosive applications, including the selection of harder body
materials, hard trim, flow-down angle bodies, and replaceable liners.
Implications Of Choked Flow For Sizing
It is important for the specifier to identify the presence of choked flow. If the presence of
choked flow is not identified and accounted for, the basic flow equation can grossly over
predict the flow capacity of the control valve. In addition, choked flow is always accompanied
by either flashing or cavitation, which must be considered during valve selection and sizing.
P −P
Km = 1 2
Fisher: P1 − Pvc (8)
Note that FL2 = Km.
Where:
Interpreting Values of Km or FL - Typically, values of Km and FL are much larger for low
recovery globe style valves than for high recovery ball and butterfly valves. Refer to
Figure 11 and note that high recovery valves tend to choke at lower pressure drops
than low recovery valves do because high-recovery valves produce a greater pressure
dip at the vena contracta. Low recovery valves produce a smaller drop at the vena
contracta; therefore, more pressure drop can be taken across the valve before Pvc
approaches Pv.
Figure 11
Generalized Relationship Of Pvc To Pv For High And Low
Recovery Valves At Different Pressure Drops
Recovery Coefficients For Globe Valves - Most manufacturers usually publish only one
pressure recovery coefficient for each style and size of globe valve. The recovery
coefficient applies to all percentages of travel. Typical recovery coefficients for sliding
stem valves are Km= 0.7 to 0.8 or FL = 0.8 to 0.9. (Remember that FL2 = Km)
Recovery Coefficients Rotary-Shaft Valves - For ball, butterfly, and other high-efficiency
(high recovery) valves, the value of the recovery coefficient can vary significantly
with the percent of valve travel; therefore, the recovery coefficient for a specific angle
of opening must be used in the sizing equations. Typical values are Km = 0.4 to 0.6
and FL = 0.6 to 0.8.
1. Stiles, G.F., "Development of a Valve Sizing Relationship for Flashing and Cavitation Flow", proceedings of the
First Annual Final Control Elements Symposium, Wilmington, Delaware, USA, Delivered May 14-16, 1970.
Determining The Value Of rc For Non-Water Liquids - For liquids other than water, the plot
that is shown in Figure 12 is used. The ratio of the fluid vapor pressure to the fluid
critical pressure is shown on the X axis. At the point where the vapor pressure to
critical pressure ratio intersects the curve, the critical pressure ratio (rc) is read from
the Y axis.
Figure 12
Critical Pressure Ratios For Liquids Other Than Water
Calculating The Value Of rc For Water - A special rc curve allows the straightforward
determination of rc for water (see Figure 13). Vapor pressure is shown on the X axis.
At the point where the vapor pressure intersects the curve, the critical pressure ratio
(rc) is read from the Y axis.
1.0
Critical Pressure Ratio--r c
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
A4147
Vapor Pressure---PSIA
Figure 13
Critical Pressure Ratios For Water
Locating Values - The vapor pressure and critical pressure of the fluid may be
supplied to the valve specifier in a description of the process, or they may be found in
any one of a number of references that give properties of fluids.
Equation For rc - An equation has also been developed that allows the specifier to
calculate an approximate value of rc for a variety of fluids (1).
rc = FF = 0.96 - 0.28 (Pv/Pc )1/2 (13)
Calculating ∆Pchoked (∆Pallow) - Because the pressure at the vena contracta (Pvc) can be
calculated, the equations to calculate the flow-limiting pressure drop can be
completed. The ISA equations are as follows:
∆Pchoked = FL2 (P1-Pvc) (14)
and Pvc=FF Pv (15)
Where:
FL = The valve recovery coefficient, dimensionless (ISA).
FF = The liquid critical pressure ratio factor, dimensionless (ISA).
Pv = The liquid vapor pressure, psia.
Pvc = The fluid pressure at the vena contracta, psia.
Km = The valve recovery coefficient, dimensionless (Fisher and others).
rc = The liquid critical pressure ratio, dimensionless (Fisher and others).
2. Use the lesser of the ∆Pallow or ∆Pactual to calculate the required Cv.
3. Select a valve size, and determine the percent of travel that will provide the
required Cv. Observe the actual Km (FL) of the selected valve size at the travel
that was just determined.
4. If the actual Km (FL) is different than the estimated Km (FL), use the actual
value of Km (FL) to recalculate the ∆Pallow, and recalculate the required Cv.
5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 until the estimated Km (FL) is the same as the actual
Km (FL).
Piping Geometry
ISA Standards For Calculating F P - The ISA standard states that when tested values of FP
are not available, FP may be estimated as follows:
− 1
ΣK C 2 2
FP = v + 1
N2 d 4
(26)
Where:
FP = The piping geometry factor, dimensionless.
ΣK = The sum of all loss coefficients, dimensionless.
N2 = A dimensionless units constant for pipe and valve size (N2 = 890 for
inches; N2 = 0.00214 for mm); see Figure 4.
d = The inside diameter of the valve inlet, specified in inches or mm
according to the value of N2.
Calculating K - K is the algebraic sum of all the loss coefficients that influence flow
through the fittings that are attached to the control valve. The coefficients are:
• Friction coefficients that account for turbulence and friction (K1 and K2)
• Bernoulli coefficients that account for pressure and velocity changes (KB1 and
KB2)
Refer to Equations 26 and 27, and to Figure 14.
ΣK = K1 + K 2 + KB 1 − KB 2 (27)
Figure 14
Flow Limiting Influences Of Reducers And Expanders
Resistance Coefficients K1 and K2 account for the pressure that is lost to turbulence and
friction in the inlet and outlet fittings respectively. K1 and K2 values may be found in
standard piping references such as Crane Company's Flow of Fluids Through Valves,
Fittings, and Pipe. Alternatively, K1 and K2 can be calculated by means of the
following equations:
2 2
d2 d2
K1 = 0. 5 1− 2 K2 = 1. 0 1− 2
D1 D2
and
or when D1 = D2
2
d2
K1 + K 2 = 1. 5 1− 2
D1 (28)
Where:
K1 = The resistance coefficient of the inlet fitting(s).
K2 = The resistance coefficient of the outlet fitting(s).
d = The inside diameter of the valve inlet.
D1 = The inside diameter of the upstream pipe.
D2 = The inside diameter of the downstream pipe.
Equation 28 illustrates that the ratio of d to D (valve inlet diameter to pipe diameter) is
the key flow-limiting influence. As D increases relative to d, the flow limiting effects
increase.
Note that the combined equation (to solve for K1 + K2) can be used only when inlet
and outlet piping are the same size. Note also that all the K terms are dimensionless.
K and KB 2 are used to compensate for changes in pressure that
Bernoulli Coefficients B 1
result from differences in flow stream area and fluid velocity. Each term is calculated
by means of the following equations:
d 4 d 4
KB1 = 1− and KB2 = 1−
D1 D2
(29)
Refer to Equations 27 and 29, and note that for equal size inlet and outlet piping, KB1
and KB2 cancel out; therefore, only the terms K1 and K2 are needed.
Valve Geometry - Refer to Equation 30, and note the relationship between the valve Cv
and the valve inlet diameter d.
1 −
ΣK C 2 2
FP = v + 1
N2 d 4
(30)
When isolated from the remainder of the equation, the Cv and d terms can be seen as
an indicator of relative valve efficiency, (i.e., a large Cv and a small valve inlet
diameter (d) indicates a high efficiency valve such as a ball or butterfly valve).
C
Relative Valve Efficiency = v
d2 (31)
Note also that high recovery (high efficiency) valves will result in lower values of FP.
Many experienced specifiers examine the ratio of the Cv to inlet diameter to determine
whether or not to account for swage effects. One rule of thumb is expressed by the
following:
C
If v ≥ 20, account for piping factors
d2 (32)
Cv
If 2 ≤ 20, ignore piping factors
d (FP = 1.0) (33)
Equation Analysis - Given the mathematical relationship of the Cv and d terms, it follows
that FP will have the largest impact on high efficiency (high recovery) valves such as
rotary valves. Refer to Figure 15 and note that FP will have the greatest effect on flow
when high efficiency valves are operated near their full rated capacity. Generally
speaking, swage effects diminish rapidly as valve position is reduced to about 50% of
rated travel.
For sliding-stem valves, the impact of swages on control valve sizing is generally in
the range of 2-5 percent. This margin of error is within the accuracy limits of the sizing
equation; therefore, swage effects are commonly ignored for low recovery, sliding-
stem valves.
Figure 15
Piping Factor Effect Vs. Travel For Different Valve Styles
FLP And Choked Flow - The factor FLP is used to calculate ∆Pchoked as shown in
Equation 38.
F LP 2
∆Pchoked =
FP
(
P1 − FF Pv )
(38)
Note that the sizing equation (Equation 39) is modified to account for FLP only if flow
is choked.
q Gf
Cv =
N1 FLP p1 − p 2
(39)
Limitations Of Calculated FLP
Imprecise Results - For maximum accuracy, the value of FLP must be determined by test.
The value of FLP that is calculated through the use of the ISA equation indicates only
an approximation of swage effects, and it generally over-predicts the impact of
reducers and expanders. The lack of precision is caused by several factors, including
the following:
• The equations are based on liquid flow across abrupt transitions (as opposed to
the smooth transitions of most expanders and reducers).
• The combined effects of swages and specific valve geometry are not accounted
for.
Iterative Nature Of FP, FLP, And Cv Calculations - When calculating control valve Cv
requirements, the FP and FLP terms are used in the equation to size for Cv; however,
the unknown Cv also appears in the equations to solve for FP and FLP. Refer to
Equations 40 and 41.
When ∆Pactual < ∆Pchoked:
1
ΣK C 2 2
q Gf FP = v + 1
Cv = 4
N1 FP p1 − p 2 N2 d
but (40)
When ∆Pactual > ∆Pchoked:
1
q Gf K F 2C 2 2
Cv = F LP = FL i L v + 1
N1 FLP p1 − p2 N 2 d4
but (41)
Therefore, several iterations of both equations must be performed as follows:
3. Using the calculated value of FP or FLP and the actual FL (or Km) of the
selected valve, solve for Cv again.
4. Using actual values for FL (Km) and the calculated values for Cv and FP or
FLP, repeat steps 2 and 3 until the results converge on a final value of Cv.
Figure 16
R Values That Are Used In The Piping Factor Correction Method
That Is Included In Section 5.4 Of SAES-J-700
R-Value Considerations - Because R factors are derived without consideration for valve
Cv or the percent of rated travel, the correction will not be as accurate as a correction
that is calculated with the ISA method. (Recall the significance of Cv/d2). In spite of
this consideration, the method can provide useful, if approximate, results.
