SECTION 316300 - BORED PILING

1 - GENERAL

1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS

1.1.1 Drawings and general provisions of the Contract, including General and
Supplementary Conditions and Division 01 Specification Sections, apply to this
Section.

1.2 SUMMARY

1.2.1 Section includes but it is not limited to the following Work:

(1) BORED CAST-IN-PLACE PILES.

1.2.2 Contractor shall execute all works in full compliance of the following:
(1) Materials shall comply with Local Authorities and Estidama rules and
regulations in terms of specifications and drawings.
(2) To comply with Estidama worker welfare policy and requirements.
(3) To comply with the HES rules and regulations.
(4) Submit ADM certificates of conformity for all items that will be used.

1.3 PREINSTALLATION MEETINGS

1.3.1 Preinstallation Conference: Conduct conference at Project site.

1.4 ACTION SUBMITTALS

1.4.1 Product Data: For each type of product.

1.4.2 Design Mixtures: For each concrete mixture. Submit alternative design mixtures
when characteristics of materials, Project conditions, weather, test results, or other
circumstances warrant adjustments.

(1) Indicate amounts of mixing water to be withheld for later addition at Project
site.

1.4.3 Shop Drawings: For bored cast concrete piles, prepared by or under the supervision
of a qualified professional engineer.

(1) Identify each pile and indicate pile dimensions, cross sections, locations, and
sizes.
(2) Indicate types and configurations of reinforcement and detail fabricating.
(3) Detail connections to pile caps.
(4) Include method of centralizing reinforcement, type and size of centralizing
devices, and locations on reinforcing bars.

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 (5) Static Pile Tests: Include arrangement of static test pile reaction frame, test
and anchor piles, equipment, and instrumentation. Submit structural
analysis data signed and sealed by the qualified professional engineer
responsible for their preparation.

1.5 INFORMATIONAL SUBMITTALS

1.5.1 Qualification Data: For testing agency.

1.5.2 Welding certificates.

1.5.3 Material Certificates: For the following:

(1) Cementitious materials.

(2) Concrete admixtures.
(3) Steel reinforcing.

1.5.4 Equipment Data: Description of drilling and concrete-pumping equipment including

the following:

(1) Type and make of drilling rig, rated capacity, and boom lengths.
(2) Torque of drilling machine and horsepower of hydraulic power unit.
(3) Pressure and discharge capacity of grout pump.
(4) Automated monitoring equipment to be used.

1.5.5 Static Pile Test Reports: Submit within three days of completing each test.

1.5.6 Pile Inspection Reports: Submit not later than the morning of the next working day
after placing each pile.

1.5.7 Certified Piles Survey: Submit within seven days of completion.

1.5.8 Field quality-control reports.

1.6 CLOSEOUT SUBMITTALS

1.6.1 Record Drawings:

(1) The Contractor shall keep records as indicated by an asterisk in Table D10/1
of the installation of each pile and shall submit two signed copies of these
records to the Engineer, not later than noon of the next working day after
the pile was installed. The signed records will form a record of the work. Any
unexpected driving conditions shall be briefly noted in the records.

1.6.2 Certified Pile Survey: Submit within seven days of pile installation completion.

1.6.3 The Contractor shall inform the Engineer each day of the piling programmed of work
for the following day and shall give adequate notice of his intention to work outside
normal hours and at weekends.

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1.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE

1.7.1 Testing Agency Qualifications: Qualified according to ASTM C1077, ASTM D3740, and
ASTM E329 for testing indicated and accredited by IAS or ILAC Mutual Recognition
Arrangement as complying with ISO/IEC 17025.

1.7.2 Mix Designs: For each type of grout. Include description of type and proportions of
ingredients.

1.7.3 Welding Qualifications: Qualify procedures and personnel according to the

following:

(1) AWS D1.1/D1.1M, "Structural Welding Code - Steel."

(2) AWS D1.4/D1.4M, "Structural Welding Code - Reinforcing Steel."

1.7.4 The Contractor will be responsible for the design of the piles and will be required to
complete and sign a Design Warranty Form (Professional Indemnity). The general
design of piles is to be in accordance with the British Standard Code of Practice for
foundations, BS 8004 and shall be constructed as indicated on the drawings and in
compliance with this specification and the ICE Specification for Piling and Embedded
Retaining Walls (1996). In case of any conflict, this specification shall prevail.

1.7.5 The average compressive stress in concrete piles under working load shall not
exceed 25% of the specified characteristic strength of the concrete, cube strength at
28 days calculated on the total cross-sectional area of the pile shaft.

1.7.6 All the piles are required to act in compression and/or bending unless otherwise
specified on the drawings, and reinforcement shall be designed in accordance with
ACI 315-99 unless otherwise indicated.

1.7.7 Piles shall be designed to provide a factor of safety of 2.5, being the ratio of the
ultimate bearing capacity to the intensity of the applied bearing pressure. the pile
lengths to be as required to support the loads indicated on the drawings, but in no
case shall bearing elevations of piles be higher than indicated on drawings unless
prior approval is obtained from the Engineer.

