CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION TO ALGEBRA TYPES OF NUMBERS

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 1. Cardinal Numbers. Are numbers which allow us to

1. Define units of length and convert from one to
another
2. Perform arithmetic calculations on units of length
3. Describe the general relationships between the US
customary units and metric units of length,
weight/mass, and volume
4. Know the different types of fractions
5. Review the set of real numbers
TOPIC OUTLINE
count the objects or ideas in a given collection.
Example, 1, 2, 3 . . . 1000, 100000 . . . . . .
2. Ordinal Numbers. Are numbers that states position
of the individual objects in a sequence. Example,
First, second, third. . .
NUMERALS. Are symbols, or combination of symbols which
describe a number. The most widely used numerals are the
Arabic numerals and Roman numerals.

 Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers Arabic numerals. Were simply the modification of the Hindu-
 Numerals and Digits Arabic number signs and are written in Arabic digits. Taken
 System of Numbers (Natural numbers, Integers, singly, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and in combination
Rational numbers, Irrational numbers & Imaginary 20, 21, 22 . . 1999 . . . . . .
numbers)
 Complex Numbers Roman numerals. Are numbers which are written in latin
 Types of fractions alphabet.
 Composite Numbers
I = 1 M = 1000
 Prime Numbers
 Defective and Abundant Numbers
V = 5
 Amicable Numbers
 Significant Figure and Digits X = 10
 Forms of Approximation
 Conversion L = 50
NUMBER is an item that describes a magnitude or a C = 100
position.
D = 500

MATH 101-MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS PREPARED BY: ENGR. ELMAR T. ANTOLIN 1

The romans used the following to indicate large numbers 3. Rational numbers. Are numbers which can be expressed
as a quotient (ratio) of two integers. The term
1. Bracket – to multiply it by 100 times. “rational” comes from the word “ratio”.
2
|V|=500 Examples, 0.5, , -3, 0.333
3
1
In the above example, 0.5 can be expressed as , and
2
2. Vinculum – to multiply the number 1000 times.  −6
-3 can be expressed as , hence the two examples
2
V = 5,000 are rational numbers. The number 0.333..can also be
1
expressed as and therefore a rational number.
3. Doorframe – to multiply the number by 1000000 times. 3
The number 0.333…is a repeating and non-terminating
|V| decimal. As a rule, a non-terminating but repeating
(or periodic) decimal is always rational number.
DIGIT. a specific or symbol or symbols used alone or in Also, all integers are rational numbers.
combination to denote a number. For example, the number 21 4. Irrational numbers – are numbers which cannot be
has two digits, namely 2 and 1. In Roman numerals, the expressed as a quotient of two-intergers.
number 9 is denoted as IX. So the digits I and X were used
together to denote one number and that is the number 9. Example, √2, 𝜋, e, …

Imaginary Numbers. Is denoted as “i” which is equal to

REAL NUMBERS. The number system is divided into two
categories namely, real numbers and imaginary numbers.
Real Numbers are classified as follows:
the square root of negative value. In some other areas in
mathematical computation, especially in electronics and
electrical engineering it is denoted as “j”.

1. Natural numbers – numbers which are considered as Imaginary number and its equivalent:
the “counting numbers”. Examples, 1, 2, 3..
2. Integers – are all the natural numbers, the negative i= √−𝟏 i4= -1
of the natural numbers and the number zero.
i2= -1
Examples, -4, -1, 0, 3, 8. .
i3= -1 = -√−𝟏

MATH 101-MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS PREPARED BY: ENGR. ELMAR T. ANTOLIN 2

COMPLEX NUMBER. Is an expression of both real and
imaginary number combined. It takes the form of a+bi,
where “a” and “b” are real numbers.
If a=0, then pure imaginary number is produced while real
number is obtained when b=0.
SYSTEM OF NUMBERS. A system of numbers is a diagram or
ABSOLUTE VALUE. The absolute value of a real number is
the numerical value of the number neglecting the sign.
For example, the absolute value of -5 is 5 while of -x is
x. The absolute value |a| is either positive or zero but
can never be negative.
𝑎
FRACTIONS. Are numbers which are in the form of or a/b,
𝑏

chart which shows the two sub-classifications of the two- where a is called the numerator which may be any integer
basic classification of numbers, namely real numbers and while b is called the denominator which may be any
imaginary numbers. integer greater than zero. Fraction is also defined as a
part of a whole.

