Session- 2020-2021

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❖ AUGER SPECTROSCOPY (AES)
❑ PRINCIPLE
❑ INSTRUMENTATION
❑ APPLICATION
❖ SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM)
❑ PRINCIPLE
❑ INSTRUMENTATION
❑ APPLICATION
❖ WIERL EQUATION NEPHLOMETER SEM
❖ TURBIDIMETRY
❑ THEORY
❑ INSTRUMENTATION
❑ APPLICATION
❖ NEPHELOMETRY
❑ THEORY
❑ INSTRUMENTATION
❑ APPLICATION
❖ FLUROMETRY
❑ PRINCIPLE AES PHOSPHORESCENCE TURBIDIMETER
❑ FLUOROSCENCE
✓ PRINCIPLE
✓ INSTRUMENTATION
✓ APPLICATION
❑ PHOSPHORESCENCE
✓ PRINCIPLE
✓ INSTRUMENTATION
✓ APPLICATION
❖ FACTORS AFFECTING FLUOROSCENCE &
PHOSPHORESCENCE FLUORIMETER FLUOROSCENCE
2
❖ Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is surface sensitive analytical
technique mainly, it provides quantitative elemental and chemical state
information from surfaces of solid materials.
❖ First discovered in 1923 by Liese Meitner and later independently
discovered by once again in 1925 by Pierre Victor Auger.
❖ It utilizes a high current, finely focused electron beam as an excitation
source,,where electrons are used to probe the materials being analyzed.
❖ It is destructive technique but, it is useful in identifying concentrated
areas of contamination ,it can be used quantitatively when standards are
available for quantification.

Liese Meitner Pierre Victor Auger 3

❖ The Auger process is three electron processes when a beam of electrons,
typically with an energy range of 3 to 30 Kev , strikes a solid atom, a core
level electron is ejected producing a single ionized excited atom .
❖ An outer electron can fill the resulting vacancy in the core level.
❖ Following this radiation less transition, the excess energy of the resulting
excited state ion may be removed by emitting either an x-ray or emits an
electron which is said as Auger electron. This effect is known as Auger
Effect.

4
❖ So, AES measures the kinetic energies of emitted electrons. Energy of the
auger electron as detected by the detector can be obtained by the
expression:

➢ KE - kinetic energy of the electron as detected by the detector.

➢ EK - Energy of electron in the K shell.
➢ EL1 - Energy of electron in the L1 shell.
➢ EL23 - Energy of electron in the L23 shell.

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❖ AES consist of following components :-
1. UHV Environment
2. Electron optical column
3. Electron analyzer
4. Electron detector
5. Computer Control and Data Display Systems

6
2. Electron optical column:- The electron beam from an electron source
is focused on to the specimen surface by a suitable optical column. There
are four types of electron sources.
• 1)-The Tungsten thermionic emitter
• 2)-The Lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) thermionic emitter
• 3)-The Cold field emitter
• 4)-The Hot field emitter

3. Electron Energy Analyzers:- Electron energy analyzers are used to

measure the number of ejected electrons (N) as a function of electron energy
(E). The most commonly used energy analyzers in AES are.
• Cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA)
• Concentric hemispherical Analyzer (CHA)
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Cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA) 8
4. Electron detector :- Electrons exiting the analyzer and arriving at the detector
are amplified and counted by an electron multiplier, either a channeltron or a
micro channel plate (MCP).
Electron intensity measurements are usually done by pulse counting.
MICRO CHANNEL PLATE
ELECTRON MULTIPLIER

5. Computer Control and Data Display Systems:- It four majors functions:-

❖ (i) Setting up conditions for analysis;
❖ (ii) Acquiring and storing data efficiently;
❖ (iii) Processing data; and Displaying results in the form of spectra
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1. This makes this technique well suited to the studies of grain boundaries
in metals and alloys. Ex- Detection of grain boundary for an al-cu-li
alloy.
2. Detection of corrosion in stainless steel.
3. Detection of ions on glass surfaces.
4. Depth profiling.
5. It is also useful for surface segregation studies as in the solving of stress-
corrosion problems.
6. AES can be used to analyze surfaces as small as 10nm.