1.7.8 The piles shall be bored cast-in-place concrete piles designed to carry the stated
working column loads and other loads within the acceptable settlement, including
differential settlement, greater than can be tolerated by the structure. Other loads
will include, but not be limited to, the stated lateral forces, negative skin friction,
eccentric loads and moments due to inaccuracies in positioning the piles within the
specified tolerances, horizontal applied forces and the effects of eccentric column
loads and the group effects of the pile group.

1.7.9 Based on information available at the time of tender the responsibility for the
design, construction and performance of the pile shall be that of the Contractor. The
Contractor shall provide a pile satisfying the requirements of this specification and
capable of supporting the loads indicated on the Engineer's drawings or elsewhere
within the Contract documents.

1.7.10 The loads to be supported by the piles shall be identified as those arising from
structural considerations and those arising from ground conditions phenomena such

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 as negative skin friction. Where piles are installed in a group the behavior and
bearing capacity of the whole group as well as that of the individual piles shall be
considered in the design.

1.7.11 The piles shall be designed such that they or their components, permanent or
temporary, can be loaded, transported, pitched and installed, as applicable, without
any overstress occurring which might cause damage to the piles before they are
capped.

1.7.12 Piles, which carry the majority of their working load in end bearing, shall be founded
at a sensibly common level or at a common depth relative to the founding stratum.

1.7.13 Friction piles shall not be placed closer than 2.5 diameters center to center. With
piles deriving their resistance from end bearing, the spacing center to center should
not be less than twice the least width of the pile. For piles having enlarged bases
careful consideration shall be made of interaction effects between the bases.

1.7.14 The Contractor will be responsible for setting out the base lines and pile positions
and establishing datum and cut off levels as shown on the Engineer’s drawings.

1.7.15 Tolerance in pile position is acceptable up to 75mm. Otherwise, verification report

shall be provided for the status of the deviated pile

1.7.16 If any tolerances exceeds the limit, the contractor shall be responsible for the cost of
and providing the means of rectifying the error, in a manner to be decided by the
Engineer, such as increasing the dimensions and reinforcement of the pile cap or
installing additional piles.

1.7.17 The Contractor shall ensure that damage does not occur to completed piles. The
Contractor shall submit to the Engineer his proposed sequence and timing for
driving or boring piles, having regard to the avoidance of damage to adjacent piles.

1.7.18 The diameter of a pile shall be not less than the diameter stated in the Contractor’s
design as passed to the Engineer for his comments.

1.7.19 The Contractor’s proposed piling sequence will be so configured as to ensure that
piles shall not be bored as close to piles which have recently been cast and which
contain workable or unset concrete that a flow of concrete could be induced from or
damage caused to any of the piles.

1.8 PRECONSTRUCTION TESTING

1.8.1 Test Piles: Construct of diameter, depth, and at locations indicated on Drawings or, if
not indicated, of same diameter and depth as largest production piles and at
locations selected by Engineer, to confirm allowable load of piles and demonstrate
Installer's construction methods, equipment, standards of workmanship, and
tolerances.

(1) If Engineer determines that test pile does not comply with requirements,
excavate for and cast another until it is accepted.
(2) Tests: Arrange and perform the following pile tests:

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 a. Axial Compressive Static Load Test: ASTM D1143/D1143M,
Procedure A, Quick Test and the following Procedures:

(a) Procedure B, Maintained Test.

(b) Procedure C, Loading in Excess of Maintained Test.

(c) Procedure G, Cyclic Loading Test.

b. Axial Tension Static Load Test: ASTM D3689.

c. Lateral Load Test: ASTM D3966.

(3) Equip each test pile with two telltale rods, according to
ASTM D1143/D1143M, for measuring deformation during load test.
(4) Provide pile reaction frame, anchor piles, equipment, and instrumentation
with enough reaction capacity to perform tests. Notify Engineer at least 48
hours in advance of performing tests. On completion of testing, remove
testing structure, anchor piles, equipment, and instrumentation.

a. Allow a minimum of seven days to elapse after installing test piles

before starting pile testing.

b. Number of Test Piles: As indicated.

(5) Approval Criteria: Allowable load shall be the load acting on the test pile
when the lesser of the following criteria are met, divided by a factor of
safety of 2:

a. Net settlement of not more than 0.25 mm/907 kg of test load.

b. Total settlement of 25 mm provided the load settlement curve

shows no sign of failure.

c. A plunging failure or sharp break in the load settlement curve.

(6) Test Pile Records: Prepare records for each test pile, compiled and attested
to by a qualified professional engineer. Include same data as required for
permanent piles.
(7) Test piles that comply with requirements, including location tolerances, may
be used on Project.

1.9 FIELD CONDITIONS

1.9.1 Protect structures, underground utilities, and other construction from damage
caused by pile excavation.

1.9.2 Site Information: A geotechnical report has been prepared for this Project and is
referenced elsewhere in the Project Manual for information only.

1.9.3 Survey Work: Engage a qualified land surveyor or professional engineer to perform
surveys, layouts, and measurements for auger cast grout piles. Before excavating,
lay out each pile to lines and levels required. Record actual measurements of each
pile's location, shaft diameter, bottom and top elevations, deviations from specified
tolerances, and other specified data.
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 (1) Record and maintain information pertinent to each pile and indicate on
record Drawings. Cooperate with Employer's testing and inspecting agency
to provide data for required reports.

