Lesson 1.

Components of the Cell II:

Subcellular Organelles

General Biology 1
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
The cell can be
compared to a
factory building. It
creates a barrier
that collects all its
machinery and
employees in their
proper places.
2
In a cell, the organelles
represent the machinery
and employees that work in
a factory building . These
organelles have their own
specific functions that work
for different cellular
processes.
3
How do organelles help in
ensuring that functions
required for life are done?

4
 Learning Competency
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

Describe the structure and function of subcellular

organelles (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2).

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 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Describe the composition and role of nucleus and

ribosomes in genetic control of the cell.
● Distinguish how the compositions and roles of
organelles in the endomembrane system differ from
one another.
● Compare the composition and role of chloroplast and
mitochondria in providing energy for the cell.
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Why do membrane bound
organelles exist?

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 The Origin of the Membrane Bounded Organelles

double membrane of
large eukaryotic cell
mitochondria &
engulfed prokaryote
chloroplasts

Endosymbiotic theory

mitochondria &
chloroplasts have their result of invagination
own genetic material
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The Origin of the Membrane Bounded Organelles

Summary of Endosymbiotic theory

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How do the organelles of the
cell differ in their own
functions?

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 Subcellular Organelles

Genetic control of the cell

(nucleus and ribosomes)

Organelles of Endomembrane system

the cell are (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
divided into bodies, lysosomes, peroxisomes,
and vacuoles)
three groups.

Energy houses
(mitochondria and chloroplast)
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 The Genetic Control of the Cell

Nucleus Ribosome

Structure of the Nucleus

● This is a prominent,
usually oval structure in
a eukaryotic cell.

● It is located in almost
the center of the cell.
Cross-section view of a nucleus12
 The Genetic Control of the Cell

Nucleus Ribosome

Parts of the Nucleus

● Nucleoplasm is the
semifluid matrix.

● Nuclear envelope
separates the nucleus
from the cytoplasm
Cross-section view of a nucleus13
 The Genetic Control of the Cell

Nucleus Ribosome

Parts of the Nucleus

● Nuclear pores permit

the passage of ribosomal
subunits and mRNA out
of the nucleus into the
cytoplasm.

Cross-section view of a nucleus14

 The Genetic Control of the Cell

Nucleus Ribosome

Function of the Ribosomes

● Ribosomes are the

organelles that use
instructions from the
nucleus, written in mRNA,
to build proteins.
The location of free ribosomes
and bound ribosomes.
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 The Genetic Control of the Cell

Nucleus Ribosome

Free and Bound Ribosomes

● Free ribosomes are found

in the cytosol.

● Bound ribosomes are

attached to the outside
of the endoplasmic The location of free ribosomes
reticulum or nuclear and bound ribosomes.
envelope. 16
 The Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic
reticulum

Golgi bodies

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

Vacuoles
A photo showing the rough and smooth ER
17
 The Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic
reticulum
Two Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi bodies ● Rough ER have thousands of ribosomes

attached to the outer surface which give
Lysosomes this organelle a “rough” appearance.
Their main role is to produce proteins.
Peroxisomes
● Smooth ER does not have attached
Vacuoles ribosomes. This organelle produces
lipids. 18
 The Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic
reticulum
Function of the Golgi Bodies

● These serve
Golgi bodies
functions similar
Lysosomes
to a warehouse
and processing
center, processing
Peroxisomes
products of the
Vacuoles
ER.
Golgi apparatus or
Golgi bodies 19
 The Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic
reticulum
Function of the Lysosomes

Golgi bodies

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

Vacuoles Illustration of lysosomal activity.

20
You are a pediatrician and one of your
patients is a newborn who may have a
lysosomal storage disease. You examine
some cells of your patient under the
microscope. What would you expect to
see?

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 The Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic
reticulum
Function of the Peroxisomes
● These contain
Golgi bodies
enzymes and serve
as metabolic
Lysosomes
assistance to
organelles and
Peroxisomes
specialize in
synthesizing &
Vacuoles Role of peroxisomes
breaking down lipids.
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 The Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic
reticulum
Function of the Vacuoles
● These serve as
Golgi bodies
a storage of
water, organic
Lysosomes
nutrients,
variety of salts,
Peroxisomes
sugar & some
weak acids.
Vacuoles Lateral view of a vacuole
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How do mitochondria and
chloroplasts differ in providing
energy for the cell?

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 The Energy Houses of the Cell

Mitochondrion

● This is known
as the
“powerhouse
of the cell”

Cross-section of a Mitochondrion 25
 The Energy Houses of the Cell

Chloroplast

● This is unique to
plant and algae
cells.

● This organelle
perform
photosynthesis.

Cross-section of a Chloroplast 26
Mitochondria vs Chloroplast

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 Check Your Understanding

Identify the subcellular organelle being described by

the given functions below.

1. Products of endoplasmic reticulum reach this organelle

through the transport vesicles where sorting and
packaging of the products is done.
2. It forms vesicles that transport its synthesized lipids to
other parts of the cell.
3. This organelle specializes in synthesizing and breaking
down lipids.
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 Check Your Understanding

Label the figure by identifying each pointed part.

Choose from the options below.

ribosomes

vacuole

chloroplast

rough endoplasmic
reticulum

nucleus
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 Let’s Sum It Up!

● A eukaryotic cell houses DNA in a nucleus.

Nuclear pores allow the exchange of materials
through the nuclear envelope.

● The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes

lipids while the rough endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizes proteins.

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 Let’s Sum It Up!

● Golgi bodies work together with the endoplasmic

reticulum to synthesize, store, transport, and
release molecules.

● Lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes are the

digestion centers of the cell.

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 Let’s Sum It Up!

● The mitochondria house the cellular respiration

of the cell.

● Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts which

are only present in plant and algal cells.

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Let’s Sum It Up!

Graphical representation of
the subcellular organelles

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Challenge Yourself

Gaucher disease is a type of lysosomal

storage disorder. It is the result of a
buildup of certain fatty substances in
certain organs, particularly in spleen
and in the liver. This causes these organs
to enlarge and can affect their function.
Why do you think this happens in the
cells of the spleen or liver? 34
 Photo Credit Bibliography

Hoefnagels, Marielle. Biology: The Essentials. 2nd ed.

McGraw-Hill Education, 2016.

Mader, Sylvia S., and Michael Windelspecht. Biology. 11th ed.

McGraw-Hill Education, 2014.

Reece, Jane B, Martha R. Taylor, Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey,

● Slide 19: Golgi Apparatus by Kelvinsong is licensed and Kelly Hogan. Biology Concepts and Connections.
under CC-BY SA 3.0 via Wikipedia. 8th ed. Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd, 2016.

Simon, Eric J., and Jane B. Reece. Campbell Essential Biology.

5th ed. Pearson Education Inc., 2013.

Starr, Cecie, Christine A. Evers, and Lisa Starr. Biology Today

and Tomorrow. 4th ed. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd,
2014.

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