Viscosity Corrections
Flow Regimes
The sizing equations that have been presented to this point are based on the assumption that
the flowing fluid is turbulent, as opposed to laminar.
Laminar Flow - In laminar flow, the fluid flows in smooth, ordered layers. Refer to
Figure 17 below. Fluid velocity is highest in the layers in the center of the pipe, while
drag forces cause a reduction in the fluid velocity nearer the pipe wall. Laminar flow is
also referred to as viscous flow. Although effects other than fluid viscosity may cause
laminar flow, most laminar flow occurs with high viscosity fluids.
Turbulent Flow - In turbulent flow, the uniform layers disappear and the flowstream is
made up of turbulent eddies that occur randomly in the fluid stream as shown in Figure
17. The flow profile is more blunt, and the velocity at the center of the pipe and the
velocity near the pipe wall are nearly equal.
Transitional Flow - Between laminar and turbulent flow, a condition of transitional flow
exists. The transitional flow regime has characteristics of both laminar and turbulent
flow.
Figure 17
Flow Profiles Of Laminar And Turbulent Flow Regimes
Influences On Reynolds Numbers - Note that a decrease in fluid velocity, pipe diameter, or
fluid density will result in a lower Reynolds number and a tendency toward laminar
flow. Also, note that increasing fluid viscosity will result in a lower Reynolds number
and a tendency toward laminar flow.
ISA Equations For Non-Turbulent Flow
Reynolds Number Factor FR - The ISA Standard uses a Reynolds number factor FR to
account for the effects of viscous flow. The factor FR is included in the basic sizing
equation as follows:
p1 − p 2
q = N1 FR Cv
Gf
(46)
q Gf
Cv =
N1 FR p1 − p2
(47)
The FR factor expresses the ratio of the nonturbulent flow rate to the turbulent flow
rate that is predicted by the basic sizing equation. Note also that Equations 46 and 47
do not include the piping correction factor FP. The effect of valve fittings and swages
on nonturbulent flow is currently not well understood; therefore, when the ISA
equations are used, the specifier may correct for piping factors or viscous effects, but
not for both.
Reynolds Number Vs. Flow Regime - A chart that relates the valve Reynolds number to the
value of FR helps to illustrate the effect that laminar flow can have on the calculated
flow rate or the control valve Cv. The plot that is shown in Figure 19 illustrates that
when the valve Reynolds is 12 000 or larger, the flow is fully turbulent; accordingly,
there is no flow limiting effect and the value of FR is 1.0. As the Reynolds number
falls below 12 000, the flow-limiting effects of laminar flow increase, and the value of
FR decreases.
Section 5.5 Of SAES-J-700 requires an evaluation of viscous effects whenever the
Reynolds number is below 12 000.
1. The first step is to calculate a valve Reynolds number, Rev, as shown below:
1
N 4 Fd q F 2 C 2 4
Re v = L v + 1
1 1 4
υFL 2 C v 2 N2 d
(48)
Note that the equation is iterative because Rev, Cv, and FL are all unknown at the
beginning of the process. Estimates must be made for all values, and, then, several
iterations are performed to arrive at useful results.
Note also the use of the term Fd. Fd is a valve style modifier. Currently, the ISA
Standard recognizes only two values of Fd. A value of 0.7 is used for double ported
globe valves and for butterfly valves. For all other valve styles, Fd is 1.0.
Kinematic viscosity, υ , is expressed in centistokes. If fluid viscosity is specified in
terms other than centistokes, it is necessary to convert the viscosity to centistokes with
the use of the methods that are shown in the table below:
Figure 18
Viscosity Conversion
2. The calculated valve Reynolds number (Rev) is used to enter a plot (see Figure
19) that relates Rev to a value of FR. The value of FR is used as shown in
Equations 46 and 47.
Figure 19
Valve Reynolds Number Vs. The Reynolds Number Factor FR
Other Viscosity Correction Methods
Viscosity Correction Nomograph - To avoid time-consuming calculations, valve
manufacturers provide simplified approaches to obtain low Reynolds number (viscous
liquid) correction factors. Fisher Controls provides a simple nomograph that allows the
specifier to compensate for viscous effects when performing flow, pressure drop, and
Cv calculations. The nomograph uses known inputs of valve Cv, flow rate, and fluid
viscosity to arrive at a Reynolds number NR. The value of NR is then used to identify a
correction factor Fv. Fv is used to correct the initial Cv calculation to arrive at a
corrected value of Cvr (Cv required ). For purposes of selecting an appropriately sized
control valve, the value of Cvr is used instead of Cv.
Cvr = Fv Cv (49)
Where:
Cvr = The Cv that has been adjusted for fluid viscosity.
Fv = A correction factor, dimensionless, from the Fisher nomograph.
Cv = The uncorrected Cv.
Sizing Software such as the Fisher Sizing Program and other sizing programs include
options that automatically check for the effects of viscous (laminar) flow. The specifier
enters the fluid viscosity along with other service conditions, and the software
performs all of the necessary calculations.
ISA Method
Basic Flow Equation - For nonchoking, turbulent fluids, Cv is calculated with:
q Gf
Cv =
N1 p1 − p2
(50)
Choked Flow Sizing Equation - To determine if choked flow exists, the specifier
calculates the ∆Pchoked, compares ∆Pchoked to the actual ∆P, and uses the lesser of the
two drops for sizing purposes. The ∆Pchoked is calculated as follows:
∆Pchoked = FL2 (P1 - FF Pv) (51)
If choked flow exists (∆Pactual > ∆Pchoked), the required valve Cv is calculated with the
use of the following equation:
q Gf
C v = max
N1 F L p1 − FF pv
(52)
Alternatively, the basic flow equation (Equation 50) may be used for choked flow
sizing if the ∆Pchoked is used as the sizing pressure drop.
Piping Correction For Non-Choked Flow Applications - In applications where the flow is not
choked, the flow limiting effect of piping reducers and expanders is calculated with the
use of the piping correction factor FP as follows:
− 12
ΣK C 2
q Gf FP = v + 1
Cv = 4
N1 FP p1 − p2 N2 d
where (53)
Piping Correction For Choked Flow Applications - To compensate for piping factors under
conditions of choked flow, a single coefficient FLP is used to compensate for both
choked flow and piping factors as follows:
− 1
K F 2C 2 2
q max Gf F LP = FL i L v + 1
Cv =
N1 FLP p1 − p2 N2 d4
where (54)
Viscosity Corrections FR - The effect of nonturbulent (laminar) flow is included in the
sizing equation with the Reynolds number factor, FR, as shown in Equation 55.
q Gf
Cv =
N1 FR p1 − p2
(55)
The value of FR is determined by first calculating the valve Reynolds number with the
use of Equation 56 and, then, locating a value of FR from the chart that was shown
previously in Figure 19.
1
N 4 Fd q F 2 C 2 4
Re v = L v + 1
1 1 N d
υFL 2 C v 2 2 4
(56)
Only one of the correction factors FR or FP may be used.
• Computational accuracy
Figure 20
Main Menu Of The Fisher Sizing Program
Main Menu
A menu at the top of this screen lists several different sizing activities and functions. The
specifier selects a specific sizing activity by moving the cursor to the desired selection and
pressing the ENTER key or by pressing the capitalized letter of the desired activity.
Valve is selected to size control valves, calculate flow rate, or calculate pressure drop.
rEport is selected to print a report of the service conditions, fluid properties, and the
results of the sizing calculations.
sPecsheet - is selected to print out a standard or custom specification sheet.
File is selected to import or export text files to or from a specification sheet.
Other is selected to gain access to a notepad and other miscellaneous options.
Config is selected to change units from English to metric, to select printers, to set
atmospheric pressure, and to establish other system and sizing defaults.
eXit is selected to quit the program.
Selecting Units
The specifier may select the default engineering units by selecting Config from the main menu
and, then, selecting the Units option. See Figure 21. Each entry may be changed individually
by highlighting it and pressing ENTER. Also, notice the option at the bottom of the screen to
make all units either English (by pressing the F2 key) or metric (by pressing the F3 key).
Pressing the F10 key exits this screen.
Figure 21
Screen That Appears When The Units Option Under Config Is Selected
Figure 22
Drop-Down Menu That Lists Valve Sizing Methods
ISA Liquid - When the ISA Liquid method is selected, the software uses the ISA sizing
equations.
Fisher Liquid - When the Fisher Liquid method is selected, the software uses the same
fundamental equations that are used in the ISA method, except that the terms Km and
rc are used instead of FL and FF, respectively. In the Fisher Liquid method, there is no
option for calculating FP because piping effects are included in the valve Cv's that are
published by Fisher Controls.
Fisher Water - The Fisher Water method takes advantage of the fact that the SG
(specific gravity) and Pv (vapor pressure) for water can be calculated from other
information that is entered by the specifier. The Fisher Water method saves time
because it eliminates the need for the specifier to input values for SG and Pv; however,
there is an option that allows manual entry of SG for special circumstances.
• Velocity
Figure 23
Options For Variables To Solve For
Figure 24
Calculation Screen For ISA Liquid Sizing
Liquid Properties And State - This section is where the specifier enters the fluid and fluid
properties such as the fluid critical pressure (Pc), vapor pressure (Pv), and specific
gravity (SG).
Service Conditions - In this section, the specifier enter pressure, flow, and temperature
information.
Intermediate Results - Any intermediate results such as the calculated values of FF, FR,
Rev, or FP are displayed in this area.
Valve Specification - In this section, the specifier enters any needed valve data such as
the value of FL. When pipe and valve size are required for calculating FP or FR, they
are also entered in this section.
Calculated Results - After all data have been entered, the specifier presses the function
key F2 to calculate the required valve Cv. The results of the sizing calculations appear
in the Calculated Results section. In addition to valve Cv, other important information
such as the ∆Pchoked is also shown.
• Line 1: Solve for Cg, Cs, or Cv - Other options: Solve For Flow Rate, Solve
For Pressure Drop
• Line 6: Input Pv - Option: Calculate Pv (Note that the software can only
calculate the Pv for fluids for which data have been included in the permanent
database; for other fluids, the specifier must enter the Pv.)
Figure 25
Calculation Options
As various options are selected, the fields for inputs and for calculated results will
change; for example, if the Viscous Correction option is set to ON, the program will
require the specifier to input fluid viscosity and valve inlet diameter. In addition, the
calculated values of Rev and FR will be displayed in the Intermediate Results section.
Line-By-Line Units Selection - F8 Key - The specifier may change units of measurement for
any input parameter by placing the cursor on that parameter and pressing F8. Pressing
F8 produces a sub-menu that lists all possible choices. Refer to Figure 26. A choice is
made by positioning the cursor on the desired unit and pressing the ENTER key. The
option that is visible when the option menu is stored (by pressing the ENTER key) is
the option that is used in the program.
