Practical Endorsement GCE Biology

PAG11: Investigation into the measurement of plant or animal responses

11.2 Daphnia heart rate response to changes in surrounding medium

Daphnia heart rate response to changes in surrounding med ium Formula Sheet

Chi Squared
The χ 2 test is used on data which has been observed given we know what the expected values are.

( f o −f e )2
χ =∑
2
fe

Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient

The correlation test is used to see if two different variables are correlated in a linear fashion in the context of a
scatter-graph.

6∑ d
2
r s =1−
n (n2 −1)

Standard Deviation
Standard deviation is a quantitative measure of the spread of data about the mean.

s=
√ ∑ ( x− x̄ )2
n−1

Student’s t-test
The Student’s t-test is used when comparing two sets of the same type of data to see if there is a difference in the
mean of each of them. If two data sets are paired, so that two measurements are collected from the same
individual, then a paired t-test should be used.

Student’s t-test – Unpaired

|x̄ A− x̄ B|
t=

√ s 2A
nA
+
s2B
nB

Student’s t-test – Paired

d n 39.7 15
t    81.79
sd 1.88