System of TYPES OF FRACTIONS

Numbers
1. Simple fraction. A fraction in which the numerator
and denominator are both integers. This is also
Real Imaginary known as a common fraction.
Numbers Number 2 6
,
3 7
2. Proper fraction. Is one where the numerators is
Irrational Rational
Numbers Numbers smaller than the denominator.
5 2
,
7 3
3. Improper Fraction. Is one where the numerator is
Integers greater than the denominator.
5 12
,
2 7
Natural Negative
Zero
Numbers Numbers 4. Unit fraction. Is a fraction with unity for its
numerator and positive integer for its denominator.
1 1
Diagram showing the number system ,
4 25

MATH 101-MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS PREPARED BY: ENGR. ELMAR T. ANTOLIN 3

 5. Simplified fraction. A fraction whose numerator and 11. Undefined fraction. A fraction with a
denominator are integers, and their greatest common denominator of zero. The example below means that 8
factor is 1. is divided by 0, which is an impossibility because
1
, − 11
8 nothing can be divided by zero.
2 8
0
6. An Integer Represented as fraction. A fraction in
which the denominator is 1. 12. Indeterminate fraction. A fraction has no
2
, −1
3 quantitative meaning.
1 0
0
7. Reciprocal. A fraction that results from
interchanging the numerator and denominator. Example 13. Mixed number. A number that is a combination of
1 an integer and a proper fraction.
4 is the reciprocal of .
4 1
52
8. Complex fraction. A fraction in which the numerator
denominator, or both are fractions.
3 5
4
, − 1,
8 13 COMPOSITE NUMBER. Are positive integers that have more
7
2
8 4 than two positive whole number factors. It can be written
as product of two or more integers, each greater than 1.
9. Similar fractions. Two or more simple fraction that It is observed that most integers are composite numbers.
have the same denominator. The number 6 is a composite number because its factors
1 4 7
, 9, are 1, 2, 3 and 6. The number 1 is the only natural
9 9
number that is neither composite nor prime.
10. Zero fraction. A fraction in which the
numerator is zero. A zero fraction is equal to zero.
0
, − 11
0 PRIME NUMBER. Is an integer greater than 1 that is
2
divisible only by 1 and itself. Example, 2, 3, 5, 7 . .

MATH 101-MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS PREPARED BY: ENGR. ELMAR T. ANTOLIN 4

TYPES OF PRIME NUMBERS
1. Natural Prime numbers. Are those that have only two
factors: 1 and the number.
2. Twin Primes. Are a set of two consecutive odd
primes, which differ by two. The following are
primes less than 100.
3. Symmetric Primes. Are a pair of prime numbers that
are the same distance from a given number in a
number line. Also called Euler Primes. The following
are symmetric primes for the number 1 through 10.
Number Symmetric Prime
1 None
2 None
3 None
4 3, 5
5 3, 7
6 5, 7
7 3, 11
8 5, 11; 3, 13
9 7, 11; 5, 13
10 7, 13; 3, 17
EMIRP (prime spelled backwards). Is a prime number that
remains a prime when its digit are reversed.
RELATIVELY PRIME NUMBERS. Are numbers whose greatest
common factor is 1.
PERFECT NUMBER. Is an integer that is equal to the sum of
all its possible divisors, except the number itself.
Example, 6, 28..
I the case of 6, the factors or divisors are 1, 2, and 3.
When the factors are added the sum is equal to the number
itself and shown in the following equation.
1+2+3=6
FACTORIAL. Denoted as n!, represents the product of all
positive integers from 1 to n, inclusive. The factorial
symbol (!) was introduced by Christian Kramp in 1808.
Example,n!=n(n1). .3,2,1
If n=0, by definition
(n!)(n+1)=(n+1)!
(0!)(0+1)=(0+1)!
(0!)(1)=1!
0!=1

The following are the emirps less than 100:

11, 13, 17, 31, 71, 73, 79 and 97

MATH 101-MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS PREPARED BY: ENGR. ELMAR T. ANTOLIN 5

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES OR DIGITS. Are digits that define the
numerical value of a number. A digit is considered
significant unless it is used to place a decimal point.
The significant digit of a number begins with the first
non-zero digit and ends with the final digit, whether
zero or non-zero.
Examples.
CONVERSION. Is the process of getting the equivalent
value in another unit of measure of a certain value with
a different given unit of measure.
How to convert one unit of an angle to another unit?
There are four units commonly used to measure an angle.
They are degrees, radians, grads and mils.

