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Abstract. The influence of an AC electromagnetic field on the interface potentials (zeta potential) of calcium carbonate
in an aqueous solution was investigated. By using a suspension of calcium carbonate microparticles in an electrolytic
solution, we investigated the changes in the zeta potential of the particles by treating them to a weak AC electromagnetic
field at different frequencies; the frequencies ranged from 1 to 10 kHz and the magnetic field intensity did not exceed
approximately 150 T. The method adopted for the measurement of the zeta potential is a simple technique that involves
observing migrating particles in a handmade electrophoretic cell under a microscope and calculating the potential from
their mobility. Consequently, we found that treatment at a specific frequency drastically changes the zeta potential of the
particles in addition to causing an inversion of polarity. From this result, we concluded that the drastic change observed
at the solid-liquid interface was due to the AC electromagnetic treatment at a specific frequency (several kilohertz or
more). Since the interaction of water, ions, and calcium carbonate with a magnetic field is considerably small, the
abovementioned drastic change could be due to an induced electric field accompanying the magnetic field variation.
This change is considered to be due to the specific adsorption of anions in the solution on the particle interface.
Keywords: zeta potential, calcium carbonate, water, electromagnetic treatment
PACS: 82.70.Dd
EXPERIMENT
By using a suspension of CaCO3 particles in an
electrolytic solution, we investigated the changes in FIGURE 1. Schematic illustration of the handmade
the zeta potential of the particles by AC electrophoretic cell
electromagnetic field treatment at a specific frequency.
An electrolyte was added to commercial ion-exchange
water (measurement: approximately 2 M cm).
Immediately before each measurement, the solution
was used to suspend CaCO3 powder, which was
thoroughly ground in a mortar. The pH of the
suspension was almost stable at 9.7 to 9.9 for 10-mM
KCl.
The AC electromagnetic field was generated by
using a “Function generator” (NF Co., Ltd.,
WF1944A) with a handmade coil (: 88 mm, l: 91 mm,
460 windings). The magnetic field intensity was
approximately 80 to 150 T at the center of the coil.
The experimental results in this paper are based on a
square-wave electromagnetic field of 1 to 10 kHz. If a
square-wave electromagnetic field is applied to the
abovementioned coil, a waveform disorder tends to FIGURE 2. Experimental procedure for observing
generate an electromagnetic field with an unknown electrophoresis (“FG” denotes “Function generator”)
frequency. Therefore, the voltage applied to the coil
was appropriately adjusted to minimize any
unintended electromagnetic fields caused by disorders We chose 10 arbitrary particles from the image
at each frequency, and the target electromagnetic field obtained by the CCD camera and calculated the
intensity was set to approximately 100 T. The mobility u from their average speeds. As the particles
electromagnetic field was applied for three minutes to have a radius large enough for the thickness of the
the specimen, which was maintained still at room electric double layer, similar to colloidal particles,
temperature (22 to 24°C). Smoluchowski's formula given below is known to be
The method adopted for the measurement of zeta applicable to particles of arbitrary forms.20
potential is a simple technique that involves observing
migrating particles in a handmade electrophoretic cell r 0
u= (1)
under a microscope and calculating the potential from
their mobility.19 The 40 (length) 20 (width) 1
(thickness) mm electrophoretic cell was fabricated by Here, 0, r, and denote the permittivity in
affixing three pieces of appropriately cut Pyrex object vacuum, relative permittivity, and viscosity of the
glass (Fig. 1) and a Pd wire (: 1 mm) was connected solution, respectively. By using this formula, the zeta
to each end. The specimen solution was gently poured potential of the particles can be obtained.
into this cell. The cell was then placed horizontally in
an optical microscope and a voltage of 10 V was
applied between the electrodes. Particle
electrophoresis was carried out and recorded by a
CCD camera through the optical microscope. (Fig. 2)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS be above a certain level for the effect to occur. When a
similar experiment was conducted with KF (instead of
Figure 3 shows the changes in the zeta potential at KCl) as the supporting electrolyte, the zeta potential
different treatment frequencies. It can be observed that did not change significantly. Compared with Cl– ions,
the treatment at 6 kHz or at a higher frequency F– ions are smaller in radius. Further, because of their
drastically changes the zeta potential of the particles strong hydration structure, F– ions are hardly
toward a negative value. The variation in the potential adsorbed.22 This also indicates that the changes in the
is 10 mV or more, including the reversal in the polarity. interface potential resulting from the alternating
This is a very interesting phenomenon and clearly electromagnetic field treatment can be attributed to the
depends on the varying frequency; it was reproduced adsorption of Cl– ions.
10 times in this study for each case. The pH of the 10-mM KCl solution was adjusted
by adding HCl or NaOH. Figure 5 shows the zeta
potential at each pH in the absence of magnetic field
treatment and after treatment at 7 kHz. Over almost
the entire pH range, the zeta potential shifts toward
negative values and the isoelectric point (IEP) moves.
This convincingly proves the specific adsorption on
the particle interface.23
IEP
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 115–126 (2003).
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This study was supported by the 21st Century COE 23. The chemical society of Japan edit, “Colloid Science 1”,
Program of Tohoku University (“International COE of Tokyo: Tokyokagakudohjin-sya, 1995, pp. 175.
Flow Dynamics”), Tohoku Steel Co. Ltd., and the
“ARECS” program of the Dept. of Materials Science