01 Lecture Presentation

CAMPBELL BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS,
NINTH EDITION, GLOBAL EDITION

PowerPoint Lectures
Chapter 1
Biology: Exploring Life
TAYLOR
SIMON
DICKEY
HOGAN
REECE
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
Introduction
• Red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) are well adapted for
life in the mountainous forests of Asia.
• Their cinnamon red and white coat camouflages
them with the red mosses and white lichens of their
environment.
• Their long bushy tail provides warmth during the
winter.
• A bony projection in their wrist helps them grasp
one of their favorite foods, bamboo.

Introduction
• Giant pandas live in similar regions in Asia.
• Are they closely related to red pandas?
• Scientists once thought so but have since
reclassified red pandas into their own family.
• Despite their distinct lineages, the red panda and
the giant panda do have something in common—
they are both at risk of going extinct in the wild.

Figure 1.0_1

Figure 1.0_2
Chapter 1: Big Ideas
Biology: The Scientific The Process of

Study of Life Science
Five Unifying Themes

in Biology
BIOLOGY: THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF LIFE

1.1 What is life?
• Biology is the scientific study of life.
• But what is life? Properties of life include order,
reproduction, growth and development, energy
processing, regulation, response to the
environment, and evolutionary adaptation.
• The cell is the structural and functional unit of life.

Figure 1.1
Reproduction
Order Growth and
development
Response to the Energy processing

environment
Evolutionary adaptation
Regulation
Figure 1.1_1

Figure 1.1_2

Figure 1.1_3

Figure 1.1_4

Figure 1.1_5

Figure 1.1_6

Figure 1.1_7

1.1 What is life?
Checkpoint question How would you define life?

1.2 Biologist arrange the diversity of life into
three domains
• Taxonomists name species and classify them into
broader groups.
• Although the debate continues, there is consensus
among biologists that life can be organized into
three higher levels called domains.
• Domains Bacteria and Archaea contain organisms
with simple cells.
• Domain Eukarya includes various protists and the
kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Figure 1.2
Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea
Colorized SEM 10,000×

Bacteria Archaea
Domain Eukarya
LM 340×
Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia

Figure 1.2_1
Bacteria

Figure 1.2_2

Archaea

Figure 1.2_3
LM 340×
Protists (multiple kingdoms)

Figure 1.2_4
Kingdom Plantae

Figure 1.2_5
Kingdom Fungi

Figure 1.2_6
Kingdom Animalia

1.2 Biologist arrange the diversity of life into
three domains
Checkpoint question To which of the three
domains of life do we belong?

1.3 VISUALIZING THE CONCEPT: In life’s
hierarchy of organization, new properties
emerge at each level
• Biologists study life across a very broad range of
scales, from the molecules in a cell to the entire
living planet.
• They divide this vast scope of biology into a series
of structural levels.
• Emergent properties result from the specific
arrangement and interactions among component
parts.

Figure 1.3
1. Biosphere
Florida
2. Ecosystem
5. Organism
6. Organs and organ

systems
3. Community 7. Tissue
Nucleus
4. Population 8. Cell
DNA Nerve cell
Atom
10. Molecule 9. Organelle

Figure 1.3_1
1. Biosphere
Florida
2. Ecosystem
3. Community
4. Population

Figure 1.3_2_1
5. Organism

Figure 1.3_2_2
5. Organism
6. Organs and organ

systems

Figure 1.3_2_3
5. Organism
6. Organs and organ

systems
7. Tissue

Figure 1.3_2_4
5. Organism
6. Organs and organ

systems
7. Tissue
Nucleus
8. Cell
DNA Nerve cell
9. Organelle

Figure 1.3_2_5
5. Organism
6. Organs and organ

systems
7. Tissue
Nucleus
8. Cell
DNA Nerve cell
Atom
10. Molecule 9. Organelle

1.3 VISUALIZING THE CONCEPT: In life’s
hierarchy of organization, new properties
emerge at each level
Checkpoint question Which of these levels of
biological organization includes all of the others in
the list: cell, molecule, organ, tissue?

THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE

1.4 What is science?
• Science is a way of knowing—an approach to
understanding the natural world.
• Science uses an evidence-based process of inquiry
to investigate the natural world.
• The scientific approach involves observations,
hypotheses, predictions, tests of hypotheses via
experiments or additional observations, and
analysis of data.
• A scientific theory is broad in scope and supported
by a large body of evidence.

Figure 1.4_1
Observation:
Flashlight doesn’t work.
Question:
Why doesn’t the
flashlight work?
Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2:

Batteries are dead. Bulb is burned out.

Figure 1.4_2
Observation:
Question:
Why doesn’t the
flashlight work?

Prediction: Prediction:
Replacing batteries Replacing bulb
will fix problem. will fix problem.
Test of prediction: Test of prediction:

Replace batteries. Replace bulb.

Figure 1.4_3
Observation:
Question:
Why doesn’t the
flashlight work?

Prediction: Prediction:
Replacing batteries Replacing bulb
will fix problem. will fix problem.
Test of prediction: Test of prediction:

Replace batteries. Replace bulb.
Results: Results:
Flashlight doesn’t work. Flashlight works.
Hypothesis is contradicted. Hypothesis is supported.

1.4 What is science?
Checkpoint question What is the main requirement
for a scientific hypothesis?

1.5 Hypotheses can be tested using
controlled experiments
• In an experimental test of a hypothesis,
researchers often manipulate one component in a
system and observes the effects of this change.
• The factor that is manipulated is called the
independent variable.
• The measure used to judge the outcome of the
experiment is called the dependent variable. This
variable depends on the manipulated variable.
• A controlled experiment compares an
experimental group with a control group.

• The use of control and experimental groups can
demonstrate the effect of a single variable. For
example, researchers found that mice models that
did not match their habitat had higher predation
rates than camouflaged models.
• Hypotheses can be tested in humans with clinical
trials, as well as retrospective or prospective
observational studies.

Figure 1.5
Beach population Inland population

Figure 1.5_1
Beach population

Figure 1.5_2
Inland population

Table 1.5

Checkpoint question In some studies, researchers
try to match factors such as sex, age, and general
health for subjects in the control and experimental
groups. What is this experimental design trying
to do?

1.6 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Hypotheses can
be tested using observational data
• Scientists tested hypotheses about the
evolutionary relationships of red pandas.
• Based on observations of physical similarities,
scientists initially hypothesized that the red panda
was most closely related to raccoons.
• Other scientists, observing that the diet and habitat
of red pandas were similar to those of giant pandas,
placed the two pandas together in their own family.
• But recent studies comparing DNA sequences led
scientists to classify red pandas as the only living
species of their own family.

Figure 1.6
?
Should red pandas
be grouped with
raccoons or with
giant pandas?

1.6 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Hypotheses can
be tested using observational data
Checkpoint question Explain why comparisons of
DNA sequences are considered observational and
not experimental data.

1.7 The process of science is repetitive,
nonlinear, and collaborative
• Forming and testing hypotheses at the core of
science. This endeavor is influenced by three
spheres:
1. exploration and discovery,
2. analysis and feedback from the scientific
community, and
3. societal benefits and outcomes.

Figure 1.7
Exploration and
discovery
Formation and
testing of
hypotheses
Feedback from
Societal benefits the scientific
and outcomes community

1.7 The process of science is repetitive,
nonlinear, and collaborative
Checkpoint question Why is hypothesis testing at
the center of the process of science?

1.8 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, and
society are connected in important ways
• The goal of science is to understand natural
phenomena.
• In contrast, the goal of technology is to apply
scientific knowledge for some specific purpose.
• These two fields, however, are interdependent.
Technological advances stem from scientific
research, and research benefits from new
technologies.