16.72 4 significant figures The degree is the most commonly used measure of an angle.
The radian is an angle subtended by an arc equal to the
1.672x103 4 significant figures length of the radius of the circle.

0.0016 2 significant figures The following is a tabulation of the unit of angle

measurement and the corresponding value in one
TWO FORMS OF APPROXIMATIONS revolution:
1. Rounding. A number means replacing the number with
UNIT 1 REVOLUTION
another number having fewer significant decimal Degree 360
digits, or for integer number, fewer value-carrying Radian 2𝜋
(non-zero) digits. Grad 400
Example. 3.14159 shall be rounded up to 3.1416 Mil 6400
3.12354 shall be rounded down to 3.1235
2. Truncation. Refers to the dropping of the next
References:
digits in order to obtain in the degree of accuracy
Rider, Paul R., College Algebra. Revised Edition. The
beyond the need of practical calculations. This is
just the same as rounding down and truncated values McMillan Co.,
will always have values lower than the exact values.
Example. 3.1415 is truncated to 3 decimal as 3.141 New York
Engineering Mathematics Third Edition, Excel Academic
Council

MATH 101-MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS PREPARED BY: ENGR. ELMAR T. ANTOLIN 6

CHAPTER I. FUNDAMENTALS IN ALGEBRA The Properties of Addition of Integers

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 1. Closure property

1. Evaluate numerical expressions a+b=integer
2. Recognize and apply the properties of addition, 2. Commutative property
multiplication, and equality a+b=b+a
3. Add, subtract and multiply polynomials
3. Associative property
4. Solve polynomial equation by factoring
(a+b)+c=a+(b+c)
TOPIC OUTLINE 4. Identity property
a+0=a
 Properties of Addition of Integer The number 0 is called the additive identity.
 Properties of Multiplication of Integers 5. Inverse property
 Properties of Equality a+-a=0
 Properties of Zero 6. Distributive property
 Properties of Exponents
 Properties of Radicals a(b+c)=ab+ac
 Special Products
 Properties of Proportion The Properties of Multiplication of integers
 Remainder Theorem
 Factor Theorem 1. Closure property
ab=integer
PROPERTIES OF INTEGERS. Integers have special properties. 2. Commutative property
Computations of integers will become easier by ab=ba
understanding these special properties. The commutative 3. Associative property
property, for instance, allows you to change the order of (ab)c=a(bc)
adding or multiplying while the associative property 4. Identity property
allows you to change grouping. a*1=a
5. Inverse property
1
a(𝑎)=1
6. Distributive property

MATH 101-MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS PREPARED BY: ENGR. ELMAR T. ANTOLIN 7

 a(b+c)=ab+ac The properties of zero. Consider a, b and c as integers
or real number or variables of an algebraic expression.
7. Multiplication property of zero
a(0)=0 1. a+0=a and a-0=a
2. a(0)=0
0
3. 𝑎=0, with a≠0
The properties of equality of integers. Consider a, b and 𝑎
4. 0 =0, is undefined
c as integers or real numbers or variables of an
algebraic expression. 5. If ab=0, then a=0 or b=0. This is known as ZERO-
FACTOR PROPERTY.
1. Reflexive property
a=a EXPONENT. Is a number that gives the power to which a
2. Symmetric property base is raised. For example, in 32, the base is 3 and the
If a=b then b=a exponent is 2.
3. Transitive property
Exponents should not be misunderstood as “power” Power is
If a=b and b=c, then a=c
a word that is almost never used in its correct, original
4. Substitution property
sense any more. Strictly speaking, if we write 32=9, then
If a=b, then a can be replaced by b in any
3 is the base, 2 is the exponent and 9 is the power. But
expression involving a.
almost everyone, including most mathematicians would say
5. Addition/Subtraction property
that 3 is the power and that “power” and “exponent” mean
If a=b, then a+c=b+c
the same thing. The misuse has probably come from a
If a=b, then a-c=b-c
misunderstanding of statements such as “nine is the
6. Multiplication/Division Property
second power of three”.
If a=b, then ac=bc
𝑎 𝑏
If a=b, then = with c≠ 0 The exponential notation states that if a is a real
𝑐 𝑐
number, variable or algebraic expression and n is a
7. Cancellation property
positive number, then:
If a+c=b+c, then a=b
If ac=bc and c≠ 0, then a=b an=a*a*a*a*……

