L1: THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

Set Notation

The basic concepts needed in all branches of Mathematics are set

concepts. These concepts provide the best means of understanding many
phases of mathematics and their applications of other branches of
learning. A set is a well-defined collection or aggregate of definite, distinct
objects. For example, the set of the University of Bohol professors, the set
of counting numbers less than 9, the set of letters in the word “lover.” The
objects that belong to the set are called elements or members of the set.
The notation, a ϵ A, reads “ a is an element of Set A while a ∉ A, reads “a
is not an element of Set A.”

Usually, capital letters of the alphabet are used to denote a set.

The elements of a set are separated by commas and are enclosed by
braces. There are methods of describing a set. One is the roster method
or tabular method wherein the elements are listed or enumerated.

Examples: A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {Saturday, Sunday). The other

method is the rule method. Sets A and B are described below using the
rule method. Try to find out how it is different from the roster or tabular
method.
Examples: A = {counting number less than 5}
B = {days of the week that begin with letter S}

The elements of Sets A and B in our example can likewise be

denoted by any letter of the alphabet preferably x so that we can write it
as
{x ϵ A / x = N < 5}
Read as set of all elements x in A such that x is a counting number less than 5.
{x ϵ B / x is a day of the week beginning with letter S}
Read as set of all elements x in B such that x is a day of the week starting with
letter S
This method is called a set builder form.

Specific sets of numbers are so frequently referred to that they are

given unique symbolic names. These are summarized in the table below.
Symbo Se
l t
R set of all real numbers
Z set of all integers
Q set of all rational numbers, or quotient of integers
N set of all counting numbers

Examples: Translate in words the following sets:

A. 1. {x ϵ R+ / 0 < x < 1}
Answer: Set of all elements x in R+ such that x is greater than 0 but less than
1.
 2. {n ϵ Z / n is a factor of 6}
Answer: Set of all element n in Z(integers) such that n is a factor of 6.
B. Describe the following sets using the set
builder method. 1. A = { 5,6,7,8}
Answer: { x ϵ A / 4 < x < 9}

2. B = {s,t,u,d,y}
Answer: {x ϵ B / x is the letter of the word STUDY}

Kinds of Sets
Sets can be classified as to the kind and number of size of its
elements. A set that has no elements is called a null set or empty set
denoted by { } or Ø.
Examples: A = { x / x is a yellow carabao}
B = { x / x is 100-year old student in BS Medicine}

A set with only one element is called a singleton or unit set.

Examples:
{forty}
Answer: The word forty is a singleton/unit set because it is the
only number that is spelled in alphabetical order.

{x ϵ N / 7 < x < 9 }
Answer: It is a singleton/unit set because the element is only 8.

If the set has elements and it is possible to write down a complete

list of all its elements, the set is called finite. In counting the different
elements of a finite set, the counting process comes to an end, which is
not true for infinite set. For example, the set of all residents of Tagbilaran
City is finite, while the set of all counting numbers in infinite. Why do we
say that the set of counting numbers in infinite? Notice that the set of
counting numbers can be denoted as {1,2,3,4,…) Do you know what the
three dots mean?

Below is an example of equivalent sets.

A = {1,2,3,4} C = { love, hate, peace}

B = {3,2,1,4} D = { ♥ , ♣ ,☺}
Sets A and B are called equivalent sets since there exists a 1 to 1
correspondence to each of the elements. It can be written as A ~ B,
which reads, “A is equivalent to B.”

The cardinal number of a finite set is a unique counting number n

in which it corresponds to the number of elements for a specified set.
Cardinal number denoted by n(A) read as “n of A” or “the cardinal number
of A.”

Subsets
Set A is called a subset of B if every element of A is also an element of B.
Symbolically:

A Ϛ B means that for all elements x if x ϵ A then x ϵ B.