2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

2.1.1 Delegated Design: Engage a qualified professional engineer, as defined in

Section 014000 "Quality Requirements," to design piles, including comprehensive
engineering analysis by a qualified professional engineer, using performance
requirements and design criteria indicated.

2.1.2 Design Loads: As per structure requirements

2.2 STEEL REINFORCEMENT

2.2.1 Reinforcing Bars: BS 4449 Grade B500B, unless otherwise indicated.

2.2.2 Single Bar Reinforcing: ASTM A722/A722M, high strength, threaded.

(1) Mechanical Couplings: Screw-on type, capable of supporting the minimum

ultimate tensile strength of the coupled bars.

2.2.3 Centralizers: Devices to center steel reinforcement in excavation; spaced not less
than 6 m o.c. for vertical piles and 3 m o.c. for battered piles.

2.3 CONCRETE MATERIALS

2.3.1 Portland Cement: ASTM C150/C150M, Type I/II.

2.3.2 Fine Aggregate: ASTM C33/C33M with 100 percent passing a 2.36-mm sieve, free of
materials with deleterious reactivity to alkali in cement. Provide aggregate from
single source.

2.3.3 Water: ASTM C94/C94M and potable.

2.3.4 Chemical Admixtures: Provide admixtures certified by manufacturer to be

compatible with other admixtures. Do not use calcium chloride or admixtures
containing calcium chloride.

(1) Water-Reducing Admixture: ASTM C494/C494M, Type A.

(2) Water-Reducing and Retarding Admixture: ASTM C494/C494M, Type D.
(3) High-Range, Water-Reducing and Retarding Admixture: ASTM C494/C494M,
Type G.
(4) Plasticizing and Retarding Admixture: ASTM C1017/C1017M, Type II.

2.3.5 Fluidifier: ASTM C937, with expansion of less than 4 percent.

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2.4 RELATED MATERIALS

2.4.1 Pile-Top Forms: Metal, glass-fiber-reinforced plastic, paper, or fiber tubes. Provide
units with enough wall thickness to resist plastic concrete loads without detrimental
deformation. Diameter same as pile diameter.

2.5 CONCRETE MIXTURES

2.5.1 Prepare design mixtures for each type and strength of concrete, proportioned on
the basis of laboratory trial mixture or field test data, or both, according to
ACI 301M.

2.5.2 Cementitious Materials: Limit percentage, by weight, of cementitious materials

other than Portland cement according to ACI 301M limits as if concrete were
exposed to deicing chemicals.

2.5.3 Proportion normal-weight concrete mixture as follows:

(1) Compressive Strength (28 Days): As directed by structural Engineer.

(2) Maximum Water-Cementitious Materials Ratio: 0.40 unless otherwise
indicated.
(3) Minimum Slump: Capable of maintaining the following slump until
completion of placement:

a. 100 mm for dry, uncased, or permanent-cased drilling method.

b. 150 mm for temporary-casing drilling method.
c. 175 mm for slurry displacement method.

(4) Air Content: Do not air entrain concrete.

2.6 FABRICATING REINFORCEMENT

2.6.1 Fabricate steel reinforcement according to CRSI's "Manual of Standard Practice."

2.7 CONCRETE MIXING

2.7.1 Ready-Mixed Concrete: Measure, batch, mix, and deliver concrete according to
ASTM C94/C94M, and furnish batch ticket information.

(1) When air temperature is between 30 and 32 deg C, reduce mixing and
delivery time from 1-1/2 hours to 75 minutes; when air temperature is
above 32 deg C, reduce mixing and delivery time to 60 minutes.

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3 - EXECUTION

3.1 PREPARATION

3.1.1 Protect structures, utilities, sidewalks, pavements, and other facilities from damage
caused by settlement, lateral movement, and other hazards created by drilling
operations.

3.1.2 Rough grade ground elevation at pile locations to a minimum of 305 mm above
required cutoff elevation.

3.2 DRILLING AND PUMPING EQUIPMENT

3.2.1 Equipment shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer.

3.2.2 Automated Monitoring Equipment: Capable of measuring drilling depth, penetration

rate, and concrete volume pumped per unit depth increment and of printing results.

3.3 PERMANENT CASING

3.3.1 Permanent casing shall be required for those piles where instability may occur due
to inadequate lateral support from the ground or the effect of ground water.
Permanent casing will be free of distortions or any encrustations which might
prevent the proper formation of the piles immediately prior to being lowered down
the borehole.

3.4 DRILLING FLUID (WHERE DRILLING FLUID IS APPROVED FOR THE STABILITY OF A BORING)

3.4.1 Supply Bentonite or other drilling fluids, as supplied to the Site and prior to mixing,
shall be in accordance with specification DECP 4 of the Oil Companies Materials
Association.