MATH 101-MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS PREPARED BY: ENGR. ELMAR T. ANTOLIN 8

The properties of exponents with corresponding examples; SPECIAL PRODUCT. Are the expressions where the values
can be obtained without execution of long
1. am+an=am+n multiplication. With x, y and z as real numbers or
𝑎𝑚
2. =am-n variables or algebraic expression, the the following
𝑎𝑛
3. (𝑎𝑚 )n=amn are the special products.
4. (ab)m=ambm 1. Sum and difference of same terms or Difference of
𝑎 𝑎𝑚
5. (𝑏 )m=𝑏𝑚 two squares.
𝑚
𝑛 (x+y)(x-y)=x2-y2
6. 𝑎 𝑛 = √𝑎𝑚
1
2. Square of a binomial
7. a-m=𝑎𝑚 (x+y)2=x2+2xy+y2
8. a0=1 (a≠ 0) (x-y)2=x2-2xy+y2
3. Cube of a binomial
RADICAL. Refers to the symbol that indicates a root, √ (x+y)3=x3+3x2y+3xy2+y3
. It was first used in 1525 by Christoff Rudolff in his (x-y)3=x3-3x2y+3xy2-y3
Die Coss. In the expression, 𝑛√𝑎, n is called the index, a 4. Difference of two cubes
(the expression indise the symbol) is called the radicand X3-y3=(x-y)(x2+xy+y2)
while the symbol √ is called radical. 5. Sum of two cubes
X3+y3=(x-y)(x2-xy+y2)
Property 6. Square of a trinomial
(x+y+z)2=x2+y2+z2+2xy+2xz+2yz
𝑛
1. √𝑎𝑚 =( 𝑛√𝑎)m
𝑛 𝑛 PROPORTION. Is a statement that two ratios are equal
2. 𝑛√𝑎. √𝑏= √𝑎𝑏
𝑛 𝑎 𝑥
√𝑎 𝑛 𝑎 1. If = 𝑑 , then a:x=y:d
3. 𝑛 = √𝑏 , b≠0 𝑦
√𝑏
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝑚 2. If = 𝑑 , then =𝑑
4. √ 𝑛√𝑎= 𝑚𝑛√𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑
5. ( 𝑛√𝑎 )n=a 3. If = , then =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑎 𝑐
𝑛 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
6. √𝑎𝑛 =|a| 4. If = 𝑑 , then =
𝑏 𝑏 𝑑

MATH 101-MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS PREPARED BY: ENGR. ELMAR T. ANTOLIN 9

 5. If
𝑎 𝑐
= 𝑑 , then
𝑎+𝑏
=
𝑐+𝑑 References:
𝑏 𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑 Rider, Paul R., College Algebra. Revised Edition. The
6. If = 𝑑 , then = 𝑐−𝑑 McMillan Co.,
𝑏 𝑎−𝑏

In number (1), quantities a and d are called extremes

while x and y are means. If x=y, then its value is known New York
as mean proportional. In the ratio x/y, the first term x Engineering Mathematics Third Edition, Excel Academic
is called the antecedent while the second term y is Council
called the consequent.
𝑎
a:x=y:d a:x=𝑥 ing in the denominators, each taken
with its greatest multiplicity.

REMAINDER THEOREM. States that if a polynomial in an

unknown quantity x is divided by a first degree
expression in the same variable, (x-h), where k maybe any
real number or complex number, the remainder to be
expected will be equal to the sum obtained when the
numerical value of k is substituted for x in the
polynomial. Thus,

𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑥→𝑘 = f(x)

FACTOR THEOREM. States that if a polynomial is divided by

(x-k) will result to a remainder of zero, then the value
(x-k) is a factor of the polynomial.

Both remainder theorem and factor theorem were suggested

by a french mathematician, Etienne Bezout (1730-1783).

MATH 101-MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS PREPARED BY: ENGR. ELMAR T. ANTOLIN 10