The phrases A is contained in B are alternative ways of saying that A is a subset of

B.
Operations on Sets
One of the basic set operations are union. The union of A and B
is the set of elements that belong to A or B and denoted by A U B. It
means that
A U B = { x / x ϵ A or x ϵ B)

Another set operation is intersection. The intersection of A and B

is the set of all elements that belong to both A and B.
A ∩ B = { x / x ϵ A and x ϵ B }

The relative complement of the set B with respect to A is

denoted by A – B is the set of all elements that belong to A but do not
belong to B.
A – B = { x / x ϵ A and x ∉ B }

The absolute complement, which is denoted by A’ read as “A

prime.” It is defined as the set of elements of the universal set U which
do not belong to A.
A’ = {x / x ϵ U and x ∉ A }

Practice: Given below are set U, A, and B. Determine

the following: U = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
A = { 1,2,3,4 }
B = { 2,3,5,6,7 }
1. A U B
Solution: {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
Explanation: the union of set A and set B means combining all
elements found in set A and Set B. Elements found in both A and B
shall only be written once.

2. A ∩ B
Solution: {2,3}
Explanation: Symbol is an intersection. Write the elements common to both
sets.

3. A – B
Solution: {1,4}
Explanation: Only write the elements that are found in A but not found in B.

4. A’
Solution: {5,6,7,8}
Explanation: elements that are found in the universal set but are not
found in set A.

Cartesian Product
Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A and B denoted by A x B and read “A
cross B,” is the set of all ordered pairs (a,b) where a is in A and b is in B.
Symbolically:

A x B = {(a,b) / a ϵ A and b ϵ B}
Example: Given A = {1,2,3} and B = {u,v}
1. Find A x B
Solution: {(1,u),(2,u),(3,u),(1,v),(2,v),(3,v)}

2. Find B x B
Solution: {(u,u),(u,v),(v,u),(v,v)}

3. n(A x B)
Solution: n stands for the cardinal number, which means the
number of elements in A x B, so the answer is six (6) elements.
L2: MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS AND PHRASES

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

5 = 2+3
= equals sign equality
5 is equal to 2+3
5≠4
≠ not equal sign inequality
5 is not equal to 4
sin(0.01) ≈ 0.01,
approximately
≈ approximation x ≈ y means x is
equal
approximately equal to y
5>4
> strict inequality greater than
5 is greater than 4
4<5
< strict inequality less than
4 is less than 5
5 ≥ 4,
≥ inequality greater than or equal to x ≥ y means x is greater
than or equal to y
4 ≤ 5,
≤ inequality less than or equal to x ≤ y means x is less than
or equal to y
calculate expression inside
() parentheses 2 × (3+5) = 16
first
calculate expression inside
[] brackets [(1+2)×(1+5)] = 18
first
+ plus sign addition 1+1=2
− minus sign subtraction 2−1=1
both plus and minus
± plus - minus 3 ± 5 = 8 or -2
operations
both minus and plus
± minus - plus 3 ∓ 5 = -2 or 8
operations
Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example
* asterisk multiplication 2*3=6
× times sign multiplication 2×3=6
⋅ multiplication dot multiplication 2⋅3=6
division sign /
÷ division 6÷2=3
obelus
/ division slash division 6/2=3

— horizontal line division / fraction

decimal point, decimal

. period 2.56 = 2+56/100
separator
ab power exponent 23 = 8
a^b caret exponent 2 ^ 3= 8
√a square root √a ⋅ √a = a √9 = ±3
3√a cube root 3√a ⋅ 3√a ⋅ 3√a = a 3√8 =2
4 4
√a fourth root √a ⋅ 4√a ⋅ 4√a ⋅ 4√a = a 4
√16 = ±2

n√a n-th root

for n=3, n√8 = 2
(radical)
% percent 1% = 1/100 10% × 30 = 3

Translate the following items into a variable expression. Write your

answer on the space provided

1. the product of –6 and b

translation:
2. nine increases by the quotient of t and 5
translation:

3. four divided by the difference between p and 6

translation:

4. the product of 7 and the total of r and 8

translation:

5. nine more than a number

translation:

6. four times a number is sixteen.

Translation:

7. one fifth of a number is thirty.

Translation:

8. five times a number is two more than twice the number

translation:

9. a number divide by four minus six is twelve

translation:

10. twenty is subtracted from some number

translation:
L3: PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING INVOLVING WHOLE NUMBER,
FRACTION, AND DECIMAL

Whole number – a number without fraction, an integer

Fraction – a numerical quantity that is not a whole number (e.g. ½),
decimal – a fraction whose denominator is a power of ten and whose numerator
is expressed by figure placed to the right of a decimal points
Types of Decimals
1. Terminating decimal – digits that ends
2. Nonterminating decimal – digits that do not end
3. Recurring decimal – digits that repeat after a fixed interval
4. Nonrecurring decimal – nonterminating digits that do not repeat after a fixed
interval

Fundamental operations on Decimal

1. Addition

2. Subtraction

3. Multiplication
 4. Division

WORD PROBLEMS
STEPS:
Step 1: Identify what is required in the problem.
Step 2: Identify the given in the problem.
Step 3: Write the working equation.
Step 4: Substitute the given values.
Step 5: Find the answer.