Figure 26
Pull-Down Menu That Lists Units Options For Q
Pull-Down Menus - F4 Key - Pull-down menu options for several of the input fields can
be accessed by pressing the F4 key; for example, if the cursor is on the field for
"Liquid", pressing the F4 key brings down a menu of several different options as
shown in Figure 27. Fluids that are preceded with a tilde character (∼) are included in a
fixed database. The fixed database also includes sufficient data to allow automatic
calculation of the fluid vapor pressure at the service conditions. The fixed database
cannot be edited; however, the software does allow the specifier to construct a separate
database of fluids and fluid properties that can be edited.
Figure 27
Pull-Down Menu That Lists Fluids In The Sizing Database
Figure 28
Table Of Values That Is Displayed When The F9 Key Is Pressed
Introduction
Popular Standard
The equations that are included in Section 6 of ISA Standard S75.01 are broadly accepted
both by valve manufacturers and by valve users. The ISA equations are used in virtually all
industries, and they are endorsed in most world areas.
Saudi Aramco Standards
Section 5.1 of SAES-J-700 states that valve sizing procedures shall be based on the equations
that are included in the ISA standard that is referenced above. Section 5.1 of SAES-J-700 also
allows the use of vendor-supplied, computer-based sizing software that is based on the ISA
equations.
Alternate Forms Of The ISA Equation
The specifier may select from many forms of the ISA equation. The choice of equation form
depends on:
Mass Flow - To solve for mass flow (w), equations that account for fluid density with
specific weight (γ) or molecular weight (M) are used. These equations are sometimes
referred to as the 'vapor' forms of the equation.
xM
w = N 8 Fp C v p1 Y
w = N 6 Fp C v Y xp1 γ 1 T1 Z
or (59)
Volumetric Flow - To solve for volumetric flow (q), either specific gravity (Gg) or
molecular weight (M) can be used to account for fluid density.
x x
q = N7 Fp C v p1 Y q = N9 Fp C v p1 Y
G g T1 Z MT1 Z
or (60)
Control Valve Cv - For valve sizing, the equations above are rearranged to solve for Cv.
When the fluid flow rate is specified in terms of mass flow (w) and density is specified
in terms of specific weight () or in terms of molecular weight (M), Cv is calculated
with the use of one of the following equations:
w w T1 Z
Cv = Cv =
N 6 Fp Y xp1 γ 1 N 8 Fp p1 Y xM
or (61)
When the flow rate is specified in terms of volumetric flow (q) and fluid density is
specified in terms of specific gravity (Gg) or molecular weight (M), Cv is calculated
with the use of one of the following equations:
q Gg T1 Z q MT1 Z
Cv = Cv =
N 7 Fp p1 Y x N 9 Fp p1 Y x
or (62)
Units Systems - The various N terms in the equations allow the specifier to use the
desired engineering units such as psi or bar for pressure, and scfm or kg/m3 for flow
rate.
Nomenclature
The terms that are used in Equations 59 through 62 are described below.
Cv control valve flow coefficient
Fp piping geometry factor; dimensionless
Gg gas specific gravity; dimensionless (i.e., density of gas to density of air at reference
conditions, or ratio of molecular weight of a gas to molecular weight of air)
M molecular weight; atomic mass units
Nx constants for units of measure; see table below
pX p1 = static fluid pressure upstream of the valve; p2 = static fluid pressure downstream
of the valve; see the table below for units
T1 absolute temperature of fluid at valve inlet; degrees K or R
w mass flow rate; kg/h or lb/h - see the table below for units
x pressure drop ratio ∆ p p1 ; dimensionless
Y expansion factor; dimensionless
Z compressibility factor; dimensionless
1 specific weight of the fluid at valve inlet; see the table below for units
Numerical Constants
The values of the various N terms are shown below.
Constant Units
N w q* p1, p2, ∆p γ T1 d, D
N5 0.00241 --- --- --- --- --- mm
1000 --- --- --- --- --- in
N6 2.73 kg/h --- kPa kg/m3 --- ---
27.3 kg/h --- bar kg/m3 --- ---
63.3 lb/h --- psia lb/ft3 --- ---
N7 4.17 --- m3/h kPa --- K ---
417 --- m3/h bar --- K ---
1360 --- scfh psia --- °R ---
N8 0.948 kg/h --- kPa --- K ---
94.8 kg/h --- bar --- K ---
19.3 lb/h --- psia --- °R ---
N9 22.5 --- m3/hr kPa --- K ---
2250 --- m3/hr bar --- K ---
7320 --- scfh psia --- °R ---
* cubic feet per hour at 14.73 psia and 60 degrees F, or cubic meters per hour at 101.3 kPa and 15.6
degrees C
Figure 29
Numerical Constants For The ISA Gas Sizing Equations
Basic Equation
To help develop an understanding of the ISA sizing equations, the complete equation for
volumetric flow (Equation 63) will be stripped to its most basic form, and each term will be
explained as it is added to the basic equation.
x
q = N7 Fp Cv p 1 Y
G gT1 Z
(63)
Flow Rate: A Function Of Pressure Drop Ratio - Recall that for liquid flow, q is a function
of the square root of the pressure drop, as shown below.
∆P
q = Cv
G (64)
Similarly, gas flow is a function of pressure conditions and Cv. Over a limited set of
conditions, tests show that the basic relationship between gas flow, Cv, and pressure
conditions is as follows:
q = Cv p1 x (65)
Where:
∆P
x=
p1
(66)
Equation 65 predicts a flow rate that is a linear function of x as shown in Figure 30.
Figure 30
Gas Flow And Pressure Relationships
Choked Flow
Overview Of Choked Flow - The equation that was just shown predicts an increase in flow
for every increase in the value of x; however, when the value of the square root of x
becomes greater than about 0.02, the observed increases in flow rate become less than
the equation predicts. Refer to Figure 31. Ultimately, there is a point of choked flow.
At the choked flow condition, increases in x (by reducing downstream pressure) do not
produce any increase in flow rate. Choking occurs when the jet stream at the vena
contracta achieves sonic velocity. The choked flow rate is associated with a flow
limiting value of x, which is known as xT.
Pressure Drop Ratio Factor xT - The flow limiting value of x (refer to Figure 31) is called
the pressure drop ratio factor, or xT (T stands for terminal). The value of xT is related
to valve style and geometry; therefore, valve manufacturers determine xT values by
test, and they publish them in sizing catalogs and other documents. The values of xT
are different for every different valve style and size. xT values also change as a
function of the percentage of valve travel.
Figure 31
Choked Flow As A Function Of xT
xT And The Ratio Of Specific Heats Factor - Manufacturers test valves for xT values at
standard conditions and with standard fluids. The test fluid is air. To make the value of
xT meaningful with fluids other than air, the sizing equations account for properties of
flowing fluids that are different than the properties of air. One of the significant fluid
properties of any compressible fluid is its specific heat ratio, which is expressed as k. k
represents the ratio of a fluid's specific heat at a constant pressure to its specific heat at
a constant volume. When a valve is used with a fluid other than air, the value of xT
value should be corrected for the specific heat of the flowing gas. The correction factor
is called the ratio of specific heats factor and it is referred to as Fk. Fk is simply the
specific heat ratio for the flowing gas (k) divided by the specific heat ratio (k) of air,
which is 1.4. Refer to Equation 67.
k
Fk =
1. 4 (67)
Where:
Fk = The ratio of specific heats factor.
k = The specific heat ratio of the flowing gas.
1.4 = The specific heat ratio (k) of air at standard conditions.
To correct the value of xT for the ratio of specific heats of the flowing gas, the value of
xT becomes FkxT. The value of xT that is used in any sizing equation should be limited
to the value of FKxT.
Locating k Values - k values are included in many standard references such as the Gas
Processor's Handbook, and they are also included in the fluid databases of many
sizing programs. Specifiers should note that k values vary with service temperature,
and that these values can change dramatically (generally increase) at high
temperatures.
Use Of FKxT - To prevent overpredicting flow or undersizing valves, the value of x that
is used in any of the sizing equations must not exceed the value of FKxT. Refer to
Equation 68.
q = Cv p1 x becomes q = Cv p1 FK xT
(68)
Effect Of Fk on XT - Refer to Figure 32 and note that larger values of k result in higher
values of FKxT, and vice versa. The values of qmax are similarly affected. Note that the
effects that are shown are exaggerated to help illustrate the concept.
Figure 32
Effects Of k On FKxT And qmax
Us Of FK In Valve Sizing - Many hydrocarbon gasses and vapors have k values that range
from 1.2 to 1.5 at moderate temperatures. k values in this range typically have a very
small impact on valve sizing; therefore, many specifiers ignore the specific heat
correction when k is between 1.2 and 1.5, and they assume that FK is equal to 1.0.
Expansion Factor: Y
Application of x and xT - At the beginning of this discussion, the basic gas flow equation
was presented as:
∆p
x=
q = Cv p1 x , where p1 (69)
It has been shown that the x can be used to predict flow when x < 0.02, that choked
flow can be predicted when x is limited to xT, and that xT can be further modified to
account for the thermodynamic properties of the fluid. Refer to Equation 70.
q = Cv p1 FK xT
(70)
The equations above do not express the non-linear relationship between x and q in
the region where x>0.02 and x<Fk xT. Refer to Figure 33.
q Versus x When x > 0.02 and x < F KxT - The expansion factor, Y, is included in the ISA
equations to account for the relationship of q to x when x > 0.02 and x < FKxT. The
expansion factor (Y) helps to account for the following:
• Changes in fluid density that result from increased fluid velocity and reduced
fluid pressure at the vena contracta.
Figure 33
Pressure And Flow Relationships As x Increases From 0.02 To xT
Density Changes - As the value of x increases, fluid velocity at the vena contracta increases and
fluid pressure decreases. See Figures 33 and 34. The reduction in local fluid pressure causes
the fluid to expand, which results in a reduction in fluid density. Because fluid density
decreases with each incremental increase in x, incremental increases in x no longer produce
proportional increases in flow rate.
Figure 34
Reduced Pressure PVC Leads To Reduced Fluid Density And Reduced Flow
Vena Contracta Enlargement - When the fluid velocity becomes sonic, a shock wave is
created that limits velocity to a maximum (terminal) value. Flow rate becomes a
function of sonic (terminal) velocity and the effective flow area at the vena contracta.
Refer to Figures 33 and 35.
