Components of the Cell

(Part II):
Subcellular Organelles

General Biology 1
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
The cell can be
compared to a
factory building. It
creates a barrier
that collects all its
machinery and
employees in their
proper places.

2
In a cell, the organelles
represent the machinery
and employees that work
in a factory building .
These organelles have
their own specific
functions that work for
different cellular
processes.
3
Why do membrane bound
organelles exist?

4
 The Origin of the Membrane Bounded Organelles

double membrane of
large eukaryotic cell
mitochondria &
engulfed prokaryote
chloroplasts

Endosymbiotic theory

mitochondria &
chloroplasts have their result of invagination
own genetic material
5
The Origin of the Membrane Bounded Organelles

Summary of Endosymbiotic theory

6
How do the organelles of the
cell differ in their own
functions?

7
 Subcellular Organelles

Genetic control of the cell

(nucleus and ribosomes)

Organelles of
Endomembrane system
the cell are (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
divided into bodies, lysosomes, peroxisomes,
and vacuoles)
three groups.

Energy houses
(mitochondria and chloroplast)
8
 The Genetic Control of the Cell

Nucleus Ribosome

Structure of the Nucleus

● This is a prominent,
usually oval structure in a
eukaryotic cell.

● It is located in almost the

center of the cell.
Cross-section view of a nucleus 9
 The Genetic Control of the Cell

Nucleus Ribosome

Parts of the Nucleus

● Nucleoplasm is the
semifluid matrix.

● Nuclear envelope
separates the nucleus
from the cytoplasm
Cross-section view of a nucleus10
 The Genetic Control of the Cell

Nucleus Ribosome

Parts of the Nucleus

● Nuclear pores permit

the passage of ribosomal
subunits and mRNA out of
the nucleus into the
cytoplasm.

Cross-section view of a nucleus11

 The Genetic Control of the Cell

Nucleus Ribosome

Function of the Ribosomes

● Ribosomes are the

organelles that use
instructions from the
nucleus, written in mRNA, to
build proteins.
The location of free ribosomes
and bound ribosomes.
12
 The Genetic Control of the Cell

Nucleus Ribosome

Free and Bound Ribosomes

● Free ribosomes are found

in the cytosol.

● Bound ribosomes are

attached to the outside of
the endoplasmic The location of free ribosomes
reticulum or nuclear and bound ribosomes.
envelope. 13
 The Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic
reticulum

Golgi bodies

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

Vacuoles
A photo showing the rough and smooth ER
14
 The Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic
reticulum
Two Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi bodies ● Rough ER have thousands of ribosomes

attached to the outer surface which give
Lysosomes this organelle a “rough” appearance. Their
main role is to produce proteins.
Peroxisomes
● Smooth ER does not have attached
Vacuoles
ribosomes. This organelle produces lipids.
15
 The Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic
reticulum
Function of the Golgi Bodies

● These serve
Golgi bodies
functions similar to
a warehouse and
Lysosomes
processing center,
processing
Peroxisomes
products of the ER.
Vacuoles Golgi apparatus or
Golgi bodies 16
 The Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic
reticulum
Function of the Lysosomes

Golgi bodies

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

Vacuoles Illustration of lysosomal activity.

17
 The Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic
reticulum
Function of the Peroxisomes
● These contain
Golgi bodies
enzymes and serve as
metabolic assistance
Lysosomes
to organelles and
specialize in
Peroxisomes
synthesizing &
breaking down lipids.
Vacuoles Role of peroxisomes
18
 The Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic
reticulum
Function of the Vacuoles
● These serve as a
Golgi bodies
storage of water,
organic
Lysosomes
nutrients, variety
of salts, sugar &
Peroxisomes
some weak
acids.
Vacuoles Lateral view of a vacuole
19
 The Energy Houses of the Cell

Mitochondrion

● This is known
as the
“powerhouse
of the cell”

Cross-section of a Mitochondrion 20
 The Energy Houses of the Cell

Chloroplast

● This is unique to
plant and algae
cells.

● This organelle
perform
photosynthesis.

Cross-section of a Chloroplast 21
Mitochondria vs Chloroplast

22
 Let’s Sum It Up!

● A eukaryotic cell houses DNA in a nucleus.

Nuclear pores allow the exchange of materials
through the nuclear envelope.

● The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes

lipids while the rough endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizes proteins.

23
 Let’s Sum It Up!

● Golgi bodies work together with the endoplasmic

reticulum to synthesize, store, transport, and
release molecules.

● Lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes are the

digestion centers of the cell.

24
 Let’s Sum It Up!

● The mitochondria house the cellular respiration of

the cell.

● Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts which

are only present in plant and algal cells.

25
Let’s Sum It Up!

Graphical representation of
the subcellular organelles

26
 Photo Credit Bibliography

Hoefnagels, Marielle. Biology: The Essentials. 2nd ed.

McGraw-Hill Education, 2016.

Mader, Sylvia S., and Michael Windelspecht. Biology. 11th ed.

McGraw-Hill Education, 2014.

Reece, Jane B, Martha R. Taylor, Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey,

● Slide 19: Golgi Apparatus by Kelvinsong is licensed under and Kelly Hogan. Biology Concepts and Connections.
CC-BY SA 3.0 via Wikipedia. 8th ed. Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd, 2016.

Simon, Eric J., and Jane B. Reece. Campbell Essential Biology.

5th ed. Pearson Education Inc., 2013.

Starr, Cecie, Christine A. Evers, and Lisa Starr. Biology Today

and Tomorrow. 4th ed. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd,
2014.

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