Indirect (Reported) Speech / Sequence

shall should
will would
speak / speaks spoke
am / is / are speaking was / were speaking

Analyse the examples and translate them.

a) He says (that) he knows this person.

He said he knew that person.

Він каже, що знає цю людину.

Він сказав, що знає цю людину.

b) He thinks that the situation is changing and it is necessary to do something.

He thought that the situation was changing and it was necessary to do something.

Він думає, що ситуація змінюється і необхідно щось робити.

Він думав, що ситуація змінюється і необхідно щось робити.

c)She hopes that she will help us when she has free time.
She hoped that she would help us when she had free time.

Вона сподівається, що допоможе нам, коли буде мати час.

Вона сподівалася, що допоможе нам, коли буде мати час.

Exercise 11. Put the verbs into the appropriate form the Past Simple, the Past
Continuous or the Future-Simple-in-the-Past.

1. We knew if we (want) to reach an agreement, we (have) to lay all our cards on

the table.
2. The MP announced that he (suspend) his participation in the committee until
they (settle) all the differences.
3. The speaker felt the audience (listen) to him attentively, so he (try) to choose
right words.
4. We understood they (act) in a way that directly (contradict) their beliefs.
5. Everybody knew that at that time Lucy (own) three flats in the city.
6. The chief executive said that the company (look) at a bleak future.
7. His friends thought he (be) crazy when he (tell) them he (plan) to spend his
entire vacation exploring a cave.
8. All agreed that if we all (make) a contribution, we (be) able to get him something
really nice.
9. We asked Brian to cool down because we (see) he (get) angrier and angrier.
10. The scouts thought it only (take) a few minutes to put up the tent but they (turn)
out to be wrong.
11. The bank manager told us they (struggle) to keep up their loan repayments.
12. I thought we (have) an agreement that you (keep) me informed about any
changes in the programme.
13. We supposed Linda (not have) enough time to do everything but she (try) to
hide this.
14. Everybody noticed that Francesco (look) nice, so we were sure he (get) better.
15. They were very lucky they (not get) themselves killed because they (come) within
a hair's breadth of falling down the mountain.

Passive Voice

Active Passive

Simple Past Tom cleaned the house The house was cleaned
yesterday. yesterday (by Tom).

Past Sally was texting a A message was being texted

Continuous message. (by Sally).

Exercise 13.

a) Change the sentences from the active to the passive.

1. Thomas Edison invented a bulb.
2.The government brought about some reforms.
3. Elisabeth won the cup last year.
4.The kitten hid his toys under the bed.
5. They didn't look into the matter carefully.
6. They taught Chinese and Japanese here.
7. Did William send the e-mail?
8. They put forward several arguments at the session.
9. Did they download a new album.
10. The committee didn’t accept the report.

b) Translate the sentences into English.

1. Словник опублікували минулого місяця.
2. Ти дійсно знаєш, що ці слова були сказані?
3. Гроші тоді знайшли між паперами.
4. Повідомлення були надіслані вчасно?
5. Пропозицію тоді не прийняли.
6. Де відбувалася зустріч?
7. Про Моріса подумали, і це йому лестило.
8. Ким винайдений пеніцилін?
9. Про цю книжку часто питали, але її не було у продажу.
10. Рішення схвалили одностайно і усі залишилися задоволені.

Exercise 14.

a) Change the sentences from the active to the passive.

1. We were solving the problem at that time.
2. The whole group were discussing the matter.
3.They were playing down the incident.
4.Was Samuel sorting out the mess?
5. Where were they building a new dormitory?
6.My father wasn’t ticking me off at that time.
7. Abigail was nervously tearing up the letters.
8.Was she delivering the speech at that time?
9. When I was looking for the missing abstracts I found my last year notes.

b) Translate the sentences into English.

1. Коли візу поновлювали, ми чекали у коридорі.
2. Поки результати дослідження роздруковували, усіх покликали на обід.
3. Ми проходили біля твого будинку, коли вам міняли двері.
4. Звірів годували і нас попросили не підходити.
5. Коли нас запросили на реєстрацію, оголошували про посадку вашого літака.
6. Документ реєстрували і нам довелося зачекати.
7. Ми хотіли піти у цей собор, але він був закритий. – Так, у той час, коли ви
були там, його якраз реставрували.
8. Поки подарунок пакували, Луїджі вирішив оглянути сувеніри.
9. Дитині співали колискову, коли вона заснула.
10. Ми знали, що у цей час гроші вже переказують, і тому не хвилювалися.