Figure 35
Effect of Sonic Velocity On Flow
After the fluid attains sonic velocity, a decrease in P2 may produce a limited increase
in flow rate, depending on the valve style. The increase in flow rate occurs because an
increase in x reduces backpressure and causes the vena contracta to move upstream to
the valve throat as shown in Figure 36. The flow area at the valve throat is typically
larger than the flow area of an unconstrained vena contracta that is located in the
piping downstream of the control valve; therefore, some increase in flow rate may
occur.
Figure 36
Effect of Vena Contracta Enlargement
Inclusion Of Y In Sizing Equations - The ISA equation accounts for the conditions listed
above by means of the expansion factor Y. The Y term is used in the sizing equation
as follows:
q = Cv p1 Y x (71)
Figure 37
Relationships Among x, FkxT, And Y
Basis For Y - For compressible fluids, the expansion factor can be defined as the ratio of
the flow coefficient for a gas to the flow coefficient for a liquid. When the value of Y
is 1.0, there is no difference in the liquid and gas flow coefficients. Values of Y that
are less than 1.0 indicate a flow limiting effect due to density changes that result from
fluid expansion.
In other words, as x approaches zero (very low pressure drop ratios), flow resembles
that of an incompressible fluid (a liquid); accordingly, fluid expansion has a small
effect on flow, and Y approaches 1.0. As x approaches xT, the fluid becomes less
dense. The expansion factor Y becomes smaller to account for the reduction in density.
As x approaches xT, Y approaches 0.67, thereby signaling the maximum flow-limiting
effect of fluid expansion and the presence of choked flow.
Dimensionless Terms - Refer to Equation 72 and note that all of the terms that are used to
calculate Y are dimensionless; therefore, Y is also dimensionless.
Equation Development - At this point of discussion, the flow equation takes the form:
q = Cv p1 Y x (73)
This equation:
• predicts the effect of density changes that result from fluid expansion due to
low pressure at the vena contracta.
Adapting The Equation For Use With Gasses Other Than Air
Ideal Gasses - The equation that has been discussed to this point (Equation 73) is based
on the flow of air at standard conditions. It can be generalized for any gas at any
temperature with a simple modification to account for fluid specific gravity and
temperature as shown in Equation 74.
x
q = Cv p1 Y
Gg T1
(74)
Where:
Gg = The specific gravity of the flowing gas; the ratio of the density of the gas
at the valve inlet to the density of air, where both the flowing gas and the
reference fluid (air) are at standard conditions of 60 degrees F and 14.7
psia.
T1 = The absolute temperature of the fluid at the valve inlet in degrees Rankine
or in Kelvin.
The manner in which fluid density is included in the gas sizing equations is different
than the method that is used for liquid sizing. Recall that for liquid sizing, fluid density
is included in the equation as the actual SG of the liquid at the valve inlet; that is, the
SG of the liquid must be corrected for temperature before the sizing equations are
used.
For gas sizing, the fluid density that is used in the sizing equations is the fluid density
at standard conditions (i.e., 14.7 psia and 60 degrees F). The sizing equation corrects
the density for the flowing conditions according to the ideal gas law, which states that:
pV = RT (75)
Where:
p = The absolute fluid pressure, psia.
V = The specific volume (e.g., m3/kg, ft3/lb, etc.).
R = A gas constant that is unique for each fluid.
T = The fluid's absolute temperature, Kelvin, degrees Rankine, etc.
The relationships that are shown in Equation 75 are valid only for gasses that follow
the ideal gas law.
Note also that the correction is not necessary when the mass flow forms of the
equation are used, and density is expressed in terms of specific weight () at the valve
inlet (e.g., lbs/ft3, kg/m3, etc.).
Figure 38
Generalized Compressibility Chart
Maximum Impact Of Z - Refer to Figure 38 and note that compressibility effects become
most significant when the inlet pressure approaches the fluid critical pressure (i.e., as
pr approaches 1.0), and/or as the inlet temperature approaches or falls below the fluid
critical temperature.
Piping Effects
Piping Factor FP - When expanders and reducers are used, the piping factor FP is
included in the equation as shown below:
x
q = Fp C v p1 Y
Gg T1 Z
(80)
The following equation is used to calculate Fp. The equation is the same equation that
is used for liquids.
−1
ΣK C 2 2
Fp = v
+ 1
N2 d4
(81)
XT Plus Piping Factor FP = xTP - The value of XT is also affected by inlet reducers.
Outlet expanders are considered as part of the valve for purposes of determining XT.
When the factor XT is modified to account for an inlet reducer, it becomes xTP, and it
is calculated with the following:
−1
xT x T Ki C v2
x TP = 2 + 1
F p N5 d 4
(82)
Where:
Calculating XTP - The equation that is used to calculate control valve Cv through the use
of the xTP factor (see Equation 83) is highly iterative. Note that the equation to
calculate Cv requires the terms Fp and xTP; however, the equations that are used to
calculate Fp and xTP both include the Cv term. Therefore, an estimated value of Cv
must be calculated (without consideration of Fp and with the use of xT instead of xTP).
The estimated Cv is then used to initially solve for both Fp and xTP. The calculated
values Fp and xTP are then used to solve for Cv. Several iterations of the equations
must be solved until the solutions converge on a useful result. Generally speaking,
only two or three iterations are necessary to arrive at a useful result. When successive
iterations of the calculations result in very small differences in the calculated Cv, the
specifier knows that accuracy has been achieved
q Gg T1 Z
Cv =
N 7 Fp p1 Y x TP
(83)
but
− 12 −1
ΣK C 2 xT x T Ki C v2
Fp = v + 1 x TP = 2 + 1
N 2 d4 F p N5 d 4
and (84)
Although manual sizing involves the use of many calculations, the necessary
calculations are performed easily and quickly with personal computers and appropriate
software.
Numerical Constants - The final term in the ISA equation is the term N7, or the units
constant. The specifier selects a units constant that allows use of either the metric or
the English units system.
x
q = N7 Fp C v p1 Y
G g T1 Z
(85)
Solving For Cv - For purposes of valve sizing, Equation 85 is arranged to solve for Cv as
follows:
q Gg T1 Z
Cv =
N 7 Fp p1 Y x
(86)
Summary Of ISA Equation Terms
x pressure drop ratio ( ∆P / p1 ); limited to xT for choked flow, FKxT to account for
specific heat ratio, and xTP to correct for piping factors
Computer Sizing Control Valves For Gasses Using The ISA Equations
Introduction
The procedures that are used to operate the Fisher Sizing Program when sizing control valves
for compressible fluids are similar to the procedures that are used with the liquid sizing
method. The major differences are the required inputs, the entries in the Intermediate Results
section, and the results that are displayed in the Calculated Results section.
Valve Sizing Methods Available
When the main menu item Valves is selected, the specifier is presented with several sizing
options as shown in Figure 39. The ISA options are as follows:
ISA Gas - Selecting the ISA Gas method causes the software to use the equations in
which fluid density is expressed in terms of SG or M.
ISA Vapor - Selecting the ISA Vapor method causes the software to use the equations in
which fluid density is expressed in terms of specific weight (e.g., lbs/ft3. kg/m3, etc.)
The Vapor method calculates the most accurate results with the fewest inputs.
Figure 39
Valve Sizing Method Options
Figure 40
Available Calculation Types
Overview Of Sizing Procedures
Valve Sizing Screen - Selecting the Valve Sizing & LpA option brings up the sizing
screen. This screen is divided into several sections as shown in Figure 41 below.
Figure 41
Valve Sizing Screen For The ISA Gas Valve Sizing Method
Fluid And Service Conditions - In this section, the specifier enters the fluid type, and fluid
properties such as critical pressure, critical temperature, and Fk. Service conditions are
also entered in this section.
Intermediate Results - Any intermediate results that the software calculates are displayed
in the Intermediate Results section. Examples include the calculated values of Y and Z.
Valve Specification - In this section, the specifier enters any needed valve data such as xT
and sizing data for the valve and piping if piping corrections are necessary.
Calculated Results - After all fluid properties, service conditions, and valve data are
entered in the appropriate locations, the specifier presses the function key F2 to
calculate the required control valve Cv. The results of the sizing calculations appear in
the calculated results section. In addition to valve Cv, other important information such
as the ∆Pchoked and the pressure drop ratio (x) is also shown.
Selecting Options
F3 Options - During the sizing procedure, the specifier may choose from several
different sizing options by pressing the function key F3. The options menu for the ISA
Gas method is shown in Figure 42. Options are toggled by highlighting the appropriate
line and pressing enter. The option that is visible when the option menu is stored (by
pressing the escape key) is the option that will be used.
Figure 42
Calculation Options For The ISA Gas Valve Sizing Method
F3 Options For The ISA Gas Sizing Method - Options for the gas sizing method are as
follows:
Line 1: Solve for Cg, Cs, or Cv. Other options: Solve For Flow, Solve For dP
(pressure drop)
Line 3: Calculate Fp. Other options: Input Fp & Xtp, Omit Fp & Xtp
Figure 43
Line-By-Line Units Options For Flow
Introduction
Many valve specifiers use the Fisher Universal Gas Sizing Equation as an alternative to the
ISA equations. The Fisher Universal Gas Sizing Equation gained popularity immediately after
its introduction in 1951 because it was easier to use than other techniques that were available
at that time. During this era, specifiers sized valves manually, either by calculation or with
slide rules. At a later date, the programmable calculator gained popularity for valve sizing.
The Universal Gas Equation was easily adapted for use with the programmable calculator
because of its straightforward, non-iterative nature. Today, control valve specifiers size valves
with computers and sizing software; accordingly, equation complexity is less of an issue.
Fisher And ISA Equation Comparison
While the Fisher and ISA equations differ in many ways, they both model the gas flow
process in a similar fashion and they give nearly identical results. With rare exception, any
discrepancies in calculated results are within the limits of accuracy of any sizing technique. In
virtually all instances, either equation will direct the specifier to the same valve size.
Key differences between the Fisher and ISA equations include the following:
• For gasses and vapors, the Fisher equation uses the flow coefficient Cg, rather than Cv.
Cg relates critical flow to absolute inlet pressure.
• The Fisher equation uses a sine term to account for fluid expansion in the region
between linear flow and choked flow. This approach eliminates the need to calculate
the value of an expansion factor (Y).
• Terms to account for the influences of piping factors, compressibility, and specific
heat ratios other than 1.0 are not included in the basic equation; instead, they are
considered on an as-needed basis.
The Fisher Universal Sizing equation for an ideal gas is as follows:
520 3417 ∆ P
Q= Cg P1 C2 SIN
GTZ C1 C2 P1
Degrees
(87)
Equation Basics
To gain an understanding of equation mechanics and the terms that are used in the equation,
the equation will be discussed by starting with its most basic form.