3.4.2 A certificate shall be obtained by the Contractor from the manufacturer of the
Bentonite powder or other drilling fluids, showing the properties of each
consignment delivered to the Site. This certificate shall be made available to the
Engineer on request. The properties to be given by the manufacturer are the
apparent viscosity range (in centipoises) and the gel strength range (in N/m2) for
solids in water.

3.4.3 Mixing Bentonite or other drilling fluids shall be mixed thoroughly with clean fresh
water to make a suspension which will maintain the stability of the pile excavation
for the period necessary to place concrete and complete construction. The
temperature of the water used in mixing the Bentonite or other drilling fluids
suspension, and of the suspension when supplied to the borehole, shall be not lower
than 5°C.

3.4.4 Where saline or chemically contaminated groundwater occurs, special precautions

shall be taken to modify the Bentonite or other drilling fluids suspension or pre

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 hydrate the Bentonite or other drilling fluids in fresh water so as to render it suitable
in all respects for the construction of piles.

3.4.5 The frequency of testing drilling fluid and the method and procedure of sampling
shall be proposed by the Contractor prior to the commencement of the work. The
frequency may subsequently be varied as required, depending on the consistency of
the results obtained.

3.4.6 Tests on sample collected prior to concreting.

TABLE 2.1 -TESTS FOR BENTONITE OR OTHER DRILLING FLUIDS

Compliance values
Property to be measured Test Method/Apparatus
3.4.7 measured at 20 Deg.Cent
Density Less than 1.10g/ml Mud Density Balance
Fluid Loss Less than 40ml 30 minutes test
30-90 seconds or less than Marsh Cone method Fann
Viscosity
20cP Viscometer
Shear Strength (10
1.4 - 10N/m2 or 4 - 40N/m2 Shearometer Fan Viscometer
minutes gel strength)
Sand Content Less than 5% Screen
pH indicator paper Strips or
pH 9.5 – 12
electrical pH meter
When Bentonite or other drilling fluids drilling fluid is used, the Contractor shall bund the immediate
area of the pile and shall take all necessary steps to prevent the spread of Bentonite or other
drilling fluids to the surrounding area.

3.4.8 The Contractor shall safely, environmentally and legally dispose off site of all
Bentonite or other drilling fluids after use.

3.5 BORING

3.5.1 Boring Near Recently Cast Piles.

(1) The Contractor’s proposed piling sequence will be so configured as to

ensure that piles shall not be bored as close to piles which have recently
been cast and which contain workable or unset concrete that a flow of
concrete could be induced from or damage caused to any of the piles.

3.5.2 Temporary Casings.

(1) Temporary casings of approved quality, or an approved alternative method,

shall be used to maintain the stability of pile excavations, which might
otherwise collapse.

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 (2) Temporary casings shall be free from significant distortion. They shall be of
uniform cross-section throughout each continuous length. During concreting
they shall be free from internal projections and encrusted concrete, which
might prevent the proper formation of piles.

3.5.3 Stability of Pile Excavations using Drilling Fluid.

(1) Where the use of drilling fluid is approved for maintaining the stability of a
boring, the level of the fluid in the excavation shall be maintained so that
the fluid pressure always exceeds the pressures exerted by the soils and
external groundwater, and an adequate temporary casing shall be used in
conjunction with the method to ensure stability of the strata near ground
level until concrete has been placed. The fluid level shall be maintained at a
level not less than 1m above the level of the external groundwater.

(2) In the event of a rapid loss of bentonite or other drilling fluids from the pile
excavation, the excavation shall be backfilled without delay and the
instructions of the Engineer shall be obtained before excavation at that
location is resumed.

3.5.4 Spillage and disposal.

(1) All reasonable steps shall be taken to prevent the spillage of bentonite or
other drilling fluids on the Site in areas outside the immediate vicinity of
boring. Discarded bentonite or other drilling fluids shall be removed from
the Site without delay. Any disposal of bentonite or other drilling fluids shall
comply with the regulations of the local controlling authority.

3.5.5 Pumping from Boreholes.

(1) Pumping from a borehole shall not be permitted unless a casing has been
placed into a stable stratum, which prevents the flow of water from other
strata in significant quantities into the boring, or unless it can be shown that
pumping will not have a detrimental effect on the surrounding soil or
property.

3.5.6 Continuity of Construction.

(1) A pile constructed in a stable cohesive soil without the use of temporary
casing or other form of support shall be bored and concreted without
prolonged delay and in any case soon enough to ensure that the soil
characteristics are not significantly impaired.

3.5.7 Enlarged Pile Bases.

(1) An enlarged base mechanically formed shall be not smaller than the
dimensions specified and shall be concentric with the pile shaft to within a
tolerance of 10% of the shaft diameter. The sloping surface of the frustum
forming the enlargement shall make an angle to the horizontal of not less
than 55°.

3.5.8 Protection.

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 (1) Excavation shall not be exposed to the atmosphere longer than is necessary
and shall be covered at all times when work is not in progress. The
Contractor shall take all precautions necessary to keep the excavation safe
and prevent the ingress of surface water or foreign matter.