1. Need UHV
2. Only surface sensitive and only solid specimens can be analyzed.
3. Hydrogen and helium are not detectable as they have electrons less
than three.1
4. Special procedures are required for non-conducting samples.: 10
❖ A Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope
that images a sample by scanning it with a high energy beam of electrons
in a raster pattern to create an image.
❖ Scanning Electron Microscopy is used to visualize sample in three-
dimension and in depth image with high resolution.
❖ The first scanning electron microscope was initially made by Mafred Von
Ardenne in 1938.
❖ In 1965 Cambridge Scientific Instrument (UK) and JOEL (Japan) first
commercialized SEM individually and named it as streoscan.

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❖ The Scanning electron microscope works on the principle of applying
kinetic energy to produce signals on the interaction of the electrons.

❖ These electrons are secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, X-rays

and Auger electrons which are used to view crystallized elements and
photons.
❖ The secondary electrons are emitted from the specimen play the primary
role of detecting the morphology and topography of the specimen

❖ While the backscattered electrons

show contrast in the composition
of the elements of the specimen.

❖ X-rays and Auger electrons

shows elemental composition
with different thickness-sensitivity.
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 Beam travels through
Electron gun releases
Accelerated up to dozens electromagnetic lens ie.
electron beam , when
Condenser which focus the
tungsten wire is heated by of keV energy by anode.
beam down towards
current.
sample.

BSE- electron scattered due to

Detector detects secondary elastic collosion.
Deflection coils guides the electron/ Back Scattered SE- electrons are knocked off
beam to the surface of the electron signal. [X-ray, from the surface
specimen. Auger electrons and X-rays- electrons knock off
current are also detected] from the inner shell produce
X-ray

Image development
by synchronizing the
amplified current
signal and the
monitor. 13
1. Electron optical system - to produce
electrons
❖ Electron gun
❖ Condenser lens
❖ Objective lens
❖ Deflection or scanning coil.
2. Specimen stage - to place the
specimen.
3. Detectors –
❖ Secondary Electron Detector - to
collect secondary electron .
❖ Other detectors are backscattered
electrons detectors , X-ray detectors-
tells about the composition of
substance
4. Image display unit.
5. Operating system – The electron
optical system and a space
surrounding the specimen are kept at
vaccum. 14
1) -It gives detailed 3D and
topographical imaging and versatile
information.
2)- This instrument works very
fast.
3)- Modern SEMs allow generation
of data in digital form.
4)- Most SEM samples require
minimal preparation actions.
5)- High resolution surface imaging
1)- SEMs are expensive and large.
2) - Special training is required to
operate an SEM.
3)- SEMs are limited to solid
samples, inorganic samples.
4)- Maintenance involves keeping a
steady voltage, current to
electromagnetic coils and circulation
of cool water.
5)- Sensitivity towards electric,
magnetic or vibration interference.
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❖ SEMs is used as essential research tool in field such as life science, biology,
geology, medical and forensic science, metallurgy.
❖ Used for spot chemical analysis in energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy.
❖ Used in the analysis of cosmetic components which are very tiny in size.
❖ Used to study the filament structures of microorganisms.
❖ Used to study the topography of elements used in industries.
❖ Corroded layers on metal surface can be studied.
❖ Investigation of gemstones and jewellery.
❖ Examination of paint particles and fibres.
❖ Filament bulb investigations at traffic accidents.
❖ Handwriting and print examination / forgery.
❖ Counterfeit bank notes.
❖ Trace comparison.
❖ Examination of non-conducting materials.

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❖ It is the equation for the determination of intensity of an electron beam.
❖ Electron beam scattered through a specific angle by diffraction from a gas
molecule.
❖ When a beam of electrons falls (strikes) on a jet of molecules that two
types of collosions occurs.