Basic Liquid Flow Equation - All early efforts to derive a useful gas sizing equation began
with the basic liquid sizing equation (see Equation 88).
∆P
Q(GPM) = Cv
G (88)
Adding A Constant To Change From GPM To SCFH - The first step in adapting the
equation for use with compressible fluids is to add a conversion factor to change units
from gallons-per-minute to cubic-feet-per-hour. In addition, specific gravity is related
in terms of pressure, which is more meaningful for gas flow. Refer to Equation 89.
Note that the ratio of ∆P to P1 is known as the pressure drop ratio and that the pressure
drop ratio is identical to the x term in the ISA equation. The result is as follows:
∆P
Qscfh = 59. 64 Cv P1
P1
(89)
Provisions For Any Specific Gravity And Temperature - With the inclusion of a modification
that is based upon Charles' Law for gasses, the equation is generalized to account for
any gas at any temperature as shown in Equation 90.
∆ P 520
Q scfh= 59. 64 C v P1
P1 GT
(90)
Where:
520 = The product of the specific gravity and the absolute temperature of air at
standard conditions (i.e., the specific gravity is 1.0 and the temperature is
520 degrees Rankine, which corresponds to 60 degrees F).
G = The specific gravity of the flowing gas at standard conditions (60 degrees
F and 14.7 psia).
T = The temperature of the flowing gas in degrees Rankine.
Equation Limits
Pressure Drop Ratio Limits - Equation 90 predicts a flow rate that is a linear function of
the square root of the pressure drop ratio (the same as the flow rate that is predicted by
the x term in the ISA equation); however, at pressure drop ratios that are greater than
approximately 0.02, tests show smaller and smaller incremental increases in actual
flow for every incremental increase in the pressure drop ratio. Refer to Figure 44.
Critical Flow - Tests also indicate a point of critical flow, which is the same as choked
flow in ISA terminology. Critical flow is defined as the point where increasing the
pressure drop ratio by reducing downstream pressure does not produce any increase in
flow rate.
Figure 44
Actual Flow Versus Predicted Flow
Figure 45
Critical Flow For Low And High Recovery Valves
Low Recovery Valves (or globe style valves) reach critical flow at a pressure drop ratio
of approximately 0.5.
High Recovery Valves reach critical flow at much lower pressure drop ratios.
Flow Coefficient Cg and Critical Flow - Because of the problems in using Cv to predict
critical flow in both high and low recovery valves, Fisher Controls developed a
standard for testing flow capacity with air as well as with water. From these tests, a gas
sizing coefficient Cg was defined that relates gas critical flow to the absolute inlet
pressure. Cg is experimentally determined for each valve style and size; therefore, Cg
can be used to accurately predict critical flow (using air as a test fluid) with the
following:
Qcritical = Cg P1
(91)
To make the critical flow equation useful for any gas at any temperature, the
correction factor that was shown previously is applied:
520
Qcritical = Cg P1
GT (92)
Figure 46
Predicting Low Flow And Critical Flow
Tests And Data Plotting - To arrive at a single equation, Fisher Controls completed an
extensive testing procedure to analyze flow versus pressure relationships in the region
between low pressure drop ratios and critical (choked) flow. Tests were performed on
high recovery valves, low recovery valves, and valves that can be called intermediate
recovery valves. Test results were normalized with respect to critical flow, and data
was plotted.
Sine Curve - Analysis revealed that the test points in the transition region between low
flow and critical flow fell on a curve that closely approximates the first quarter cycle
of a standard sine curve. See Figure 47 below.
Figure 47
Tested Values Of Flow Compared To A Sine Curve
Combining The Equations - Capitalizing on this finding, Fisher Controls used a sine
function to mathematically model flow in the transition region. The sine function
effectively blends Equation 93 and Equation 94 into one, as shown in Equation 95.
Note that the result of the sine function must be limited to a maximum of 90 degrees
so that the equation does not predict decreasing flow after critical flow is achieved.
520 3417 DP
Q= C g P1 SIN
GT C P
1 1 Degrees
(95)
The C1 Factor
Note the inclusion of the C1 factor in Equation 96.
520 3417 ∆P
Q= C g P1 SIN
GT C1 P1
Degrees
(96)
Role of C1 - The role of C1 is to allow the use of a single sizing coefficient (Cg) in a
universal equation that combines the equation that is used to calculate the flow of
incompressible fluids (Equation 97) with the equation that is used to calculate the
critical flow of a gas (Equation 98). A fundamental obstacle in blending Equations 97
and 98 is that the liquid flow equation uses the flow coefficient Cv, while the gas flow
equation uses the flow coefficient Cg.
∆P 520
Q = 59. 64 C v P1
P1 GT
Liquid Flow (97)
520
Q= C g P1
GT
Gas Flow (98)
Equations 97 and 98 could have been combined in their original forms; however, the
specifier would have to supply both the Cv coefficient and the Cg coefficient. During
the development of the Fisher equation, the decisions were made that a single
coefficient would be used and that a factor to account for the differences in liquid and
gas flow through a particular valve would be included in the equation. The factor C1 is
used for this purpose. As shown in Equation 99, C1 is defined simply as the ratio of
the gas flow coefficient, Cg to the liquid flow coefficient, Cv.
Cg
C1=
Cv (99)
Differences In Gas And Liquid Capacity - In order to better understand the significance of
the C1 term, consider a comparison of the Cg and Cv flow coefficients for a high
recovery valve, and the Cg and Cv flow coefficients for a low recovery valve that are
shown in Figure 48.
Liquid flow (Cv) is heavily influenced by valve geometry (i.e., whether the flow path
is tortuous or streamlined). Gas flow (Cg) is largely a function of the flow area of the
valve. The difference in the factors that determine capacity for liquid flow and for gas
flow explain why two valves with identical Cg's can have substantially different Cv's
(and why two valves with identical Cv's can have substantially different Cg's).
Cg = 4680 Cg = 4680
Cv = 254 Cv = 135
C1 = Cg/Cv C1 = Cg/Cv
= 4680/254 =4680/135
=18.4 =34.7
Figure 48
Comparison of Cv, Cg, and C1 Values
Locating C1 Values - Manufacturers that use C1 values determine them by test, and they
publish them in sizing catalogs along with other sizing information. For globe valves,
the value of C1 is the same at all percentages of travel. For rotary-shaft control valves,
the value of C1 depends on the degrees of rotation.
(100)
Predicts Qcritical Serves as a multiplier
Low Pressure Drop Ratio Example - Assuming a C1 value of 35 and a pressure drop ratio
of 0.02, the value of the bracketed terms is as follows:
3417
SIN 0. 02 =
35 Degrees SIN [98 × 0.141]Degrees = SIN 13 = 0. 225
(101)
The flow rate that is predicted by the critical flow equation is multiplied by 0.225;
therefore, the calculated value of Q will be relatively small.
Higher Pressure Drop Ratios - As the pressure drop ratio increases, the sine function, at
the end of the first quarter cycle, tends towards its maximum value of 1.0. If the result
of the sine function is 1.0, the equation is functionally reduced to the equation for
critical flow as illustrated in the following equation.
520 3417 ∆P
Q= C g P1 SIN ∆P
= 1. 0
GT C1 P1 Degrees P1
If and 102)
3417 520
SIN 1 ≈ SIN 90° = 1. 0 Q= C g P1
35 GT
then and (103)
Intermediate Pressure Drop Ratios - At intermediate pressure drop ratios, the sine function
models flow in the transition region between low flow and critical flow.
C2 And The Ratio Of Specific Heats - In the Fisher equation, allowance is made for
thermodynamic properties (the ratio of specific heats) with the term C2. C2
serves the same function as the Fk factor in the ISA equations. C2 is included in
the equation as follows:
520 3417 ∆P
Q= Cg P1 C2 SIN
GTZ 1 2
C C P1
Degrees
(107)
In the ISA equation, the Fk factor suggests a linear relationship between k and
Fk (i.e., Fk = k/1.4). This relationship is typically valid for k values between 1.2
and 1.6 only. The Fisher equation uses a somewhat more precise correction.
Although C2 values are found to be a strong function of k, the relationship is
not precisely linear. For a specific value of k, the specific value of C2 can be
determined from the chart that is shown in Figure 49.
Figure 49
C2 Factor Versus k
Density Form Of Equation (Mass Flow/Vapor) - When the specific weight (weight per unit
of volume) of the fluid at the valve inlet is known, a more generalized form of the
equation can be used. The density form of the equation, (see Equation 108) eliminates
the need to correct for the effects of pressure and temperature on density, and it also
eliminates the need for the Z term.
3417 ∆P
Q = 1. 06 d1P1 C g SIN
C1 P1 Degrees
(108)
Where:
Q = Gas, steam, or vapor flow (lbs/hr, kg/hr, etc.).
d1 = The density of the gas at the valve inlet (lbs/ft3, kg/m3, etc.).
The density form of the equation is commonly used for steam and other vapor
applications.
Special Steam Equation (Below 1000 PSIG) - Because steam applications are quite
common, a special form of the equation, which is shown in Equation 109, is also
available.
C s P1 3417 ∆P
QLB/HR = SIN
1+ 0. 00065 T sh C P1
1 Degrees
(109)
Where:
Cs = The steam sizing coefficient.
Tsh = The degrees of superheat (degrees F).
Note that Equation 109 uses the flow coefficient Cs (s is for steam). Fisher Controls
publishes Cs values for most valves. The relationship between Cs, Cg, and Cv is as
follows:
Cg
Cs =
20 C g = C s x 20
therefore (110)
Note also that Equation 109 can be used only for steam below 1000 psig.
Solving for Cg
Rearranging The Equations - While the equations have been discussed in forms that
predict flow rate, any of the equations that are used to predict flow can be arranged to
solve for the required control valve Cg as shown in Equation 111.
Q scfh
Cg =
520 3417 ∆P
P1 C 2 SIN
GTZ C1 C2 P1
Degrees
(111)
Initial Assumptions For C1 Values - When solving for Cg, the specifier must initially
select a valve style and estimate a value of C1. After calculating Cg and selecting a
specific valve type and size, the actual C1 values for the selected valve are used in the
equation to ensure maximum accuracy. Specifiers typically use initial (estimated) C1
values of approximately 35 for standard globe style valves, and C1 values of
approximately 15 to 20 for ball and butterfly valves.