3.5.9 Cleanliness of Pile Bases.

(1) On completion of boring, loose, disturbed or remolded soil and rock

fragments shall be removed from the base of the pile. If Bentonite or other
drilling fluids is used as the drilling fluid, the contractor shall submit
proposals to the engineer for minimizing the effects of the potential
Bentonite or other drilling fluids “cake” on the concrete/ soil interface, for
example, by scoring the face of the pile while withdrawing the auger.

3.5.10 Inspection.

(1) Each pile boring shall be inspected prior to the placing of concrete in it. This
inspection shall be carried out from the ground surface in the case of dry
bores of diameter of less than 750mm. Where the diameter of dry boring is
750mm or greater, equipment shall be provided to enable the Contractor
and the Engineer to descend into the boring for the purpose of inspection.
Any method of descent and the equipment used shall comply with the
requirements of Clause 1.11. The pile base will be onto fresh and
undisturbed ground, free from debris or fragments, at a level that will be at
the minimum socket depth, as stipulated in Clause (m) in Table D10/1, and
correlated, using the cuttings from excavating the pile, with the information
contained within the Ground Investigation Report.

3.5.11 Weathering.

(1) Unless concreting of the completed excavation is started within one hour of
the excavation, the base of the pile is to be cleaned out with a cleaning
bucket.

3.5.12 Inadequate Socket Base.

(1) If, at the minimum required socket depth in a pile boring, the base of the
socket does not satisfy the requirements of Clause 3.4, the pile boring will
be extended until the requirements are attained. The Contractor’s
workmanship in obtaining an adequate socket is critical in this respect and, if
deemed by the Engineer to be contributing to the condition of the socket,
the extension of the boring will be the full expense of the Contractor.

3.5.13 Inability to Form the Minimum Socket Depth.

(1) If strong strata are encountered to such an extent that the boring cannot
attain the minimum socket depth, the socket may be formed by pre-drilling
with a smaller auger and then forming the full diameter using the correct
auger.

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3.6 EXCAVATION

3.6.1 Prevent surface water from entering excavated shafts. Conduct water to site
drainage facilities.

3.6.2 Excavate piles to elevations indicated. Establish and maintain axial alignment of
leads and shaft before and during driving.

3.6.3 Drilling Tolerances:

(1) Location: Pile centers maximum 75 mm from locations indicated.

(2) Plumb: Within 2 percent from vertical.
(3) Batter Angle: Within 4 percent from required angle.

3.7 INSTALLATION

3.7.1 Maintain positive (clockwise) rotation during withdrawal. Promptly remove

excavated spoils to prevent accumulation.

3.8 PLACING CONCRETE

3.8.1 Except where otherwise specified in writing the workmanship for concreting
shall be in accordance with section 0033000: Cast-In-Place Concrete.

3.8.2 General.

(1) The method of placing and the workability of the concrete shall be such that
a continuous monolithic concrete shaft of the cross-section is formed.

(2) The concrete shall be placed without such interruption as would allow the
previously placed batch to have hardened. The method of placing shall be
approved by the Engineer.

(3) The Contractor shall take all precautions in the design of the mix and placing
of the concrete to avoid arching of the concrete in a casing. No spoil, liquid
or other foreign matter shall be allowed to contaminate the concrete.

3.8.3 Workability of Concrete.

(1) Slump measured at the time of discharge into the pile boring shall be not
less than 75mm and not more than 200mm including all the permissible
tolerances by the code.

3.8.4 Compaction.

(1) Internal vibrators shall not be used to compact concrete unless the
Contractor is satisfied that they will not cause segregation or arching of the
concrete and unless the method of use has been approved.

3.8.5 Placing Concrete in Dry Borings.

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 (1) Approved measures shall be taken to avoid segregation and bleeding and to
ensure that the concrete at the bottom of the pile is not deficient in grout.

3.8.6 Placing Concrete under Water or Drilling Fluid. Concrete to be placed under water or
drilling fluid shall be placed by tremie unless otherwise approved; and shall not be
discharged freely into water or drilling fluid.

3.8.7 In general, concrete shall be in accordance with the section 0033000: Cast-In-Place
Concrete except where modified as below. The grade of concrete and the type of
cement to be used shall be as shown on the drawings issued by the Engineer.

3.8.8 Except where otherwise specified or authorized in writing concrete shall be tested in
accordance with the requirements of section 0033000: Cast-In-Place Concrete
except for frequency of testing which shall be as specified below. The Contractor
shall provide the necessary facilities for making concrete test cubes and carrying out
slump tests on site for the duration of the contract.

3.8.9 Test cubes, of sides 150mm, shall be made at a frequency of two sets per day or one
set per 20 m3 or the concrete volume required to fill one bored pile whichever is the
greater frequency. Each set shall consist of 6 cubes. Two of these cubes shall be
retained and protected in an undamaged condition until the Engineer approves their
disposal. Slump tests shall be taken at a frequency required by the Engineer, but
shall be not less than one test for every pile. Each set of test cubes taken shall be
supplemented by a slump test on the same batch of concrete.

3.8.10 Certificates and test cube results for the materials and the concrete shall be supplied
to the Engineer as required in section 0033000: Cast-In-Place Concrete.

