Mathematics, Engineering Economy

and Science, and Laws.

(MESL)

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ALGEBRA Number System
Algebra: came from the word “Al-
Jabr”, meaning to “restore, “complete”,
or “balance”. It is the mathematics 5, 3,0,5, 2+3i
8/3, 9 3i
dealing with equation manipulations. 1 8
, −5, 0, , 9
2 3
Number: it describes magnitude/position 𝜋, 2, 𝑒
Count, measure, label
Number Classification: −3, 0, 3
a) Cardinal – size or quantity that 0, 1, 2, 3
describes the magnitude. Ex: 1, 2, 10…
/Counting Number 1,2, 3
1000 ….
b) Ordinal – position that describes
arrangement. Ex: 1st, 2nd, 3rd , etc.
Negative Zero Positive
Numerals: symbols that describe a
number. Prime Unit Composite
Numerals: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 1 4, 6, 15

Non-Integers
a. Ancient Greek:
1 3
,
5 = pi 1000 = chi 2 4
Complex Number:
10 = delta 10,000 = mu
• Composed of Real & Imaginary No.
100 = H
• AKA “Gaussian Integer”
a. Roman Numerals:
• Plot in “Argand Diagram”
I=1 C = 100
Where: a+bi → are Real and Imaginary No.
V=5 D = 500
If a = 0, then bi → “Purely Imaginary”
X = 10 M = 1000 If b=0, then a → “Purely Real”
L = 50 Prime Number: is an integer greater than 1
that is divisible only by 1 and itself.
Ex: MCMXCIV = 1994
Ex: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23…
a. Arabic Numerals:
Ex. of unique product of power of primes:
Ex: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
360 = 𝟐𝟑 . 𝟑𝟐 . 𝟓𝟏
Digit: a specific symbol(s) to denote a
Twin Primes: are prime numbers that appear in
number. Ex: 21 has two digits, namely 2 pair differ by 2.
and 1.
Ex: 3 & 5; 11 & 13; 17 & 19…
In Roman Numerals, 9 is denoted as IX.
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Therefore the digits used are “I and X”.
TRIVIA: Perfect Number:

𝒊= −𝟏 → Leonhard Euler - An integer that is equal to the sum of all its

possible divisors, except the number itself.
Mode 2: CPLX → for imaginary nos.
- Ex: 6, 28. 496
Factorial sign “!” → Christian Kramp
- 6=1+2+3
Equal Sign “ = “ → Robert Recorde
Defective or Deficient Number:
- An integer, the sum of all its possible divisor is
less than the number itself.
Composite Number:
- There are 30 numbers known as “perfect
- A whole no. that can be made by multiplying numbers” and all of which are even nos.
other whole no. → “compose”
Abundant Number:
- Ex: 6 = 3 x 2
- An integer, the sum of all its possible divisor is
Rational Numbers: greater than than the number itself.
- Can be expressed in ratio of two integers.
Friendly or Amicable Number:
- Non-terminating, Repeating decimals
- Refers to 2 integers which each is the sum of
- Ex: 2/3, -5, 0.25, 0.1111… all possible divisors of the other.

- The smallest friendly numbers are 220 and 284.

Irrational Numbers:
- 220 factors/divisors: 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 11, 20, 22,
- Non-terminating, non-repeating decimals
44, 55, & 110 = 284
- Ex: π, e, 2 - 284 factors/divisors: 1, 2, 4, 71, 142 = 220

Happy Number:
Special (Trivial Numbers) - A number when broken down eventually
reaches 1 when replaced by the sum of the
square of each digit.

• Happy Numbers - Ex: 13

• Sad Numbers - 12 +32 = 10

• Narcissistic Numbers - 12 + 02 = 1

• Perfect Numbers Unhappy/Sad Number:

• Abundant (Excessive) Numbers - A number that started in the sequence that

continues in infinite cycle without ever
• Deficient Numbers reaching 1.

• Polite Numbers - Ex: 4

• Friendly (Amicable Numbers) - 42 = 16 ⇒ 12 + 62 = 37 , eventually reaches

- 22 + 02 = 4

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Narcissistic Number: Significant Digits:
- AKA. “Pluperfect Digital Variant (PPDI)”, 1. Non-zero digits are always significant.
“Armstrong Number, “Plus Perfect Number”.
2. Any zeros between two significant digits are
- A whole number, or integer, that is the sum of significant.
the nth powers of its digits
3. A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal
- Ex: 153 portion ONLY are significant.