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 ATOMIC COHERENT
SCATTERING
COHERENT
SCATTERING
SCATTERING OF MOLECULAR
COHERENT
ELECTRON SCATTERING
INCOHERENT
SCATTERING

MOLECULAR COHERENT SCATTERING = CONCENTRIC RING

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The coherent or elastic scattering represented by an equation devise by
Mark and Wierl (1930). The intensity of molecular coherent scattering
given by WIERL EQUATION is :-

n sin SXij
I = ∑ ∑ Ψi Ψ j SXij
i =1 J =1

Where Ψi and Ψj are atomic number of the ith and jth atom.

WHERE-

S=

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 Turbidimetry is the analytical technique to measure of
cloudiness or turbidity of a solution. It give more accurate result for
highly concentrated suspension.
TURBIDIMETER :- An instrument used to measure the relative
clarity of a fluid by measuring the amount of light scattered by
particles suspended in a fluid sample.

TURBIDIMETER
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❖ Turbidity is the measure of the degree to which water looses its
transperency due to the presence of suspended particulate.
❖ Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid.

❖ A turbidimeter measure obstruction to determine the haziness or intensity

of light , in a sample.
❖ Measured in : Nephelometric turbidity units (NTU).

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❖ Turbidimetry deals with the measurement of intensity of transmitted
light (It) as the function of concentration (C) of suspended particles in a
suspension.

❖ Turbidometric measurements are made at 180o from incident light beam.

❖ When light is passed through the suspension, part of incident radiation is

dissipated by absorption, reflection and reaction while beam is
transmitted.

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❖ Radiation source - Commonly tungsten filament or mercury arc lamp
is used as radiation source.

❖Filter – There are two types of filter which are used

Absorption Filter
Interference Filter

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❖ Sample cells – Rectangular cell made up of glass or plastic are used.

❖Detector – Mostly photomultiplier tube or photovoltaic cell are used.

Cathode

- Phototube-detector

❖Read out device – Micro computer are used as read out device.
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❑ Concentration of particles – Beers Lamberts law is applicable
𝑰 𝑰
T = Transmittance = Turbidimetry: S = log
𝑰𝑶 𝑰𝑶
S = Turbidence due to scattering S = kbc = -log T
k = Turbidity constant
b = Path length
c = concentration of suspended material. S∝C

❑ Wavelength – Intensity of scattered radiation depends upon wavelength

of the incident radiation.
• Shorter wavelength are scattered to greater extent and wavelength of
light should be such that analyte solution does not absorbs strongly i.e..
White light.

❑ Particle size - Amount scattering of light is proportional to square of

effective radius of the particle.

❑ Distance of observation – Light scattering decrease by the distance (r2)

from the light scattering particles to the detector.
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1. Analysis of water clarity , concentration of ions, determination of
CO2.

2. Determination of inorganic substances

1.Sulphate- barium chloride 2.Ammonia – Nesslers reagent
3.Phosphorous – Strychine molybedate.

3. Used in water treatment plants, sewage work, refineries, paper

industry.

4. For determination of atmospheric pollution, smokes and fog.

5. Used in food and beverage industry.

6. Used to determine complexion of human serum and density of

microbes.
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Nephelometry (from Greek nephelo:cloud ) is a analytical chemistry
technique used to measure the amount of turbidity or cloudiness in a
solution. It give more accurate result for low concentrated suspension.

❖ Nephelometer is an instrument for measuring the concentration of

substances in suspension by means of light scattering by suspended
particle.
❖ Nephelometry was first applied in 1970s in the field of clinical chemistry
to immunoassays for the detection and quantification of serum protien in
blood.

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❖ Nephelometry deals with the measurement of intensity of scattered light
(Is) as the function of concentration (C) of suspended particles in a
suspension.
❖ The intensity of the scattered light is usually measured at 90O ie. right
angle or 70O , 37O depending on the angle at which most scattered light
are found.
❖ When light is passed through the suspension, part of incident radiation is
dissipated by absorption, reflection and reaction while beam is
transmitted.

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Radiation source – Mainly tungsten filament is used , alternatives are mercury
arc , quartz halogen lamp, xenon lamp.