3.8.11 For the Reinforcement, section 032000: Concrete Reinforcing shall be applied

3.9 EXTRACTION OF CASING

3.9.1 The Contractor is fully responsible for ensuring that no "necking" or narrowing of the
pile shaft occurs during concreting and extraction of the casing. The level of the
concrete in the shaft is to be taken after the placing of each batch as a check that
"necking" has not occurred.

3.9.2 Workability of Concrete.

3.9.3 Temporary casings shall be extracted without undue force while the concrete within
them remains sufficiently workable to ensure that the concrete is not lifted.

3.9.4 Concrete Level.

(1) When the casing is being extracted, a sufficient quantity of concrete shall be
maintained within it to ensure that pressure from external water, drilling
fluid or soil is exceeded and that the pile is neither reduced nor
contaminated.

(2) No concrete shall be placed in the boring once the bottom of the casing has
been lifted above the top of the concrete; it shall be placed continuously as
the casing is extracted until the desired head of concrete is obtained.
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 (3) Adequate precautions shall be taken in all cases where excess heads of
water or drilling fluid could be caused as the casing is withdrawn because of
the displacement of water or fluid by the concrete as it flows into its final
position against the walls of the shaft. Where two or more discontinuous
lengths of casing (double casing) are used in the construction, the proposed
method of working shall be approved.

3.9.5 Vibrating Extractors

(1) The use of vibrating piling extractors will be permitted.

3.9.6 Water Levels.

(1) In the event of the groundwater level being higher than the required pile
head casting level shown on the Drawings, the Contractor shall submit his
proposals for approval prior to placing concrete. The pile head shall not be
left below the ground level unless approved precautions are taken.

3.10 TEMPORARY BACKFILLING ABOVE PILE CASTING LEVEL

3.10.1 After each pile has been cast, any empty bore remaining shall be protected and shall
be carefully backfilled as soon as possible with approved materials.

3.11 REINFORCEMENT

3.11.1 All piles shall be reinforced as referred in the piling drawings.

3.11.2 Reinforcement shall be maintained in its correct position during concreting of the
pile. When it is made up into cages, it shall be sufficiently rigid to enable the cages to
be handled without damage.

3.11.3 Reinforcement shall be placed immediately prior to concreting.

3.12 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

3.12.1 Special Inspections: Engage a qualified special inspector to perform the following
special inspections:

(1) Pile excavation, placement, and testing.

(2) Steel reinforcement welding.

3.12.2 Testing Agency: Engage a qualified testing agency to perform tests and inspections.

3.12.3 Low-Strain Integrity Testing: Performed and reported according to ASTM D5882 on
five single 3 percent of piles and reported for each pile.

3.12.4 Pile Inspection Reports: Prepare inspection reports for each cast concrete pile as
follows:

(1) Pile location.

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 (2) Pile diameter.
(3) Actual top and bottom elevations.
(4) Final top centerline location and deviations from requirements.
(5) Variation from plumb.
(6) Date and time of starting and completing.
(7) Position and condition of reinforcing steel and splices or mechanical
couplings.
(8) Automatic monitoring equipment record including concrete volume actually
pumped.
(9) Concrete testing results.
(10) Remarks, unusual conditions encountered, and deviations from
requirements.

3.12.5 Certified Piles Survey: Prepared by a qualified land surveyor or professional engineer
showing final location of piles in relation to the property survey and existing
benchmarks.

(1) Notify Engineer when deviations from locations exceed allowable

tolerances.

3.12.6 Test loads shall be applied to the pile head by jacking against kentledge reaction
piles or anchorages. The Contractor shall state with his tender which method he
proposes to use. Where kentledge is used the Contractor shall satisfy the Engineer
as to the accuracy of the weight which shall be at least 15% more than the maximum
load to be applied in the case of vertical piles or be such that the component of the
kentledge measured along the axial load to be applied. Where reaction piles or
anchorages shall not be less than 3 times the diameter of the test of tension pile or
2000mm whichever is the greatest.

3.12.7 Before commencing any tests, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer, for
his approval, full details of his proposals including the datum beam arrangements
and the location of reaction piles or kentledge supports.

3.12.8 Notwithstanding the Engineer's approval, the Contractor shall be responsible for the
ability of the test set-up to apply safely the required load and to measure this load
and the resulting settlements to accuracy's of + 2% and + 0.05mm respectively. The
Contractor's arrangements shall include details for protecting all gauges and other
testing equipment from weather or other conditions likely to affect their
performance.

3.12.9 The load shall be measured by means of a proving ring or other approved
system and also by a pressure gauge included in the hydraulic system. The
Contractor shall satisfy the Engineer that the measuring devices are calibrated to an
accuracy of + 2%.

3.12.10 The settlement shall be measured by at least three extensometer dial gauges
mounted on an independent rigid datum frame, which shall be supported at
points at least five diameters from either the test pile or the kentledge perimeter
where kentledge is used. The accuracy of the gauges shall be checked against a
master gauge, which shall be supplied by the Contractor for use by the Engineer. The
master gauge should be certified by an approved laboratory to be accurate to +
0.5%.
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 3.12.11 During the course of a test level observations shall be taken on the test pile, the
datum frame and kentledge stack, reaction piles or anchorages.