1. Athena bought 5 3/4 kg of chicken in the market. Of these, 2 1/2 kg of chicken

was fried and 1 kg was used for adobo. How many kilograms of chicken were
left?

2. Anthony bought 8 1/4 kg of macadamia nuts, 5 3/4 kg of pili nuts, and 5 5/6 kg
of almonds for his cookies business. How many kilograms of ingredients does
he have?
3. Ulysses bought 6 ½ kg of beef, 3 ¾ kg of pork, and 5 ½ kg of chicken. If 1kg
of beef costs ₱400, 1 kg of pork costs ₱300, and 1kg of chicken costs ₱170,
how much change is left if he gave ₱5,000 for his purchase?

4. Ariane is a contractor that provides home renovation and internal design

services to her clients. A client sought her services for a studio unit with a
length of 9.21 meters and a width of 5.3 meters. What is the total floor area of
the studio unit?

5. Corporation LMN borrowed a total amount of ₱30.7264 million from a financial

institution to fund its planned expansion to new markets. If the company
needs to pay ₱0.64 million per month, how many months would it take for
them to pay off the principal balance?

6. A team of workers labors for 475 minutes a day in a factory. One unit of
product goes through a process of seven stages; each stage takes 45
seconds to complete with 10 seconds of rest in between. Calculate the
following:
a. How many seconds does it take to complete all seven stages to
 complete one unit of product?

b. How many units of product can the team produce in a day?

7. What number must be increased by 293 to get 648?

8. A woman has $255 in her purse. She gives $35 to each of her five children.
How much money does she have left?

9. The year 8 students at a school are split into 4 equal classes of 27 students.
The school decides to increase the number of classes to 6. How many
students will there be in each of the new classes if the students are divided
equally between them?
L4: RATIO AND PROPORTION

Ratio and rate – refer to the relationship between two or more numbers

Unit Rate
● A ratio for one of something
● It has a denominator of one.
● It is a quotient of two quantities with different values.

Ex 1. A fruit juice mix contains 7 ounces of calamansi juice, 28 ounces of orange

juice and 35 ounces of apple juice. What is the ratio of calamansi juice to apple
juice?

Ex 2. The ratio of a distance measured in miles to the same distance measured in

kilometers is seven to 10. Which has the higher speed limit, 90 miles per hour or 130
kilometers per hour?

Rate
 compares two numbers with different units
 indicates the changes in their measurements or units
 comparison of the amount of one thing to another
  denotes the frequency by which a particular event happens
 usually, the numerator is dependent on the denominator
 refers to the fixed numbers of two objects

Ratio
 compares two numbers with the same units
 specifies the difference between things
 comparison between two measurements of the same units
 indicates the relationship between two or more things
 both numerator and denominator are dependent on each other
 refers to the relationship between various objects

Alexa wants to give personalized ballpens to her employees as a gift of appreciation.

She has six green ballpens and 11 purple ballpens in her bag. What is the ratio of
green ballpens to all ballpens in the bag?

Baker’s Bakery shop sells a jar of peanut butter for ₱65.25. Each jar contains 425
grams of peanut butter. However, it can only be purchased in a special offer pack of
three. The bakery also sells the kind of peanut butter in a 1 kg jar costing ₱58.05
each. Which is the better bargain?

PROPORTION
● In ratio, the numerator and denominator dependent on each other.
○ when one variable changes, it affects the other
● This concept will help you understand the concept of proportion.
● refers to a part, share, or number considered in correlative relation to a whole
● two sets can be directly or inversely proportional
Properties of Proportion
Joem drinks 8 ounces of orange juice for every 5 tarts he eats. If he eats 20 tarts,
how many ounces of orange juice does he drink?

A 2,205-pound seawater crocodile eats 25 pounds of meat per day. How many
pounds of meat would you expect a 330-pound seawater crocodile to eat per day?
Express your answer by presenting all the properties of proportion.