- 153 = 13 + 53 + 33 - Ex:

Polite Number: - 16.72 4 significant digits

- is a positive integer that can be written as the - 1.672 x 103 4 significant digits
sum of two or more consecutive positive
- 0.0016 2 significant digits
integers.
- 1234 4 significant digits
- Ex: 9 = 4+3 or = 2+3+4
- 1000 1 significant digits

- 100100 4 significant digits

Factorial: (Christian Kramp 1808)
- 100.00 5 significant digits
- denoted as n!, represents the product of all
positive integers from 1 to n. - 0.100 3 significant digits

▪ Recursion Formula: - 0.001002 4 significant digits

𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑛! 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑛 + 1 !
Rounding & Truncating:
2 forms of approximations.
Surd: a radical expressing an irrational number.
Rounding: it means replacing the number with
Ex: 5 + 𝟑 number with another number having fewer
Pure Surd: sometimes called “entire surd” significant decimal digits, or for integer, fewer
contains no rational number and all its terms are value carrying (non-zero) digits.
surds. Ex:
Ex: 𝟑 + 𝟐 • 3.14159 → rounded up to 3.1416
Mixed Surd: contains at least 1 rational no. • 3.12354 → rounded down to 3.1235
Ex: 𝟏𝟎 𝟑

Binomial Surd: an expression of 2 terms with at Truncation: refers to dropping off the next digits
least 1 term is surd. to obtain the degree of accuracy beyond the need
of practical calculations. Similar to rounding down,
Ex. 5 + 𝟑
its values will be lower than the exact values.
Trinomial Surd: an expression of 3 terms with at
Ex: 3.14159 → truncated to 4 decimal as 3.1415
least 2 of them are surds and cannot be expressed
as a single surd.

Ex. 5 + 𝟑 + 𝟐

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Rounding Off to Significant Figures: ▪ Logarithm:
Round off to four significant figures.
Ex. 1: 102.4886 → Ans. 102.5

Ex. 2: 102.45 log a a = 1

Rule: log0 = −∞
a. 102.5 x wrong
Decimal ending in
b. 102.4 correct “5”
Even → “retain”
Ex. 2: 102.35 Odd → “round up”
a. 102.3 x wrong

b. 102.4 correct Note: 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑒 = 2.7183

TRIVIA:
❑Rules of inequality Logarithm:
Commutative Property: - Logos → Ratio
a+b = b + a - Arithmus → Number
axb = bxa John Napier:
Associative Property: - Naperian/Natural Logarithm
a+(b+c) = (a+b) +c - Base “e”
a(bc) = (ab)c - 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥
Distributive Property:
a(b+c) = ab+ac → left Henry Brigs:
(a+b) c = ac+ab → right - Briggsian/Common Logarithm

Identity Property: - Base “10”

a+0 = a - 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

a (1) = a Properties of Logarithm:

Inverse Property: Characteristic: integral part of a common
logarithm
a+(-a) = 0
Mantissa: non-negative decimal part
1
a( ) = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ≠ 0
2 Ex1 : log57 = 1.75587

1 → Characteristic

0.75587 → Mantissa
▪ Remainder & Factor Theorem: Ex2: log(0.0071) = - 2.1487

- 3 → Characteristic

3 + (-2.1487) = 0.8513 → Mantissa

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Properties of Logarithm: Descartes’ Rule of Signs:
Cologarithm: - A technique to det. an upper bound on the
1
number of positive or negative real roots of a
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = −log(𝑥) polynomial.
𝑥

- Not a complete criterion, because it doesn’t

provide the exact number of positive or
▪ Quadratic Equation: negative roots.

- Rule is applied by counting the number of sign

changes in the sequence formed by the
polynomial’s coefficients

- Positive Roots: The rule states that if the

Note:
Discriminant
𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 = 0, roots real & equal
> 0, roots real & unequal
< 0, roots imaginary or complex
terms of a single-variable polynomial with real
coefficients are ordered by descending
variable exponent, then the number of the
positive roots of the polynomial is either equal
to the number of sign differences between
consecutive nonzero coefficients, or less than
it by an even number.

▪ Depress Equation or Polynomial: - Negative Roots: As a corollary of the rule, the

number of the negative roots is the number of
✓ Divide polynomial by one of its binomial sign changes after multiplying the coefficients
factors, the quotient is called depressed of odd-power terms by -1, or fewer than it by
polynomial. an even number.

Ex: 4x 3 − 2x 2 + x − 3 = 0 ▪ No. of Positive Roots:

has factors of, x = 1, -0.25± −0.829𝑖 𝒇 +𝒙 = 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔

Try 1: ▪ No. of Negative Roots:

1 4 -2 1 -3 𝒇 −𝒙 = 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔

4 4 2 3

4 2 3 0 Examples:

Therefore, 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑

▪ GCF & LCM:

▪ Equal Pieces No Remainders Prob.:

𝐴+𝐵+𝐶
𝑥=
𝐺𝐶𝐹
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Descartes’ Rule of Signs:
Examples: