Review on Intervals, Inequalities and Lines

MATH 1013

MATH 1013 Review on Intervals, Inequalities and Lines 1 / 15

Real Number

Calculus is based on the real number system.

1 Integers: · · · , ≠3, ≠2, ≠1, 0, 1, 2, 3, · · ·
2 Rational Numbers
m
r= ,
n
where m, n are integers with n ”= 0. E.g., 12 , ≠ 12 , 4 = 41 .
3 Real
Ô numbers: Rational Numbers + Irrational Numbers, e.g.,
2, fi, among others.

MATH 1013 Review on Intervals, Inequalities and Lines 2 / 15

Every real number can be represented by a point in a line:
a > O

I e
->

origin point
.

and every point on the lie corresponds to exactly one real number
(coordinate of the point).
One to One correspondence between point and real number

a < b … a ≠ b < 0 … a lies to the left of b on the real number line.

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Set

The expression {2, 5, 7} simply means a set consisting of three

numbers: 2,5, and 7. The set of all real numbers is often
denoted by the symbol R.
The expression {x : P (x)} is often used to denote the set which
is consisted of all numbers x satisfying the description P (x),
e.g., {x : (x ≠ 2)(x ≠ 3) > 0} is the solution set of the
inequality (x ≠ 2)(x ≠ 3) > 0.

MATH 1013 Review on Intervals, Inequalities and Lines 4 / 15

Interval
Certain sets of real numbers. (Open intervals, close intervals, half
open and half close intervals)

O ⑧
17 B
O 0
-> -

.
-

I
-

--
-
⑧
MATH 1013 Review on Intervals, Inequalities and Lines 5 / 15
Operation of Set
Given two sets of real numbers A and B, the intersection A fl B and
the union A fi B mean respectively the following:

A fl B = {x : x is a number in both A and B}

A fi B = {x : x is a number either in A or in B}

Exercise: finding the union and intersection of sets A and B when

A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 4, 9}.

il]
A = (2, 7), B = [3, 10).
A = (≠2, 0), B = [3, 8)
(2)
- AuB
77
.

[3
47 -
13 A1B
,

AnB
= .

A
=
·

↓
↓ 22 / 10)
AVB =

mi
-
·
AVB= 91 , 2, 3 , 4 ,
99.
. %

MATH 1013 Review on Intervals, Inequalities and Lines 6 / 15

(3)
B
A
-o
2
- ⑧
--
⑨
e ne

set)
cempty
AnB
·

AVB= SX :
-2<Xc0 or 3
<X <87
.
Solving Inequalities

-551
-

c =
-

E -
-

22 5
-

-
-

Watch out when multiplying a negative number to both sides of an

inequality, or dividing both sides of an inequality by a negative
number.
reversed
should be
irequality .

MATH 1013 Review on Intervals, Inequalities and Lines 7 / 15

 9x q(x)20
: fix) <0 U9X :

q(x)c0 .

f(x)>0y

L
- E
-
-
g(x)
f (x)
< 0 … g(x) and f (x) has different sign (f (x) ”= 0). -

(x ≠ a)(x ≠ b) > 0 with a < b … {x > b} fi {x < a}.

-
(x ≠ a)(x ≠ b) < 0 with a < b … {a < x < b}.
- -

Exercise: Solve the following inequalities. IX-a)(X-b) < o (X a) (x b)

-
-
> 0

(X-a) (X-b) >0

1 4x ≠ 3 < 2x + 5. ↑ ↑ ↑
ab
-

≠ 23 x < x + 4.
-

2
-
-
-

X x b d
=
=

4
O 2x≠3 < 2.
3 (X a)(X b) - -
= 0

(x≠2)(x≠5)
Ø 0.
2
4
(x+2)(x≠8)

# 20 =
Ex-3) co

10 - 4X
c=
) **3 -O

MATH 1013 Review on Intervals, Inequalities and Lines 8 / 15

 O
U9X : and
and 2x-3 >0 Y 10-4x30
10 4x20
3
-

X
:

2x 3
07
- <

↓ ↓
Al
2x 370
-

2x -

3 < 0
4X >0
10 4x<0 10
-
-

x
x>
==
/2 M
42x
U x< 3/2
x> 5/2

-I 52
\x : x75/2 or
xx42] .
Absolute values

The absolute value of a real number x, denoted by |x|, is

-

↓
I
x x Ø 0, distance
of
X

x=
≠x x < 0. to the
origin point

(30)
conegative
.