Converting Cg To Cv - It may occasionally be desirable to convert a flow coefficient
from Cg to Cv; for example, it may be useful to size non-Fisher valves by means of the
Fisher Sizing Program, or it may be useful to convert Cg to Cv for comparative studies
of capacity or other valve attributes. Recall that C1 is calculated as follows:
Cg
C1=
Cv (112)
Therefore, after a Cg has been calculated, it can be converted to Cv as follows:
Cg
Cv =
C1
(113)
Cg
Cv =
Flow Coefficient Cv (water test) Cg (air test) C1
Flow when ∆P ∆P
∆P / p1 ≤ 0. 02 Cv Cv
p1 (liquid equation) p1 (liquid equation)
Thermodynamic F k xT C2
behavior (k)
Figure 50
Comparison of ISA And Fisher Sizing Terms
Computer Sizing Control Valves For Gasses Using The Fisher Controls Equations
Figure 51
Valve Sizing Methods
After a specific valve sizing method has been selected, the specifier can choose the type of
information that is being sought. As shown in Figure 52, choices include valve size, fluid
velocity, and various noise calculations.
Figure 52
Selection Of A Calculation Type
Overview Of Sizing Procedures
Valve Sizing Screen - Selecting the Valve Sizing & LpA option brings up the actual
sizing screen, which is illustrated in Figure 53. The sizing screen is divided into four
distinct sections.
Figure 53
Valve Sizing Screen For The Fisher Real Gas Sizing Method
F3 Options
Fisher Ideal Gas - As shown in Figure 54 below, there are no sizing options for the Ideal
Gas Method that affect how the flow coefficient is determined.
Figure 54
Calculation Options For The Fisher Ideal Gas Sizing Method
Fisher Real Gas - The calculation options for the Fisher Real Gas Method (see Figure
55) present the specifier with several choices for the use of Z and C2 factors. The
choices are as follows:
• Input Z, omit C2
• Input Z, calculate C2 (C2 is calculated from k)
• Calculate Z, C2 (Z is calculated from Pc and Tc)
Figure 55
Calculation Options For The Fisher Real Gas Sizing Method
Fisher Vapor - As shown in Figure 56, there are no sizing options for the Fisher Vapor
Method that affect the calculation of the flow coefficient.
Figure 56
Calculation Options For The Fisher Vapor Sizing Method
Fisher Steam - The only option in the Fisher Steam Method is the choice of whether the
specifier will input steam temperature or assume that the steam is saturated. See Figure
57.
Figure 57
Calculation Options For The Fisher Steam Sizing Method
Options And Input Fields - As various options are selected, the input fields on the sizing
screen will change; for example, if the option to calculate Z is selected, the software
will require values for critical pressure and temperature. Refer to Figure 58.
Units-Selection - As explained previously, engineering units can be changed globally by
selecting Units from the Config heading on the main menu; in addition, the specifier
may change the units for any input parameter by placing the cursor on that parameter
and pressing F8. Figure 58 illustrates the available units options for fluid temperature.
Figure 58
Pull-Down Menu Options For Temperature
Figure 59
The Saudi Aramco ISS
Work Aid 1A: Procedures That Are Used To Calculate The Required Control Valve Cv
1. Use the following ISA and Fisher equations to solve for Cv.
G
Cv =Q
Fisher: ∆P
q Gf
Cv =
ISA: N1 p1 − p2
Extrapolate the degrees of rotation or the percent of travel that provides the required
Cv.
For rotary-shaft valves, convert the degrees of rotation to percent of travel by dividing
the degrees of rotation that provide the required Cv by 90 degrees.
Guidelines For Percent Travel At Various Flow Conditions Per Section 5.2 of SAES-J-700
Percent Travel At Normal Percent Travel At Maximum
Flow Characteristic
Flow Flow
Equal Percentage 80 93
Linear 70 90
Modified Parabolic 75 90
Work Aid 1B: Procedures That Are Used To Calculate The Allowable Pressure Drop
(∆Pallow)
Perform the following procedures to complete Exercise 1B.
1. Locate the required fluid properties from the Fisher Control Valve Handbook as
follows:
SG Properties of Water table, page 135
Pv Properties of Water table, page 135 (given as Saturation Pressure)
Pc Physical Constants of Various Fluids table, page 134
Locate the values that are required to solve the equation as follows:
Km Use the value that is listed in the Exercise under the heading "Valve
Specifications."
P1 Use the value that is listed in the Exercise under the heading "Service
Conditions."
Pv Use the value that was recorded during step 1. of this Exercise.
rc Refer to Fisher Catalog 10, section 2, page 10, Figure 1.
3. Using the Fisher Sizing equation that is included in Work Aid 1A, calculate the
required Cv. Use the lesser of the actual ∆P or the ∆Pallow.
Refer to the page in Fisher Catalog 10 that lists the Cv's for the selected valve and
select the smallest valve size that will provide the required Cv at a percentage of travel
that is consistent with the guidelines that are given in Section 5.2 of SAES-J-700 (refer
to Work Aid 1A). Extrapolate and record the percent of travel at which the Cv
requirements are met. Note and record the Km of the selected valve.
4. Using the value of Km that was determined in step 2, recalculate the ∆Pallow.
7. Extrapolate and record the percent of travel at which Cv requirements are met.
Work Aid 1C: Procedures That Are Used To Calculate The Effect Of Piping Factors On
Cv
Perform the following procedures to complete Exercise 1C.
1. Locate the appropriate pages in Fisher Catalog 10 for the valve that is described in the
Exercise. Ensure that you locate the page for the line-to-body size ratio that is given in
the Exercise. Browse through the Cv column and locate a valve that provides the
maximum Cv at less than the percent of travel guideline that is included in Section 5.2
of SAES-J-700. Note: For rotary valves, the percentages of travel that are listed in
Section 5.2 of SAES-J-700 can be converted to degrees of rotation as follows:
% travel x 90 degrees
2. Refer to Section 5.4 of SAES J-700. Locate the value of R for the valve type that is
described in the Exercise. Calculate the required Cv through use of the following
equation:
Calculated C v
Re quired C v =
R
Using the required Cv that was just calculated, refer to the appropriate page in Fisher
Catalog 10, and select a valve size. Note: The required Cv has already been corrected;
therefore, ensure that you select a valve size from the page for the 1:1 line-to-body
size ratio. Also, ensure that the selected valve provides the maximum required Cv at a
travel that is consistent with the guidelines that are listed in Section 5.2 of SAES-J-
700. (Refer to the note in step 1, above.)
Work Aid 1D: Procedures That Are Used To Calculate The Effect Of Laminar Flow On Cv
Perform the following procedures to complete Exercise 1D.
1. Without attempting to compensate for fluid viscosity, calculate the required Cv for the
application that is described. Use the following equation.
G
Cv =Q
∆P
Work Aid 2: Procedures That Are used to Computer size con trol valves for
liquid Applications
Work Aid 2A: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control Valves For Water
Applications
c. Press and hold the ALT key and press F5 to clear all sizing inputs.
f. Ensure that the engineering units on the calculation screen match the units that
are used to describe the application. If the units do not match for any field,
move the cursor to that field, press the F8 key, and select the desired units.
Press ESCAPE.
h. Locate the SG of water at 100 degrees F from the table on page 135 of the
Fisher Control Valve Handbook. Enter the value of SG in the appropriate field.
j. Press F2 to calculate the valve sizing information. Record the values that are
requested in the Exercise.
a. Press ESCAPE.
d. Ensure that all of the fluid properties and the service conditions are accurately
entered.
e. Enter an estimated value of Km. Select a value from the table below.
Typical Values Of Km and FL
Valve Style Typical Km Typical FL
Globe And Angle 0.75 .87
Rotary-Shaft 0.45 0.67
f. Press F2 to calculate the valve sizing information. Record the values that are
requested in the Exercise.
f Obtain the value of Pc from the table on page 134 of the Control Valve
Handbook
g. Ensure that all service conditions and fluid properties are accurately entered.
h. Press F2 to calculate the valve sizing information. Record the values that are
requested in the Exercise.
f. Ensure that all service conditions and fluid properties are accurately entered.
g. Press F2 to calculate the valve sizing information. Record the values that are
requested in the Exercise.
Work Aid 2B: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control Valves For Choked
Flow
Use the following procedures to complete Exercise 2B.
3. From the menu that appears, select the Fisher Liquid method.
4. Press and hold the ALT key and press F5 to clear any sizing inputs.
9. Enter the estimated Km. (Refer to the table in step 4 of Work Aid 2A.)
11. Refer to the appropriate page in Catalog 10 and select a valve size that will provide the
maximum Cv at a percentage of travel that is consistent with the guidelines that are
listed in Section 5.2 of SAES-J-700. (Refer to the table in Work Aid 1A).
12. Record the information that is requested under the heading "Initial Calculations and
Valve Selection."
13. Using the Km of the initially selected, recalculate the valve sizing information. Note
that the calculated Cv may now allow the selection of a smaller valve. To determine if
a smaller valve will pass the required flow, use the Km of the smaller valve to
recalculate the sizing information.
14. Record the information that is requested under the heading "Final Calculations and
Valve Selection."
Work Aid 2C: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control Valves For Fluids In
The Sizing Database
c. From the menu that appears, select the Fisher Liquid method.
d. Press and hold the ALT key and press F5 to clear any sizing inputs.
h. Refer to page 130 of the Fisher Control Valve Handbook, and locate the values
of Pc, Pv, and SG for the liquid. Enter these values in the proper fields on the
calculation screen. Note: The value of Pv that is included in the table is for the
fluid at a temperature of 100 degrees F; however, this value of Pv will be used
because it is the only value that is available.
j. Enter an estimated value of Km. (Refer to the table in part 4 of Work Aid 2A.)
k. Press F2 to calculate the valve sizing information. Record the information that
is requested under the heading Calculated Results.
a. Place the cursor on the appropriate fields and press the F5 key to clear the
values that were previously entered for Pv and Pc.
c. Place the cursor in the Fluid field and press F4 to display a list of fluids. From
the pull-down menu, select Propane.
d. Press F2 to calculate the valve sizing information. Record the information that
is requested under the heading Calculated Results.
a. Without clearing the calculation screen, change the temperature and the SG to
to the values that are stated in part 3.
b. Press F2 to calculate the valve sizing information. Record the information that
is requested under the heading Calculated Results.
b. Press the F2 key to calculate the valve sizing information. Record, under the
heading Calculated Results on the Exercise Sheet, the information that is
requested.
Work Aid 2D: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control Valves With Piping
Factor Correction
a. Press ESCAPE to return to the menu that gives choices of sizing methods.
c. Press and hold the ALT key, and press the F5 key to clear all sizing inputs.
g. Enter an estimated value of Km. (To determine an estimated Km, refer to the
table in step 4 of Work Aid 2A).
h. Press F2 to calculate the valve sizing information. Record the calculated Cv.
a. Locate the page in Fisher Catalog 10 that describes the valve that is specified.