Lense assembly – Light enters the sample holder through lense assembly.

Schematic diagram of a Nephelometers 29

❖ Monochromator – Converts polychromatic light (ex- sunlight) into
monochromatic light.
• Entrance slit
• Collimator
• Prism
• Exit slit

❖ Sample cell – Semi -octagonal sample cell made up of glass or plastic.

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❖ Detector – Mainly photo-cell or photomultiplier is used as detector.

❖ Read out device – Light intensity is converted to electrical signal by

detector
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❖Concentration of particles – Intensity of scattered light is directly
proportional to concentration.
Where –
Io = intensity of incident light
Is = intensity of scattered light
Ks = constant which depends on suspended particle and medium.
C = Concentration of medium.

❖Particle size – Nephelometry preferred for small particles in low

concentration.

❖Wavelenght of light source – Nephelometric measurements are

carried out using white light as it is not absorbed by analyte
strongly.
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❖In immunology - A technique used to determine the level of
antibodies or antigens in a suspension based on its light scattering
properties.

❖ In immunology nephelometry is used to determine the levels of several

blood plasma protein.

❖ Example- Total level of antibodies isotype or classes.

❖ It is important in quantification of free light chains in diseases such

as multiple myeloma .

❖ Nephelometry can be used to detect either antigen or antibody but

usually run with antibody as the reagent and patient reagent as
unknown.
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❖In immunology medical lab two types of test can be run :-
❑End point nephelometry
❑Kinetic (rate) nephelometry

❖End point nephelometry – Tests are run by allowing the

antibody/antigen reaction to run through completion.

➢ Unfortunately, the large particles will fall out of the solution

and cause a false scatter reading , thus kinetic nephelometry
was devised.

❖ Kinetic (rate) nephelometry – The rate of scattered radiation is

measured right after the reagent (antibody/antigen) is added.

➢ Rate change can be continuously monitored at specific time.

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Determination of immunoglobulin in blood serum and other biological
fluids.

Determination of concentration of individual serum protein i.e..

Haemoglobin, c- reactive protein, albumin.

Analysis of water clarity concentration of ions in water samples.

Determination of amylase activity using starch as substrate, decrease in

turbidity is directly proportional to amylase activity.

Drug development.

Determination of impurities or particulate matter in pharmaceuticals

(injections).

For organic analysis i.e.. clarity of citrus juices , benzene in alcohol.

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❖ Turbidimetry works on the ❖ Nephelometry works on the
principle of colorimetry. principle of fluorimetry.

❖ For high concentrated ❖ For low concentrated

suspension. suspension.

❖ Turbidimetry measures ❖ Nephelometry measures

transmitted radiation at 180o. scattered radiation at 90o.

❖ Scattering is uniform. ❖ Scattering is not uniform.

❖ Emitted radiation longer ❖ Emitted radiation same

wavelength than incident light. wavelength than incident
light. 37
❖ Fluorimetry is analytical method which is based on the absorbed or emitted
radiation by the molecule.
❖ It is a type of electromagnetic spectroscopy that analyze the fluorescence from
the sample.
❖ It involves the use of beam of light, usually ultra violet light that excites the
electrons in the molecules of fluorescence substances and that produces a
light of lower energy.
❖ It is measurement of fluorescence intensity at a particular wavelength with
the help of a filter fluorimeter or a spectrofluorimeter.

38
❖ When molecules are irradiated with light of the appropriate frequency, it will
be absorbed in about 10-15 seconds.
❖ In the process of absorption, the molecules may move from ground (So ) to the
first excited singlet electronic state (S1).
❖ After absorption, the excitation molecules can end up in any one of the
vibrational levels in the first excited electronic state but they are unstable.
❖ From the excited singlet state, one of the following three phenomena will
probably occur :
The first possibility is that the molecules (unstable) will return to the ground
state by collisional deactivation without emitting any radiation.
The second possibility is that the molecules in the excited singlet state may
emit an ultraviolet or visible light photon. This process is known as
fluorescence.