Georgina paid ₱5,805,000 for a 3-unit apartment house. Find the cost for a 12-unit
apartment house.
L5: NUMBER RELATIONS, AGE, AND WORKING TOGETHER PROBLEMS

Number Relations
1. The sum of the three consecutive numbers is 72. What are the numbers?
Solution: x = first consecutive
number x + 1 = second
consecutive number x + 2
= third consecutive
x+x+1+x+
2 = 72 3x + 3 =
72
3x = 72 – 3
3x = 69
x = 23, 24, and 25 are the three consecutive numbers in which its sum is 72

2. The product of the two numbers is 120. The smaller number is 2 less than the
larger number. What is the sum of the two numbers?

Working Together
3. If Jonna can do a piece of work in 10 days and Jade in 5 days,
compute the number of days can they do the same work together?
Solution: 1 + 1 = 1
10

x1
+
2
=1
10 x
3x = 10
x = 3.33 days ( approximately it takes 3 days and 8
hours for Jonna and Jade to finish the same work together)
4. It can take Peter 25 days to build a house garage all by himself. If he
works with his friend, together they can build the house garage in 20
days. How fast can the friend work alone?
Age Problem
5. The sum of Anna and Elsa’s age is 38. If Elsa is 2 years older than
Anna, determine their age.
Solution: x = Anna’s age
x + 2 = Elsa’a age, she is 2 years older than her sister
x+x
+2=
38 2x
+2=
38
2x = 38 – 2
2x = 36
x = 18 years old, this is Anna’s age
18 + 2 = 20 years old, this is Elsa’a age
6. Tanya is 28 years older than Marcus. In 6 years, Tanya will be three times as
old as Marcus. How old is Tanya now?
 L6: Interest Problem

INTEREST

● the profit from lending or investing a certain amount of money

● the amount of money paid regularly at a particular rate in exchange for money
lent
● could also represent the amount of due for delayed payment of debt

Simple interest is calculated in reference to the original amount or principal on a

yearly basis.
It is the product of the principal, rate of interest, and time in year/s.

A client deposited ₱18,000 at a bank and earned ₱1,900 interest after 2 years.
Compute the simple interest rate in that period.
Compounding is the process of calculating the interest in a given time interval and
adding it to the principal. The sum becomes the new principal and repeats the
process.

Determine the interest rate per period I, and the number of compounding periods N:
a. 12% compounded bimonthly for 5 years
b. 7.5% compounded monthly for 3 years
Compute the accumulated amount of ₱18,000 at the end of 2 years if compounded
2% annually and 5% quarterly.
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES

1. Aufmann, Ricahard , Joanne Lockwood, Richad Nation,

Daniel Clegg and Susanna Epp. (2018). Mathematicsin
the Modern World.Rex Book Store, Manila
2. Camarista, Genisis G., Ph.D. and Sunny G. Gabinete,
Pd.D. (2016). The Art of Problem Solving. Lorimar
Publishing, Inc. Quezon City
3. Earnhart, Richard T. and Edgar M. Adina (2018).
Mathematics in the Modern World. C & E Publishing, Inc.
EDSA South Triangle, Quezon City
4. Nocon, Rizalde and Ederlina G. Nocon. (2018). Essential
mathematics for the Modern World. C&E Publishing Inc.,
Quezon City
5. Reyes, Juan Apolinario C. (2018). Mathematics in the
Modern World. Unlimited Books Library Services &
Publishing Inc.
6. Mathematics of investment. Manila: Rex Bookstore, C2015.
7. Aufmann, R. (2014). Basic college mathematics: An
applied approach. Australia: Brooks/Cole Cengage
Learning.
8. Beardon, A.F. (2016). Mathematical exploration.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Rich, B. (2013). Schaum’s outline: Geometry,
includes, analytic and transformational geometries.
New York: Mc Graw Hill.
10. https://www.rapidtables.com/math/symbols/Basic_M
ath_Symbols.html
11. https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/PreAlgebra/
Fundamentals_of_Mathematics_(Burzynski_and_Ell
is)/11%3A_Algebraic_Expressions_and_Equations/
11.05%3A_Applications_I-
_Translating_Words_to_Mathematical_Symbols
12. https://www.onlinemath4all.com/word-problems-
involving-operations-of-whole-numbers.html