Ensure that you locate the page that lists capacities for the appropriate line-to-
body size ratio.
a. Locate the page in Fisher Catalog 10 that describes the valve that is specified.
Ensure that you use the page that lists capacities for the appropriate line-to-
body size ratio.
a. Press ESCAPE to return to the menu that gives choices of sizing methods.
c. From the menu that appears, select the Valve Sizing and LpA option.
d. Press F3. Ensure that the options Calculate FP, Viscous Correction OFF, and Input
Pv, are selected.
e. Ensure that fluid properties and the service conditions are accurately entered.
g. Enter an assumed valve inlet size, d. Use the valve size that was previously
selected.
i. Press F2 to calculate the valve sizing information. Record the value of Cv.
j. Select an appropriate valve size. Note: Because the calculated Cv includes the
necessary correction for piping factors, ensure that you select a valve size from
the table that lists capacities for a 1:1 line-to-body size ratio. Also, ensure that
you select a valve size that is consistent with the percentage of travel guidelines
that are listed in Section 5.2 of SAES-J-700. (Refer to the table in part 2 of
Work Aid 1A.)
Work Aid 2E: Procedures Used To Computer Size Control Valves With Viscosity
Correction
a. Press ESCAPE to return to the menu that gives choices of sizing methods.
c. Press and hold the ALT key, and press F5 to clear any sizing inputs.
e. Press F3. Ensure that the options Viscous Correction OFF and Input Pv are
selected.
g. Ensure that the engineering units that are displayed on the calculation screen
match the units that are used in the description of the application. If necessary,
change the units for any field by moving the cursor to the field, pressing F8,
and selecting the desired units.
i. Enter an estimated value of Km. (Refer to the table in part 4 of Work Aid 2A.)
k. Locate the page in Fisher Catalog 10 that describes the valve that is specified in
the Exercise.
l. Select a valve size that satisfies the Cv requirement according to the travel
guidelines that are given in Section 5.2 of SAES-J-700. (Refer to the table in
part 2 of Work Aid 1A.)
b. Press F3. Ensure that the options Input Pv, and Viscous Correction ON are
selected.
c. Ensure that the engineering units that are displayed on the calculation screen
match the units that are used in the description of the application. If necessary,
change the units for any field by moving the cursor to the field, pressing F8,
and selecting the desired units.
d. Ensure that all fluid properties and service conditions are accurately entered.
f. Refer to the appropriate page in Fisher Catalog 10, and select a valve size that
satisfies the Cv requirement according to the travel guidelines that are given in
Section 5.2 of SAES-J-700. (Refer to the table in part 2 of Work Aid 1A.)
d. From the menu that appears, select the Valve Sizing and LpA option.
e. Press F3. Ensure that the options Omit FP, Viscous Correction ON, and Input Pv are
selected.
f. Note that the software may have calculated a value of FL from the Km that was
included in the previous calculation. If the software has not calculated this
value, calculate FL from the value of Km that was used previously; i.e., FL =
square root of Km. Alternatively, an estimated value of FL may be obtained
from the table that is included in part 4 of Work Aid 2A.
g. Enter the appropriate value of Fd for a globe valve. To view a Help Screen that
explains Fd values, press the F1 key twice, press "v" to view a list of valve
sizing Help Screens, select Valve Sizing: Sizing Parameters, and press Page
Down until the explanation of Fd appears. (Note that for most globe valves, Fd
= 1.0).
h. Assume that the valve size is equal to the line size, and enter an appropriate
value for d.
i. Press F2 to calculate the valve sizing information, and note the Cv.
j. Refer to Fisher Catalog 10, and ensure that the valve size that is assumed above
can provide the required capacity. If it appears that a smaller valve can provide
the need capacity, change the value of d, calculate Cv, and again refer to the
sizing tables. Ensure that you select a valve that is consistent with the
guidelines in Section 5.2 of SAES-J-700 (see the table in part 2 of Work Aid
1A).
Work Aid 2F: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control Valves With
Viscosity And Piping Factor Correction
e. Press F3. Ensure that the options Omit FP, Viscous Correction ON and Input Pv are
selected.
f. Ensure that the engineering units that are displayed on the calculation screen
match the units that are used in the description of the application. If necessary,
change the units for any field by moving the cursor to the field, pressing F8,
and selecting the desired units.
i. Enter the appropriate value of Fd. Refer to step g. in part 3. of Work Aid 2E.
j. Assume that the valve size is equal to the line size, and enter the appropriate
value for d.
k. Press F2 to calculate the valve sizing information, and note the Cv.
l. Refer to the appropriate page in Fisher Catalog 12, and select a control valve
size that provides the required Cv at a percentage of travel that is consistent
with Section 5.2 of SAES-J-700. Refer to the table in part 2 of Work Aid 1A.
m. Record the selected valve size and the degrees of rotation at which the valve
will provide the maximum Cv requirement.
a. Press F3. Ensure that the options Calculate FP and Viscous Correction OFF are
selected.
b. Initially assume that the required valve size is equal to line size, and enter the
appropriate value of d.
d. Press F2 to calculate the valve sizing information, and note the Cv.
e. Refer to the appropriate page in Fisher Catalog 12, and select a control valve
size. Evaluate the assumed valve size as well as smaller sizes. If a smaller than
initially selected valve size appears to have sufficient capacity, recalculate the
valve sizing information with the use of the appropriate value of d and the
actual value of FL.
f. Record the selected valve size and the degrees of rotation at which the valve
provides the maximum Cv requirements.
a. If the calculations that consider piping factors lead to the selection of one valve
size and the calculations that consider the effects of laminar flow lead to the
selection of another valve size, select the larger valve.
Work Aid 2G: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control Valves For
Minimum, Normal, And Maximum Flow Conditions
Use the following procedures to complete Exercise 2G.
Setup
d. With the cursor on the Valve Size and LpA Option, press F3 and ensure that the options
are set to LpA (SPL) OFF, Omit FP, Viscous Correction OFF, Pipe: Size, Sched., Input P v, and
Warnings OFF. Note that the FP option will not be used to initially select a valve size.
Initial Sizing
a. Select the MIN (minimum) condition. Enter the fluid properties and the service
conditions. To determine an estimated value of FL, browse through the FL values that
are listed on the Catalog 12 page that describes the selected valve type. Select a value
of FL that is typical for the valve type and size.
c. Press ESCAPE. On the screen that appears, move the cursor to the NRM (normal)
flow condition column.
d. Press ALT-C. From the menu that appears, select 1 to copy the sizing information
from the minimum flow calculation screen to the normal flow calculation screen. Press
ENTER.
e. Change the pressure and flow conditions to the values that are given for the normal
flow condition.
g. Press ESCAPE. On the screen that appears, move the cursor to the MAX (maximum)
flow condition column.
h. Press ALT-C. From the menu that appears, select 2 to copy the sizing information
from the normal flow calculation screen to the maximum flow calculation screen.
Press ENTER.
i. Change the pressure and flow conditions to the values that are given for the maximum
flow condition.
b. Note the minimum and maximum Cv values. Refer to the Catalog 12 page for the
selected valve. Locate the smallest valve size that can provide the maximum Cv
according to the guidelines in Section 5.2 of SAES-J-700 (refer to the table in part 2 of
Work Aid 1A).
Work Aid 2G: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control Valves For
Minimum, Normal, And Maximum Flow Conditions, cont'd.
Intermediate Sizing With The Calculate F P Option
a. Press ESCAPE twice to return to the menu screen from which the Valve Sizing And
LpA calculations are selected.
b. Press F3 and select the Calculate FP option. (Note that selecting an option from this
screen invokes the option for all calculation screens (MIN, NRM, and MAX);
selecting an option from a particular sizing screen invokes the option for that specific
condition only.)
c. Select the minimum flow condition. Enter the appropriate values for d, D1, and D2.
Press F2 to calculate the valve sizing information.
d. Repeat the step immediately above for the normal and the maximum flow conditions.
e. Press F9 to display a table of calculated Cv's that have been corrected for piping
factors. Refer to the appropriate Catalog 12 page, and compare the corrected Cv's that
are displayed on the screen to the Cv's that are published for the initially selected
valve. Ensure that the selected valve can provide the Cv's that are required at the
minimum and maximum flow conditions according to the guidelines in Section 5.2 of
SAES-J-700 (refer to the table in part 2 of Work Aid 1A). Record the valve size as
requested on the Exercise Sheet.
a. Select the minimum flow condition sizing screen and note the calculated Cv.
b. Refer to the appropriate page in Catalog 12 and estimate the degrees of rotation at
which the Cv requirement will be met.
c. Extrapolate a value of FL for the degrees of rotation that were estimated in step b.
Enter the extrapolated value of FL in the appropriate field on the sizing screen, and
press F2 to calculate the valve sizing information.
d. If the Cv that was calculated in step c. is different than the Cv that was calculated in
step b., the degrees of rotation at which the required Cv is obtained will be different
and the value of FL may have also changed; therefore, steps b. and c. must be
repeated. If the Cv's that were calculated in steps b. and c. are the same (or nearly the
same), record the information that is requested on the Exercise Sheet, and proceed to
the next step.
e. Select the normal flow condition and note the value of the calculated Cv. Perform
steps b., c., and d. for the normal flow condition.
f. Select the maximum flow condition and note the calculated Cv. Perform steps b., c.,
and d. for the maximum condition.
g. Ensure that you have recorded all the information that is requested on the Exercise
Sheet.
work aid 3: Procedures that are used to Computer size control valves for
gas and steam applications
Work Aid 3A: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control Valves For Ideal
Gasses With The ISA Method
Perform the following procedures to complete Exercise 3A.
c. From the menu that appears, select the ISA Gas method.
d. From the menu that appears, select the Valve Sizing and LpA option.
f. Enter the service conditions, the fluid properties, and the value of xT.
• Because Tc and pc are not included in the description of the fluid properties, Z
cannot be calculated; therefore, enter a value of 1.0 for Z.
Work Aid 3B: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control Valves For Real
Gasses With The ISA Method
Perform the following procedures to complete Exercise 3B.
Note: It is not necessary to clear the existing sizing inputs.
b. From the menu that appears, select the ISA Gas method.
c. From the menu that appears, select the Valve Sizing and LpA option.
e. Ensure that the correct information is entered in the fields for the service conditions,
fluid properties, and the value of xT. Remember that Fk = k divided by 1.4.