Exercise 16. Put the verb into the appropriate form.

1. The salesman (attend) the customer when the thief (break) into the store.
2. The customer (attend) by the salesman when the thief (break) into the store.
3. They (raise) a huge exhibition hall in the city center when I first (come) there.
4. A huge exhibition hall (raise) in the city centre when I first (come) there.
5. The computer works again. It (fix) while you were on holiday.
6. The computer works again. They (fix) it while you were on holiday.
7. They (oust) the president several years ago.
8. The president (oust) several years ago.
9. The mechanic (repair) his car while Andrew (drink) coffee in the nearest café.
10. Andrew’s car (repair) while he (drink) coffee in the nearest café.
11. Andrew’s car (repair) while coffee (drink) by him.
12. His case (deal) with when we (arrive).
13. They (deal) with the case when we (arrive).
14. The figures from the survey (compile) when the monitor (inquire) about the
results.
15. The group (compile) the figures from the survey when the monitor (inquire)
about the results.

IV. Would – Used to– Be / Get Used to

USED TO DO WOULD DO

1. Регулярно повторювані дії, 1. Звички, регулярно

стани, звички
repeated actions or states in the past
She used to tell me stories.
повторювані дії, звичні події,
повсякденна рутинна діяльність
(не стан)
repeated actions, habits in the past
(not states)
(many many times)
She would tell me stories.

She didn’t use to tell me stories.

He used to live in Kyiv. He would live in Kyiv. (стан)

He used to have a beard. He would have a beard. (стан)

Протиставлення стосовно теперішнього

часу

My elder sister used to play football My elder sister would always make
me breakfasts when we were at sea.
when she was a child.
 As children, they used to spend a lot of time together. They would go for long
bike rides along the coast until they reached the cave.

Exercise 19. Find and correct the mistakes where they are.

used to – repeated actions or states in the past;

would – repeated actions, habits in the past (not for a state);
past simple – a single action in the past.

1. When Sally lived near the sea she would practise yoga at the beach.
2. Yesterday I used to file the appeal.
3. My mother would live in India when she was a toddler.
4. After finishing medical school, John trained as a cardiologist.
5. My friends and I would go out to a beach party every weekend in the summer.
6. My grandfather says winters would be colder when he was young.
7. A neutral party used to be called in to mediate between the manager and his
staff.
8. When my next door neighbour was a teenager, he used to have long hair!
9. I would cause some inconveniences when I lived there.
10. There used to be a coffee shop on that corner when I was young,
11. I lived in Birmingham when I was a young man.
12. When I was a child, I used to climb the highest trees in the vicinity.
13. My mother used to be a big fan of The Beatles but my father didn't use to like
them.
14. A strange rattling noise forced the driver to pull over onto the hard shoulder.
15. Last year the company used to pay a sustainable living wage to all of its
employees but this year it’s experiencing some major problems.

Exercise 20. Use the verbs from the box in the correct form. Where it's
possible, use would. If would is not possible, use used to. Otherwise use the
Past Simple.

be go have laugh live

make prefer prepare put visit

We (1) ___ in Boston before we moved to New York. As we lived quite near
my aunt, we (2) ___ her occasionally, and every time she (3) ___ something really
good for us to eat. She (4) ___ a real flair for cooking in those days, before her
illness. Once she (5) ___ us a huge pot of clam chowder. It (6) ___ the first time I'd
 ever had it, and I've been hooked on it ever since. From that time on, every Friday
we (7) ___ to the market to buy some clams and some Oyster crackers to go with
the soup. Crown Pilot crackers (8) ___our favourite, but unfortunately the company
that made them (9) ___ bust in 2008. In those days we (10) ___ clam chowder New
England style - we (11) ___ clams, onions and potatoes in it, and nothing much
else. Now we live in New York, we've got used to Manhattan clam chowder with
tomatoes, but when we lived in Boston we (12) ___ at the idea of putting tomatoes
in chowder.