3.12.12 The pile test shall be continuous day and night and the Contractor shall provide
technically qualified supervision throughout its duration and shall ensure that the
jacks maintain the correct pressure.

3.12.13 Within 24 hours of the completion of each pile test the Contractor shall submit to
the Engineer copies of the following graphs for the complete test including recovery
and allowing for any movement of the datum beam:

(1) Load - Settlement

(2) Load - Time
(3) Settlement - Time

3.12.14 When the results of tests on piles are not, in the opinion of Engineer, satisfactory,
further tests are to be carried out as directed by the Engineer.

3.12.15 If satisfactory results cannot be obtained from these further tests the Contractor
shall agree with the Engineer to the modifications which shall be made to the pile
design or to the additional piles which may be required to carry the specified loads.

3.12.16 When a component of loading due to negative skin friction has been indicated by
the Engineer, the Contractor shall give full consideration of this in relation to test
loading. In evaluating the necessary reactions to the test pile, it shall be considered
that at the time of test positive friction occurs and this positive friction shall be equal
in magnitude to the negative skin friction. Thus, the test load applied at any multiple
of the structural working load, at or in excess of the structural working load, shall be
further increased by a loading equivalent to twice the negative skin friction in order
to negate the positive friction and simulate the long-term negative skin friction. For
loading less than the structural working load, the additional load applied for
negative skin friction effects shall be in proportion to the friction of the structural
working load under consideration.

3.12.17 Preliminary Test Piles.

(1) The Contractor shall allow for the installation of one preliminary test pile at
a position to be agreed with the Engineer.

(2) These shall be constructed under close supervision. The Contractor shall give
the Engineer at least 48 hours’ notice of the commencement of construction
of any preliminary pile, which is to be test loaded in the manner described in
Clause 4.6 and Table D10/2.

(3) Each preliminary test pile properly instrumented shall be constructed in a

manner similar to that to be used for construction of working piles, and by
the use of the same type of equipment and materials. Any variations will
only be permitted with prior approval. Preliminary piles will be tested to
twice the working load.

(4) For each preliminary pile, which is to be tested, a detailed record of the soils
encountered during boring or of the progress during driving, shall be made
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 and submitted to the Engineer daily not later than noon on the next working
day. The pile shaft shall be terminated at the normal cut-off level or at a
level required by the Engineer.

3.12.18 Working Test Piles.

(1) Such tests will be required on a statistical number of working piles selected
by the Engineer as a test of the uniformity of the ground conditions and of
the workmanship and materials used.

(2) Two load cycles shall be applied, the first to the working load and the second
to the proof of load of 1.5 times this figure. The procedure to be followed
shall be as specified. Negative skin friction allowance shall apply.

(3) Where working piles have deep cut-off levels, the Engineer may require
measures to be taken to eliminate shaft friction between the cut-off level
and the ground level alternatively friction over this length shall be allowed
for in the evaluation of the test results.

(4) The Contractor shall allow for carrying out working pile tests in the manner
described in Clause 4.6 and Table D10/2 on piles, which will be selected by
Engineer. Working piles shall be tested to one and a half times the working
load.

(5) On a working pile, the Contractor shall cut down or otherwise prepare the
pile selected by the Engineer.

(6) Working piles shall not be used as reaction piles.

3.12.19 Test Method for Preliminary and Working Test Piles

(1) Piles shall be tested by the maintained load test method following the
procedure specified in clause 4.6. The method of measurement of load test
movement shall be agreed with the Engineer.

3.12.20 Testing equipment shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer.

3.12.21 Prepare test and inspection reports.

3.12.22 Acceptable Settlement

Settlement Pile dia. above 900 mm Pile dia. Less than 900
mm
Max. Gross settlement at 12 mm 10 mm
1.5x working load.
Max. Residual settlement 6 mm 5 mm
after rebound from 1.5x
working load.

Note. No tolerance is allowed on the above values.

3.12.23 TEST-CUBES.
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 (1) Three test cubes shall be made from the concrete used in the preliminary
test pile or from the concrete used for building up a working pile.

(2) The pile test shall not be started until the strength of the cubes taken from
the pile exceeds twice the average direct stress in any pile section under the
maximum required test load. The Contractor shall give the Engineer at least
48 hours’ notice of the commencement of the test.

(3) For concrete testing in general refer concrete specification 033000.

3.12.24 LOAD TEST PROCEDURE

(1) Loading/Unloading.

a. The loading and unloading shall be carried out in stages as shown in

table D10/2.Load cells must be used to measure the loads in
addition to the pressure gauges.

b. Following each application of an increment of load the load shall be

held for not less than the period shown in Table D10/2 or until the
rate of settlement is less than 0.25mm/h and slowing down.

c. The rate of settlement shall be calculated from the slope of the

curve obtained by plotting values of settlement versus time and
drawing a smooth curve through the points.

d. Each stage of unloading shall only proceed after the expiry of the
period shown in Table D10/2.