Work Aid 3C: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control Valves For Vapors
With The ISA Method
Perform the following procedures to complete Exercise 3C.
b. From the menu that appears, select the ISA Vapor method.
c. From the menu that appears, select the Valve Sizing and LpA option.
d. Ensure that the engineering units on the calculation screen match the units that are
used to describe the service conditions. If the units do not match for any field, move
the cursor to that field, press the F8 key, and select the desired units.
e. Enter the fluid properties, the service conditions, and xT. Remember that FK = k/1.4.
Work Aid 3D: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control Valves For Steam
With The ISA Method
Perform the following procedures to complete Exercise 3D.
b. From the menu that appears, select the ISA Vapor method.
c. From the menu that appears, select the Valve Sizing and LpA option.
d. Press and hold the ALT key, and press F5 to clear all sizing inputs.
e. Ensure that the engineering units on the calculation screen match the units that are
used to describe the service conditions. If the units do not match for any field, move
the cursor to that field, press the F8 key, and select the desired units.
f. Using the chart in Fisher Catalog 10, Section 2, page 39, determine the density of the
steam.
g. Enter the fluid properties, the service conditions, and the value of xT.
Work Aid 3E: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control Valves For Ideal
Gasses With The Fisher Method
Perform the following procedures to complete Exercise 3E.
e. Enter the service conditions, the fluid properties, and the value of C1.
f. To ignore the effects of real gas compressibility, enter a value of 1.0 for Z.
g. Press F2 to calculate the valve sizing information.
h. To convert Cg to Cv, divide Cg by C1.
i. Record the values that are requested in the Exercise.
Work Aid 3F: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control Valves For Real
Gasses With The Fisher Method
Perform the following procedures to complete Exercise 3F.
b. From the menu that appears, select the Fisher Real Gas method.
c. From the menu that appears, select the Valve Sizing and LpA option.
e. Enter the service conditions, the fluid properties, and the value of C1.
Work Aid 3G: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control Valves For Vapors
With The Fisher Method
Perform the following procedures to complete Exercise 3G.
b. From the menu that appears, select the Fisher Vapor method.
c. From the menu that appears, select the Valve Sizing and LpA option.
d. Ensure that the service conditions and the value of C1 are entered correctly.
Work Aid 3H: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control Valves For Steam
With The Fisher Method
Use the following procedures to complete Exercise 3H.
b. From the menu that appears, select the Fisher Vapor method.
c. From the menu that appears, select the Valve Sizing and LpA option.
b. From the menu that appears, select the Fisher Steam method.
c. From the menu that appears, select the Valve Sizing and LpA option.
Work Aid 3I: Procedures That Are Used To Calculate The Effect Of Compressibility On
Valve Size
Use the following procedures to perform the sizing calculations for Exercise 3I.
b. From the menu that appears, select the Fisher Ideal Gas method.
c. From the menu that appears, select the Valve Sizing and LpA option.
d. Press and hold the ALT key, and press F5 to clear any sizing inputs.
e. Move the cursor to the Gas entry field, and press F4. From the menu that
appears, select N-Butane.
b. From the menu that appears, select the Fisher Real Gas method.
c. From the menu that appears, select the Valve Sizing and LpA option.
b. From the menu that appears, select the ISA Gas method.
c. From the menu that appears, select the Valve Sizing and LpA option.
Work Aid 3J: Procedures That Are Used To Computer Size Control Valves For All Flow
Conditions
Setup
d. With the cursor on the Valve Sizing and LpA Option, press F3 and ensure that the options
are set to Input Z, Omit FP and xTP, LpA (SPL) OFF, and Warnings OFF. Note that the FP
option will not be used to initially select a valve size.
e. If it is necessary to change engineering units for any of the input fields, ensure that the
screen that is displayed is the screen from which Valve Sizing and LpA are selected.
Press F8 to display a list of sizing parameters. Move the cursor to the parameters for
which units must be changed. To display a list of options for a particular parameter,
place the cursor on the parameter, and, then, press ENTER. Move the cursor to the
desired option, and press ENTER. After the units for the appropriate parameters have
been selected, press ESCAPE.
Initial Sizing
a. Select the MIN (minimum) condition and enter the required sizing inputs. Assume
ideal gas behavior; i.e., set Fk to 1.0, and set Z to 1.0. To determine an estimated xT,
browse through the xT values that are listed on the Catalog 12 page that describes the
selected valve and select a value of xT that is typical for the selected valve type.
c. Press ESCAPE. On the screen that appears, move the cursor to the NRM (normal)
flow condition column.
d. Press ALT-C. From the menu that appears, select 1 to copy the sizing information
from the minimum flow calculation screen to the normal flow calculation screen. Press
ENTER.
e. Change the pressure and the flow conditions to the values that are included in the
application description.
g. Press ESCAPE. On the screen that appears, move the cursor to the MAX (maximum)
flow condition column.
h. Press ALT-C. From the menu that appears, select 2 to copy the sizing information
from the normal flow calculation screen to the maximum flow calculation screen.
Press ENTER.
i. Change the pressure and the flow conditions to the values that are included in the
application description.
b. Note the minimum and maximum Cv values. Refer to the appropriate Catalog 12 page,
and locate the smallest valve size that can provide the required Cv at the maximum
flow condition. Ensure that you observe the percentage of travel guidelines that are
included in Section 5.2 of SAES-J-700. Refer to the table in part 2 of Work Aid 1A.
a. Press ESCAPE twice to return to the menu screen from which the Valve Sizing And
LpA calculations are selected.
b. Press F3 and select the Calculate FP option. (Note that selecting an option from this
screen invokes the option for all calculation screens (MIN, NRM, and MAX);
selecting an option from a particular sizing screen invokes the option for that specific
condition only.)
c. Select the minimum flow condition. Enter the appropriate values for d, D1, and D2.
Press F2 to calculate the Cv.
d. Repeat step c. for both the normal and maximum flow conditions.
e. Press F9 to display a table of calculated Cv's that have been corrected for piping
factors. Refer to the appropriate Catalog 12 page, and compare the corrected Cv's that
are displayed on the screen to the Cv's that are published for the initially selected
valve. Ensure that the initially selected valve has adequate capacity and that it
conforms to the guidelines in Section 5.2 of SAES-J-700 (refer to the table in part 2 of
Work Aid 1A). Record the valve size on the Exercise Sheet.
b. Refer to appropriate page in Catalog 12, and estimate the percentage of travel at which
the Cv requirement will be met.
c. Extrapolate a value of xT for the percent travel that was estimated in step b. Enter the
extrapolated value of XT in the appropriate field on the sizing screen, and press F2 to
calculate the sizing information.
d. If the Cv that was calculated in step c. is different than the Cv that was calculated in
step b., the percent of travel at which the required Cv is obtained will be different and
the value of XT may have also changed; therefore, steps b. and c. must be repeated. If
the Cv's that were calculated in steps b. and c. are the same (or nearly the same),
record the information that is requested and proceed to the next step.
e. Select the normal flow condition and note the value of the calculated Cv. Perform
steps b., c., and d. for the normal flow condition.
f. Select the maximum flow condition and note the calculated Cv. Perform steps b., c.,
and d. for the maximum condition.
g. Ensure that you have recorded the information that is requested on the Exercise Sheet.
Press F9 to review the calculated results if necessary.
WORK AID 4: PROCEDURES THAT ARE USED TO Enter Valve Sizing Data
on the saudi Aramco ISS
Enter the information on the ISS as follows:
Line 49: Enter the valve body size and the valve port size.
Line 50: Enter the inlet flange size, the inlet flange ANSI Class rating, and the flange
style (enter the abbreviation RF for a raised-face flange style).
Line 51: Enter outlet flange size, the ANSI Class rating, and the flange style.
Line 61: Circle the entry that indicates whether flow tends to close or open the valve.
Line 62: Enter the minimum flow Cv. Divide the Cv at the minimum flow condition by
the maximum Cv rating of the valve. Enter the result as a percentage.
Line 63: Enter the normal flow Cv. Divide the Cv at the normal flow condition by the
maximum Cv rating of the valve. Enter the result as a percentage.
Line 64: Enter the maximum flow Cv. Divide the Cv at the maximum flow condition by
the maximum Cv rating of the valve. Enter the result as a percentage.
Line 65: Enter the maximum Cv rating of the valve.
Line 66: Enter the percentages of travel at which the valve provides the Cv's that are
required at the minimum and maximum flow conditions.
Line 67: Enter the percentage of travel at which the valve provides the Cv that is
required at the normal flow condition.
Line 72: Refer to the appropriate specification bulletin and determine the face-to-face
dimension of the selected valve. Enter the dimension on the ISS, and circle the
appropriate units of measurement (mm or inches).
GLOSSARY
γ1 Specific weight of the fluid at the valve inlet.
∆Pallow Pressure drop at which choked flow limits flow to Qmax; same
as ∆Pchoked.
∆Pchoked Pressure drop at which choked flow limits flow to Qmax; same
as ∆Pallow.
C1 Term that is used in the Fisher Gas Sizing Equation to account
for differences in liquid and gas coefficients for high and low
recovery valve types.
C2 Term that is used in the Fisher Gas Sizing Equation to account
for the ratio of specific heats. C2 serves the same function as Fk
in the ISA equations.
capacity Rate of flow through a valve under stated conditions.
cavitation In liquid service, the noisy and potentially damaging
phenomenon that accompanies bubble formation and collapse
in the flowstream.
centipoise Unit of measure of viscosity (Cs).
centistokes Unit of measure of viscosity (Cp).
Cg Gas flow coefficient that is used by Fisher Controls.
choked flow Maximum flow rate through a restriction. Choked flow results
in liquid flows as pressure reductions cause decreases in fluid
density and thus offset any increase in velocity. In gasses,
choked flow is achieved when fluid velocity is sonic.
compressibility Condition that occurs in gasses as increasing pressure compacts
molecules of the flowing gas.
critical flow Condition when gas flow is at sonic velocity and further
reductions in downstream pressure produce no increase in flow
rate.
critical pressure The pressure of the liquid-vapor point.
critical pressure ratio Ratio that is used in liquid sizing to calculate Pvc and allowable
pressure drop (∆Pchoked).
critical temperature Temperature of the liquid-vapor critical point (i.e., the
temperature above which the fluid has no liquid-vapor
transition.
Cs Steam flow coefficient that is used by Fisher Controls.
Cv Flow coefficient that is commonly used for liquids.
Cvr Cv required; a value of Cv that has been corrected to account
for the effects of fluid viscosity on the calculated Cv. This term
is used in conjunction with the Fisher Controls nomograph that
is used to determine viscosity corrections.
D Term that represents nominal pipeline diameter.
d Term that represents nominal valve size (generally the valve
inlet diameter).
D1 Diameter of the piping that is connected to the valve inlet.