Exercise 21. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct form. Where it's
possible, use would. If would is not acceptable, use used to. Otherwise use
the Past Simple.
1. When I (work) as an apprentice, I (attend) all possible seminars and workshops.
2. Visiting the Royals, Lily always (pretend) to know everything when she was
there.
3. One of the most famous areas in China is the Forbidden City in Beijing, where
the emperors (live).
4. They always (fight) over this matter when they were left alone.
5. I (issue) a reprimand for his coming late yesterday.
6. Margie adores horses because she (have) one as a child at her parents’ ranch.
7. James (have) a very important test last week.
8. My God father (spend) Easter with us every year until we moved.
9. We've grown out of the childish pranks we (play) on our teachers.
10. He (call) me names just to annoy me.
11. It is true that people (sleep) nine hours a night, whereas today they sleep seven
or even less.
12. He constantly (embarrass) himself by asking stupid questions in class.
13. Britain (have) high unemployment in the early 'eighties.
14. The scientists (track) storms during the hurricane season.
15. Thousands of years ago civilization (rely) on the barter system as a way of
exchanging goods.
 USED TO DO BE/GET USED TO DOING

минула повторювана дія, стан звичка

repeated actions or states in the past have a habit; get accustomed to

He used to live alone. He is used to travelling alone.

He didn’t use to live alone. He isn’t used to travelling alone.

He is getting used to travelling alone.

b) Match each sentence beginning with its correct ending.

1. I used to …
2. I'm used to …
3. I got used to …
4. I'll get used to …

a) eating rice every day; I come from Taiwan.

b) eat rice every day but now I eat pasta mostly.
c) eating rice every day when I go to live in China next year.
d) eating rice every day when I lived in Japan last year.

Exercise 23. Fill in the gaps with used to, be / get used to.

1. At first Maria was rather nervous about driving in London, but now she ___ (do) it.
2. My children ___ (eat) this dish, but I don't think I'll ever ___ (eat) it.
3. People so ___ (live) with the computer that it is hard to imagine our life without it.
But the times are not so far away, when people ___ (live) without it.
4. Mike is Hungarian. He (not) ___ (speak) English in the office.
5. Working till 10pm isn't a problem. I ___ (finish) late. I did it in my last job too.
6. When Max went to live in Italy, he ___ (live) there very quickly. He's a very open
minded person.
7. Lizzy´s a very sporty person. She ___ (run) for an hour every day.
8. When I first arrived in this neighbourhood, I (not) ___ (live) in a house. I had
always lived in apartment buildings.
9. Samantha ___ (work) hard. She grew up in a very poor family.
10. You may find it difficult to ___ (get) up so early.
11. See that building there? I ___ (go) to school there, but now it's a factory.
12. He ___ (travel) abroad every fortnight!
13. We decided to go to a Chinese restaurant but we ____ (eat) with chop sticks
and had to ask for a fork.
14. You ___ (drink) so much coffee when you lived there?
15. I ___(be paid) at the end of the week and I (not) ___ (receive) a monthly salary.
16. Anthony___(argue) a lot with my sister, but now they get along fine.
17. As a child, I ___ (believe) that the old woman who lived in the cottage in the
woods was a witch.
18. Bred starts his new job in America next month, but I don’t think he ever ___
(work) abroad, as he loves Britain so much.
19. The tribesmen are really tough. They ___ (live) in such unfavourable conditions
as scorching heat and extreme changes of temperature.
20. Bob ___ (work) as a newspaper delivery boy during school summer breaks
when he was a kid, now he has his own newspaper.

Exercise 24. Translate the following sentences using used to, would, be / get
used to.

1. Клод раніше не був таким впевненим у своїх словах і не поводився так

зухвало.
2. Два роки тому студенти мали чотири години факультативних занять, а цього
року лише дві.
3. Коли я лише починала писати, я думала, що ніколи не зможу досягти такого
рівня, щоб мені не було соромно за мої твори.
4. Коли я приїхала у Шотландію, мені спочатку було дуже важко, оскільки я не
звикла до їх акценту і мало що розуміла, коли зі мною розмовляли місцеві.
5. Вони ніяк не можуть звикнути до нового ритму роботи, адже так напружено
вони раніше ніколи не працювали.
6. Берлін на західну і східну частину колись розділяла висока стіна.
7. Люди вже звикли розраховуватися такими картками.
8. Коли ти був підлітком, то ходив на такі концерти?
9. Коли я жила в Японії мені довелося звикнути їсти сиру рибу та інші екзотичні
страви.
10. Ліна вже звикла до роботи у другу зміну.
11. У дев’ятнадцятому столітті робітники працювали по 10 годин і це
вважалося нормою, але вони не працювали у неділю.
12. Цей штат колись був найбільшим, доки два сусідні не об’єдналися.
13. Компанія колись часто впроваджувала нові технології, але зараз чомусь
пасе задніх.
14. Ви вірите у те, що люди колись жили тисячу років?
15. Я колись тут працювала, але звільнилася, оскільки не звикла, щоб до мене
ставилися як до порожнього місця.