FIVE UNIFYING THEMES IN BIOLOGY

1.9 Theme: Evolution is the core theme of
biology
• Life is distinguished by its unity and its diversity.
• The scientific explanation for this unity and
diversity is evolution, the process of change that
has transformed life on Earth from its earliest
forms to the vast array of organisms living today.

Figure 1.9a
Ruby-throated
hummingbird
Gentoo penguin
American flamingo
Figure 1.9a_1
American flamingo

Figure 1.9a_2
Ruby-throated
hummingbird

Figure 1.9a_3
Gentoo penguin

biology
• Darwin synthesized the theory of evolution by
natural selection.

Figure 1.9b_1
1 Population with varied

inherited traits.

Figure 1.9b_2
1 Population with varied 2 Elimination of individuals

inherited traits. with certain traits and
reproduction of survivors.

Figure 1.9b_3
1 Population with varied 2 Elimination of individuals 3 Increasing frequency of

inherited traits. with certain traits and traits that enhance survival
reproduction of survivors. and reproductive success.

biology
• Each species on Earth today has a family history.
• A species represents one twig on a branching tree
of life that extends back in time through ancestral
species more and more remote.

Figure 1.9c
Procyonidae
(Raccoons)
Common
ancestor of Mustelidae
red pandas, (Weasels, otters)
raccoons,
and weasels Ailuridae
(Red pandas)
Mephitidae
(Skunks)
Common
ancestor of Phocidae
red pandas and (Seals)
giant pandas
Ursidae (Giant
pandas, other bears)
Canidae (Dogs,
wolves, foxes)

biology
Checkpoint question Explain the cause and effect
of unequal reproductive success.

Video: Galápagos Island Overview

Video: Galápagos Marine Iguana

Video: Galápagos Sea Lion

Video: Galápagos Tortoise

Video: Blue-footed Boobies Courtship Ritual

Video: Albatross Courtship Ritual

1.10 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is
connected to our everyday lives
• Evolutionary theory is useful in medicine,
conservation, and agriculture.
• Through the selective breeding of plants and
animals, humans also act as agents of evolution.
• As a result of artificial selection, our crops,
livestock, and pets bear little resemblance to their
wild ancestors.

1.10 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is
connected to our everyday lives
Checkpoint question Explain how humans are
agents of both artificial selection and natural
selection.

1.11 Theme: Life depends on the flow of
information
• The processes of life all depend on the
transmission and use of information.
• DNA is responsible for heredity and for
programming the activities of a cell by providing the
blueprint for proteins.
• Information from the external and internal
environment includes the stimuli, signals, and
pathways that regulate body processes and gene
expression.

Figure 1.11a
T A
A T
C G
A T
T A
A
C G
G C
T C G
C A T
A T
G T A
Figure 1.11b
DNA
Protein X
RNA transcribed
Gene X from gene X
RNA
Cellular
Information flow machinery
Protein Y
RNA transcribed
Gene Y from gene Y
Information flow
Figure 1.11c
Pancreas
1 Signal:
high blood
glucose level
2 Pancreatic
cell releases
Glucose 4 Normal blood
insulin
glucose level
removes
signal, insulin
release stops
3 Insulin binding
stimulates
body cells to
take up glucose
Normal blood
glucose level

1.11 Theme: Life depends on the flow of
information
Checkpoint question How is signaling information
involved in the expression of genetic information?

1.12 Theme: Structure and function are
related
• The relationship between structure and function
can be observed at every level of life.
• At the molecular level, the structure of a protein
correlates with its function. For example,
hemoglobin molecules transport oxygen in blood.
• On the cellular level, the long extensions of nerve
cells enable them to transmit impulses from your
spinal cord to your toes.