1 |x| = k … x = k or x = ≠k.
>
- -

2 |x| > k … x > k or x < ≠k. ⑯ -

1011I
!
-

k K
3 |x| < k … ≠k < x < k.
-

Exercise: Solve
12x 5/23
-

|2x ≠ 5| < 3. 5 <

3
3 <
2x
-

|3 ≠ x5 | < 1 2 = 2x<8

1 - 4

MATH 1013 Review on Intervals, Inequalities and Lines 9 / 15

Plane
Points on a line identified as real numbers ∆ Points in a plane
identified as ordered pair of real numbers.
A
coordinate place

Two perpendicular real number lines intersecting at origin of xy-plane

on

each
.

line:
1 x-axis: Horizontal line with positive direction to the right.
2 y-axis: Vertical line with positive direction to the upward.

8 ⑳

==

(a, b) coordinate of a point P : a: x-coordinate; b: y-coordinate.

MATH 1013 Review on Intervals, Inequalities and Lines 10 / 15
Line
Lines: a set of points in a straight path that extends infinitely in both
-

direction.
straight path ∆ Constant slope (constant rate of change)

#
-

**
S

·
⑧

I =

MATH 1013 Review on Intervals, Inequalities and Lines 11 / 15

 yEmx
mix x1)
-

X y1
=
-

Equation of a straight line:

+ x

Given a point (x1 , y1 ) and slope m (point-slope form): any P

-
1

with coordinate (x, y) lies on this line iff if and only if ?

y ≠ y1 > equation
X X1
= m ∆ y ≠ y1 = m(x ≠ x1 ) holds
=

x ≠ x1 when X= XI
- y =
y/
2 Given slope m and intercept b [the line intercepts the y axis at
the point (0, b)] (slope-intercept form): fi b x1 =
0 =

y ≠ b = m(x ≠ 0) ∆ y = mx + b

Vertical line (no slope):

0
3

x = a, (1)
x-coordinate of every point on the line is a.

MATH 1013 Review on Intervals, Inequalities and Lines 12 / 15

Exercise: find an equation of the line through (1, ≠7) with slope ≠ 12 .
,I -
-

(x -

y)

# = -I

I 1)
7
(x
y
- -
+ =
.

My =
-

=x 5
Exercise: find an equation of the line through points (≠1, 2) and
+

I
(3, ≠4).
-
-
-

line=E
the
slope of

D
-2x
+

2
y -
=
-

MATH 1013 Review on Intervals, Inequalities and Lines 13 / 15

 b)
Given two lines y
x
+

= m ,
Is b)
y = m 1 x + b1
-
mix
+

H intercept form
y slope
=
.
-

-
y = m 2 x + b2
M1 m2
=

&

br
+

-mix Mix+ b /

I
I
y
=

-
A

sope

-
Ax + By + C = 0 ∆ y = ≠ B
A C
x≠ B .

Two vertical lines are parallel. Vertical line and horizontal line are
perpendicular.

MATH 1013 Review on Intervals, Inequalities and Lines 14 / 15

Exercise: find an equation of the line through (5, 2) that is parallel to
the line 4x + 6y + 5 = 0
-

- e

slope intercept
-

form
4x 6y 5
%- 4x 5
+
-

by
+ = -
=

y =
x -

5/6 .

scope
=

- y -
z -
=

4 :
(X
-

5)

14 434
-

y 23X 2
=

=
+ +
-

+ 145
Exercise: show that the lines 2x + 3y = 1 and 6x ≠ 4y ≠ 1 = 0 are
perpendicular.
slope intercept form
-

-
2x
by /
3y 1 2X
+ =
-

2/3
-

43 4x M1
=

y
- .

slope intercept
-
form
6x
4y 4y 6 1
- + =

01-
+
-

- =

31
Ex
m2
y I
=
=

mir 1 ,
-

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