(2) For any period when the load is constant, time and settlement shall be
recorded immediately on reaching the load and at approximately 15-minute
intervals for 1 hour and at 30-minute intervals between 1 hour and 48
hours.

(3) Preliminary test piles are to be instrumented with strain gauges as given in
Table D10/3, displacement transducers at the pile head and remote survey
techniques. The spacing of the strain gauges along the depth of the piles
shall not be more than 8m. Dial gauges shall not be used on these piles
without the prior approval of the Engineer.

(4) Specialized contractor has to be appointed by the contractor for the

installation and monitoring of the instrumentation. Third party inspection
agency has to monitor the whole testing operation and issue the report.

(5) Test Results.

a. Results shall be submitted as: A summary in writing to the Engineer,

unless otherwise directed within 24 hours of the completion of the
test, which shall give in tabular and graphical form, for each stage of
loading, the period for which the load was held, the load and the
maximum settlement or uplift recorded.

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 b. The completed schedule of recorded data as in clause (c) within
seven days of the completion of the test.

c. Schedule of Recorded Data. The Contractor shall provide

information about the tested pile in accordance with the following
schedule.

(a) General
(b) Site Location
(c) Contract Identification
(d) Proposed Structure
(e) Piling Contractor
(f) Engineer
(g) Client
(h) Date of Test
(i) Pile Details
(j) Installation Details
(k) Test Procedure

Test Results

TABLE D10/2 -1 (Compression & Tension tests)

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 WORKING TEST PILE

Load, % of working Minimum Time of

load holding load

25 1h
50 1h
75 1h
100 6h
75 10 min
50 10 min
25 10 min
0 1h
100 1h
125 1h
150 6h
125 10 min
100 10 min
75 10 min
50 10 min
25 10 min
0 1h

TABLE D10 /3 INSTRUMENTATION (minimum) FOR EACH PRELIMINARY TEST PILE

Type of Location No. of gauges Deployment of

instrumentation gauges
Displacement Pile head 4 60 degree apart
Transducers
Strain gauge Pile head 2 180 degree apart
array-1
Strain gauge One-third 3 120 degree apart
array-2 depth
Strain gauge Two-thirds 3 120 degree apart
array-3 depth
Strain gauge 300 mm above 3 120 degree apart
array-4 pile base

TABLE D10/2 -2 (Compression & Tension tests)

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 PRELIMINARY PILE
% Working Load Minimum time of
holding load
25 10 min
50 10 min
75 10 min
100 6h
50 10 min
0 1h
50 10 min
100 10 min
125 10 min
150 6h
100 10 min
50 10 min
0 1h
150 10 min
175 10 min
200 2h
150 10 min
100 10 min
50 10 min
0 1h
200 10 min
225 10 min
250 2h
200 10 min
150 10 min
100 10 min
50 10 min
0 1h

3.12.25 COMPLETION OF A TEST

(1) Measuring Equipment.

(2) On completion of a test all equipment and measuring devices shall be

dismantled, checked and either stored so that they are available for use in
further tests or removed from the Site as specified.

(3) Temporary Pile Caps, Piles, Ground Anchors

(4) On completion of the test, allow for the removal and move off site of
temporary pile caps and the cutting down below ground level of temporary
piles or ground anchors as required by the Engineer.

3.12.26 NON-DESTRUCTIVE INTEGRITY TESTING

3.12.27 TEST METHODS.

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 (1) Seismic, Acoustic and/or Dynamic Response Tests.

(2) WORKING PILES

(3) The Contractor shall allow for carrying out integrity tests on all the working
piles. On a working pile, the Contractor shall prepare the pile for testing,
including the insertion and subsequent infilling of tubes and the preparation
of the head of the pile.

(4) Only experienced and competent supervisors conversant with the test
method and the test equipment shall carry out tests.

(5) The applied test method will be appropriate to the pile type, to the pile
length/diameter ratio, to the load bearing nature of the pile and to the
ground conditions.

(6) The Contractor shall make such provision as may be necessary to safeguard
against any hazards that are involved in the testing or preparations for
testing.

(7) REPORTING

a. The Contractor shall prepare three copies of a written report

containing the following:

b. All measured test results with graphical output as appropriate.

c. Measurements of dynamic stiffness with derivation of the minimum

and maximum limiting stiffness values, as appropriate.

d. Detection of abrupt changes in pile cross section and in concrete

strength.

e. Text providing an interpretation of the results, clearly differentiating

between facts which can be derived directly from the test results
and indirect postulations.

(8) Recommendation based on the interpretation of the results.

(9) Report issuing

a. The full written report shall be issued within seven days of the
completion of the test. A summary in writing shall be given within 24
hours of the test completion to the Engineer.

3.12.28 Tests to be carried out:

(1) The following tests to be carried out:

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 Test Percentage Pile Diameter
Static Load Test 1% of each Diameter
Integrity test 100% All the piles
Dynamic load test 5% Total number of
piles

3.13 DISPOSAL OF SURPLUS AND WASTE MATERIALS

3.13.1 Disposal: Remove surplus satisfactory soil and waste material, including
unsatisfactory soil, trash, and debris, and legally dispose of it off Employer's
property.

END OF SECTION 316300

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