The third possibility is that the molecule with a relatively stable excited state
may undergo transition and sometime thereafter returns to the ground state,
usually by the emission of an ultraviolet or visible light photon. This is known
as phosphorescence emission. 39
❖ The process of promotion of electrons from HOMO to LUMO with
absorption of energy is called as excitation.
❖ Singlet ground state :- A state in which all the electron in a molecule are
paired .
s1 + s2 = S
𝟏 𝟏
S= - =0
𝟐 𝟐
2S + 1= 2 × 0+ 1 = 0 (For ground state)
❖ Doublet state :- A state in which an unpaired electron is present free radical
or .
❖ Triplet state:- A state in which unpaired electron of same spin present .
𝟏 𝟏
S= + =1
𝟐 𝟐
2S + 1= 2 × 1+ 1 = 3 (For Triplet state)
❖ Singlet excited state :- A state in which electron are unpaired but of opposite
spin. 𝟏 𝟏
S= - =0
𝟐 𝟐
2S + 1= 2 × 0+ 1 = 0 (For singlet excited state)
❖ The basic of fluorimetry is the measurements of FLUORESCENCE and
PHOSPHORESCENCE
❖ Drug which are intrinsically fluorescent are determined fluorimetrically.
Example - Ergometrine in 1% tartaric acid. 40
❖ When a beam of light is incident on certain substances they emit visible light
or radiations . This is known as fluorescence.
❖The term fluorescence was coined by G.G. Stokes in 1852 on the name of
mineral fluorspar (CaF2) .

Fluorescence
microscopy

❖ The substance showing this phenomenon is known as fluorescent substances.

Majorly fluorophores are the molecule which contains aromatic rings such as -

❖ The phenomenon of fluorescence is instantaneous and starts immediately

after the absorption of light and stops as soon as the incident light is cut off.
❖ Time required for compound to show fluorescence is 10-6 to 10-4 seconds. 41
❖ Absorption of UV or visible radiation causes transition of electrons from singlet
ground state to the singlet excited state.
❖ As this state is not stable, it emits energy in the form of UV or visible radiation
and returns to singlet ground state.
❖ Fluorescence emission occurs as the fluorophore decay from the singlet
electronic excited states to an allowable vibrational level in the electronic
ground state (S1 - S0)

Singlet excited state (S1)

(T1)

(S0)

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❖ Source of light: In Fluorimetry there are mainly three types of lamps are used
Mercury vapour lamp ,Xenon arc lamp ,Tungsten lamp.

❖ Filter or monochromator : Two filter are present-

1. Primary filter :– Absorbs visible radiation and transmit
uv radiation.
2. Secondary filter :– Absorbs uv radiation and transmit Xenon arc lamp
visible radiation.

❖ Condensing lens - Focus the radiation towards

primary filter.
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Mainly two monochromator are used in flourimetry-
1. Excitation monochromator :– provide a suitable radiation for excited of
molecule.
2. Emission monochromator :– Isolates only the radiation emitted by the
flourescent molecule.
3. Sample cell : Sample cell are cylindrical or quadrangular shape. The cell are
made up of quartz and surface is polished.

4. Detector :- Mainly photovoltaic cell (Barrier layer cells), Photo multiplier

tubes (best and accurate) , Photo tube are used as detector.

Barrier layer cells detector

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To identify drug because specific drug have specific wave length radiation is
emitted.
It is used to measure inorganic compounds containing metals or ions like
beryllium, lithium, aluminium, zinc, etc.
It helps to analyze organic compounds like steroids, proteins, alkaloids and
analyze nucleic acids like DNA etc.
It is also a specified method to analyze medicines like morphine, quinine,
indomethacin etc.
Determination of uranium in salts used extensively in the field of nuclear
research.
Estimation of traces of boron in steel by means of the complex formed with
benzene.

Estimation of calcium by fluorimetry with a calcium solution.