Figure 1.12a

Figure 1.12b
Radial sesamoid
bone (“false thumb”)

Figure 1.12b_1

Figure 1.12b_2
Radial sesamoid
bone (“false thumb”)

Video: Soaring Hawk

1.12 Theme: Structure and function are
related
Checkpoint question Look at the structure of your
hand and explain how its structure supports its
function.

1.13 Theme: Life depends on the transfer and
transformation of energy and matter
• Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
direction
• entering as sunlight,
• converted to chemical energy by producers,
• passed on to consumers, and
• exiting as heat.

• Ecosystems are characterized by the cycling of
matter
• from the atmosphere and soil,
• through producers, consumers, and decomposers,
• then back to the environment.

Figure 1.13
FLOW OF ENERGY
Sun
Inflow of Outflow of
light energy heat
Consumers
(animals)
Producers
(plants)
Chemical energy
Leaves take up in food Decomposers such
CO2 from air; roots as worms, fungi,
absorb H2O and and bacteria return
minerals from soil chemicals to soil

Figure 1.13_1
FLOW OF ENERGY
Sun
Inflow of Outflow of
light energy heat
Consumers
(animals)
Producers
(plants)
Chemical energy
Leaves take up in food Decomposers such
CO2 from air; roots as worms, fungi,
absorb H2O and and bacteria return
minerals from soil chemicals to soil

Figure 1.13_2

Checkpoint question Describe how photosynthesis
transforms energy and matter.

1.14 Theme: Life depends on interactions
within and between systems
• The study of life extends from the microscopic
scale of the molecules and cells that make up an
organism to the global scale of the living planet.
• Emergent properties are the result of interactions
between the components of a system.
• Using an approach called systems biology,
scientists attempt to model the behavior of
biological systems by analyzing the interactions
among their parts.

1.14 Theme: Life depends on interactions
within and between systems
Checkpoint question A box of bicycle parts won’t
do anything, but if the parts are properly
assembled, you can take a ride. What does this
illustrate?

Figure 1.14

You should now be able to
1. Describe seven properties common to all life.
2. Compare the three domains of life.
3. Describe the levels of biological organization
from molecules to the biosphere, noting the
interrelationships between levels.
4. Describe the concept of emergent properties.
5. Define science and distinguish between a
hypothesis and a scientific theory.
6. Describe the structure of a controlled
experiment.

7. Explain how hypotheses can be used to test
observational data.
8. Explain how science is repetitive, nonlinear, and
collaborative.
9. Describe the relationship between science and
technology.
10. Describe the process and products of natural
selection.
11. Explain how evolution impacts the lives of all
humans.

12. Explain how DNA determines an organism’s
structures and functions.
13. Describe the relationship between structure and
function in biology.
14. Compare the dynamics of nutrients and energy
in an ecosystem.
15. Explain how systems biology is used to
understand biological systems.

Figure 1.UN02
FLOW OF ENERGY
Light Heat
Producers Consumers
Chemical
energy

Figure 1.UN03
Biology
is the study of
(a)
has changed
through the process of
(b)
mechanism is
depends on
accounts
for accounts
DNA
(c) for
(genetic code)
is evidence of
leads to codes for
diversity of life (d)
seen in
seen in seen in
variations in
cells as basic common properties

(e)
units of life of living organisms
Figure 1.UN04
25
complete maze (min)

Average time to
20
15
10
No reward
Food reward
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Day

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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS,

NINTH EDITION, GLOBAL EDITION

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Biology: The Scientific The Process of

Five Unifying Themes

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Response to the Energy processing

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Colorized SEM 10,000×

Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia

Colorized SEM 7,500×

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Colorized SEM 10,000×

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Protists (multiple kingdoms)

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

6. Organs and organ

10. Molecule 9. Organelle

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

6. Organs and organ

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

6. Organs and organ

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

6. Organs and organ

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

6. Organs and organ

10. Molecule 9. Organelle

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2:

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2:

Test of prediction: Test of prediction:

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2:

Test of prediction: Test of prediction:

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Beach population Inland population