Name : Mohammad Meer

Class : 10 A
th

ADM NO : 3438/10
 History
 Simple fractions were used by the Egyptians around 1000 BC;
the Vedic "Shulba Sutras" ("The rules of chords") in, c. 600 BC,
include what may be the first "use" of irrational numbers.

 The concept of irrationality was implicitly accepted by early 

Indian mathematicians since Manava (c. 750–690 BC), who
were aware that the square roots of certain numbers such as 2
and 61 could not be exactly determined.

 Around 500 BC, the Greek mathematicians led by Pythagoras

 realized the need for irrational numbers, in particular the
irrationality of the square root of 2.
 DEFINITION
In mathematics, a real number is a value of a continuous quantity that can represent
a distance along a line. The adjective real in this context was introduced in the 17th
century by René Descartes, who distinguished between real and imaginary roots of 
polynomials.
 
The real numbers include all the rational numbers, such as the integer −5 and the 
fraction 4/3, and all the irrational numbers, such as √2 (1.41421356..., the 
square root of 2, an irrational algebraic number). Included within the irrationals are
the transcendental numbers, such as π (3.14159265...). In addition to measuring
distance, real numbers can be used to measure quantities such as time, mass, energy, 
velocity, and many more.
Real Numbers are just numbers like:
112.38−0.862534π (pi)198

In fact:
Nearly any number you can think of is a
Real Number

Real Numbers include:

 Whole Numbers (like 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc) 
Rational Numbers (like 3/4, 0.125, 0.333..., 1.1, etc )
 Irrational Numbers (like π, √2, etc )
Real Numbers can also be positive, negative or zero.
So ... what is NOT a Real Number?
 
Imaginary Numbers like √−1 (the square root of minus 1)
are not Real Numbers

Infinity is not a Real Number

Mathematicians also play with some special numbers that

aren't Real Numbers.
Set of Real Numbers
The set of real numbers consist of different categories, such as natural and whole
numbers, rational and irrational numbers and integers. In the table given here, all
these numbers are defined with examples.

Category Definition Example

Contain all counting

All numbers such as 1, 2, 3,
Natural Numbers numbers which start from 1. 4,5,6,…..…
N = {1,2,3,4,……}

Collection of zero and

All numbers including 0 such
Whole Numbers natural number.
as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5,6,…..…
W = {0,1,2,3,…..}

The collective result of whole Includes: -infinity (-∞),……..-

Integers numbers and negative of all 4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ……
natural numbers. +infinity (+∞)

Numbers that can be written Examples of rational

Rational Numbers in the form of p/q, where numbers are ½, 5/4 and 12/6
q≠0. etc.

All the numbers which are Irrational numbers are non-

Irrational Numbers not rational and cannot be terminating and non-
written in the form of p/q. repeating in nature like √2
 REAL NUMBERS CHART
THE CHART FOR THE SET OF REAL NUMERALS INCLUDING
ALL THE TYPES ARE GIVEN BELOW:

Properties of Real Numbers

There are four main properties which include commutative property, associative property,
distributive property, and identity property. Consider “m, n and r” are the real numbers.
Then based on these properties, we can define the numbers as;

Commutative Property
If m and n are the numbers, then the general form will be m + n = n + m for addition and
m.n = n.m for multiplication.
Addition: m + n = n + m. For example, 5 + 3 = 3 + 5, 2 + 4 = 4 + 2
Multiplication: m × n = n × m. For example, 5 × 3 = 3 × 5, 2 × 4 = 4 × 2

Associative Property
If m, n and r are the numbers. The general form will be m + (n + r) = (m + n) + r for
addition(mn) r = m (nr) for multiplication.
Addition: The general form will be m + (n + r) = (m + n) + r. An example of additive
associative property is 10 + (3 + 2) = (10 + 3) + 2.
Multiplication: (mn) r = m (nr). An example of a multiplicative associative property is (2 ×
3) 4 = 2 (3 × 4).
 Distributive Property
For three numbers m, n, and r, which are real in nature, the
distributive property is in the form of :
m (n + r) = mn + mr and (m + n) r = mr + nr.
Example of distributive property is: 5(2 + 3) = 5 × 2 + 5 × 3.
Here, both sides will yield 25.

Identity Property
There are additive and multiplicative identities.
For addition: m + 0 = m. (zero is additive identity)
For multiplication: a × 1 = 1 × a = a. (1 is multiplicative
identity)
Why are they called "Real" Numbers?

Because they are not Imaginary Numbers.

The Real Numbers had no name before Imaginary

Numbers were thought of. They got called "Real"
because they were not Imaginary. That is the actual
answer!
 REAL DOES NOT MEAN THEY ARE
IN THE REAL WORLD
 They are not called "Real" because
they show the value of
something real.

 In mathematics we like our numbers

pure, when we write 0.5 we
mean exactly half.

 But in the real world half may not

be exact (try cutting an
apple exactly in half).

THANK YOU