Determination of Vitamin B (B1 thiamine and B2 riboflavin) in the food samples

like meat, cereals, etc.
Fluorimetry is employed to analyses various aromatic compounds present in
cigarette smoke, air-pollutant, concentrates, and automobiles exhaust. 45
❖ When light radiation is incident on certain materials, they continue to emit light
even after the incident light is cut off.
❖ This type of delayed fluorescence is called
phosphorescence and the substances are called
phosphorescent substances.
❖ Materials exhibiting phosphorescence re-emit
excess radiation within 10 -4 to 20 seconds
or longer.
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❖ Luminosity in watches and paint – Tritium is used as phosphorescent substances
in watches .
❖ Phosphorescent paint is made from phosphors such as silver- activated zinc
sulfide or doped strontium aluminate.

❖ Materials Used – Common pigments used as phosphorescent substances include

zinc sulfide and strontium aluminate.
❖ Strontium aluminate has a luminance approximately 10 times greater than zinc
sulfide. Example – Glow in dark toys , sticker, paint , clock dial.

❖ Phosphorescence in sea creatures – Jellyfish , as well as various species of worms

, shrimp and squid, all produce their own light through phosphorescence. 47
❖ Phosphoroscence occur when activated molecule return from triplet
excited state (T1) to ground state (S0). This transition is called radiation.

❖ Energy of T1 is lower than

S1 as in triplet excited state
electrons have same spin and
due to repulsion between
electrons, energy of T1 is less.

❖ Transition from T1 to S0
is spectroscopically forbidden
thus it take place much more
slowly than allowed electronic
transition.

• 48
Jablonski Diagram is named after physicist Aleksander Jablonski. It is a diagram
used in molecular spectroscopy for illustrating the electronic states in a molecule
and the transitions that occur between them. The electronic states are arranged
vertically by energy and grouped horizontally by spin multiplicity.

(10-15 s) (10-8 s)

(>10-3 s)

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Spectro-phosphorimeters are similar to spectro- fluorometers in the terms of
instrumentation, but there are two additional components fitted with Spectro
phosphorimeter.
• The sample system of Spectro phosphorimeter is retained at liquid nitrogen
temperature.
• Phosphoroscope is also attached, it is a rotating shutter device.
❖ Following is the instrumentation of Spectro phosphorimeter-
i. An excitation source iii. Phosphoroscope (sample cell)
ii. An excitation Monochromator iv. An Emission monochromator v. Detector

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❖ Sample system: The measurements of phosphorescence are achieved in a hard
media at liquid nitrogen temperature .
❖ Sample cell – The sample cell is a narrow quartz tube of diameter 1 to 3 mm.
❖ Phosphoroscope – The sample tubes are placed in liquid nitrogen held in a
quartz Dewar flask which is then placed in sample holder called
Phosphoroscope.
❖ Rotating can phosphoroscope – It is hollow cylinder having two slits (equally
placed around circumference) and rotated by variable speed motor having 1000
rpm.

PHOSPHORIMETRY

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The first step is to place the sample into the liquid nitrogen which is placed in
quartz Dewar flask.

Second step it is placed into the phosphoroscope.

For solid samples detected compounds are differentiated into two types -

The first type of compounds are inorganic compounds (salts and oxides - rare
earth elements, uranium and europium) these elements are detected without
any pre-treatment i.e. naturally.

The second type of compounds are those compounds which shows

phosphorescence after getting adsorbed onto a substrate like cellulose, paper,
silica, etc.
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Several metal ions like transition elements ( Cu ,Zn, Gd, Nb) as well as s-block
elements (Be) have been analysed by phosphorimetry.
Phosporimetry is used for the analysis of aspirin , cocaine, procaine,
phenobarbital, chloromazine from blood serum. Example – number of drug like
sulphonamide, procaine, cocaine, salicylic acid exhibit phosphoroscence.

Used for analysis of cocaine and atropine from urine sample of sports player.

Determination of air and water pollutants and for the analysis of impurities in
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and petroleum products.

Several analytes are able to give room temperature phosphorence (RTP) in

organized media such as micelles and cyclodextrine solutions.

Forensic Applications- it is used in detection of pigments and dyes found in a

paint sample, detection of LSD, analysis of ink, fibres and tape materials.

Most importantly used in visualization of latent fingerprints with the help of

laser and fluorescent powder.
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 Nature of Nature of
Concentration
molecule. substituent.

Quantum
Intensity of
yield of Adsorption
incident light.
fluorescence.

Temperature
Oxygen & PH
and viscosity.

54
 1. If the binding energy of electrons in K and L shells of silver atom are 25.4 keV
and 3.34 keV respectively then the kinetic energy of the auger electron will be –
CSIR NET -2016
a) 22 keV
b) 9.3 keV
c) 10.5 keV
d) 18.7 keV

2. Electron ionization can produce which of the following?

a) ESCA electron
b) Auger electron
c) Ion
d) Photon

3 . In Auger process, an electron drops to fill which of the following?

a) 1s hole
b) 1p hole
c) 2s hole
d) 2p hole
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4. The secondary electrons radiated back in scanning microscope is collected
by?
a) specimen
b) anode
c) vacuum chamber
d) cathode

5. Where do we obtain the magnified image of the specimen in SEM?

a) cathode ray tube
b) phosphorescent screen
c) anode
d) scanning generator

6. What is principal of Nephelometry ?

a) Light scattered
b) Light transmitted
c)A and B
d) None of the above
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7. Nephelometry is similar to-
A. fluorimetry
B. Colorimetery
C. UV-VISIBLE
D. NMR

8. Turbidimetry is similar to-

A. fluorimetry
B. Colorimetry
C. UV-VISIBLE
D. NMR

9. Electron spin is reversed in -

(A) Fluorescence
(B) Phosphorescence
(C) IR
(D) NMR
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10. What is principal of Turbidimetry?
A. Light scattered
B. Light transmitted
C.A and B
D. None of the above

11.The intensity of the scattered light is usually measure at which angle?

A. 90°
B. 44°
C. 60°
D. 70°

12.The intensity of the transmitted light is usually measure at which

angle?
A. 80°
B. 180°
C. 90°
D. 100° 49
58
13. Which sentence is True about Turbidimetry ?
a) It is more sensitive.
b) Wavelength is not important.
c)Intensity of the light and concentration graph is linear.
d) It is similar to colorimetery .

14. Which sentence is false about Nephelometry ?

a) It is more sensitive (>100mg/litre)
b)Wavelength is not important.
c) Intensity of the light and concentration graph is linear.
d) It is not used in analysis of the collodial systems.

15. What is the full form of NTU in context with turbidity?

a) Number of transfer unit.
b) Neurological turbidity unit.
c) Nephelometric turbidity unit.
d) Network terminal unit.
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16. Which spectroscopy is measure intensity of the FLUORESCENCE of
molecule?
A. IR
B. NMR
C. Fluorometry
D. All of the above

17. Eosin is more rigid than phenolphthalein. Which of the two substances
doesn’t fluorescence ?
(A) Eosin
(B) Phenolphthalein
(C) It can’t be predicted
(D) Both fluorescence

18. Which filter are absorbed UV radiation and transmit visible radiation ?
A. Primary filter
B. Secondary filter
C. A and B
D. None of this
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 19. When the average life time of the excited electron is in the order of
10 -12 sec it mainly results in -
(A) Fluorescence
(B) Phosphorescence
(C) Vibrational relaxation
(D) All of the above

20. The fluorescence is mainly results from which of the following

transitions?

(A) P and S
(B) Q and R
(C) P only
(D) S only

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/auger-electron-
spectroscopy
https://www.slideshare.net/e_gulfam/auger-electron-spectroscopy-33539098
https://www.slideshare.net/JessaArio/scanning-electron-microscopy
https://www.slideshare.net/Seenamkhan/turbidimetry-80802501
https://www.slideshare.net/saikiranyuvi/nephelometry-and-trubidimetry
microbenotes.com › scanning-electron-microscope-sem
gpatindia.com › nephelometry-turbidimetry
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