MATH 1.

1 BASIC IDEAS ON SETS

FRACTION TO DECIMAL
SETS
- A set may be thought of as well-defined collection of objects. These
objects are called elements or members of the set.

Roster Notation or Listing Method - Describing a set by listing each DECIMAL TO FRACTION
element of the set inside the symbol { }.
Verbal Description Method - Describing a set in words.
Set Builder Notation - Listing the rules that determine whether an 0.36 =
object is an element of the set
EQUIVALENT sets – two sets that contain exactly the same OPERATIONS WITH RATIONAL NUMBERS
number of elements . ADDITION: SUBTRACTION:
EQUAL sets – two sets that contain exactly the same elements. 2/5 + 1/5 = 3/5 ¼ - 1/3 = 3/12 – 4/12 1/12
CARDINAL number – number of elements in the set.
SUBSET - Set A is a subset of set B, written A B, if and only if MULTIPLICATION: DIVISION:
every element in A is also in B. 2/5 x 1/5 = 2/25 2/5 ÷ 1/5 = 2/5 x 5/1 = 10/5 or 2
INTERSECTION of sets – denoted by ∩, is a set of elements that
are members of both A and B. MULTIPLICATION: DIVISION:
UNION of sets – denoted by ∪, is the set of elements that are 3 5 3 5
25 × 18 25 ÷ 18
members of A, or members of B, or members of both A and B.
4 7 4 7
COMPLEMENT of a Set – written as A’ is the set of all elements in
the universal set (U) that are not in set A 103 131 103 131
DIFFERENCE of 2 sets – written as A – B, is a set of elements in A = × = ÷
that are not in B. 4 7 4 7
Roster Notation or Listing Method 103 × 131 103 7
= = ×
A = {2,4,6,8} 4×7 4 131
Verbal Description Method 13493 25 103 × 7
=
Set A is the set of first 5 even numbers. = = 481 4 × 131
Set Builder Notation 28 28 721 197
A = {xlx is an even number less than 12} = = 1
A is the set of all x such that x is an even number less than 12. 524 524
EQUIVALENT sets
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {m, a, t, h}
EQUAL sets MATH 2.2 PRINCIPAL ROOTS AND IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
A = { a, e, i, o ,u}. B = {o, e, u, i, a}
CARDINAL number PARTS OF A RADICAL
A = {a, e, I, o, u} therefore n(A) =5
• Radical Symbol: the symbol √ or indicating extraction of a root of
SUBSET
A = {hotdog, ham, cheese} the quantity that follows it.
B = {egg, hotdog, bacon, cheese, ham} • Radicand: the quantity under a radical sign √ x
INTERSECTION of sets • Index: n√
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
Therefire, A ∩ B = {2, 4} • Use decimal points; 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 if nearer to lower root
UNION of sets • Use decimal points; 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 if nearer to higher root
A = {a, b, c, d, e}. B = {a, e, i, o, u}
Therefore, A ∪ B = {a, b, c, d, e, i, o, u}
COMPLEMENT of a Set
U = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18} B = {6, 15, 18}
Therefore, A’ = {3, 9, 12} MATH 2.3 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
DIFFERENCE of 2 sets - A way to express very small or very large numbers that is often
A = {r, o, y, g, b, i, v}. B = {r, y, b} used in “scientific” calculations where the analysis must be
Therefore, A – B = {o, g, i, v} precise.
B- A = {} - Scientific Notation is a way of writing a number as a
multiplication problem where the first number is greater than one but
less than ten and the second number is a power of ten.

MATH 2.1 SET OF RATIONAL NUMBERS Example: 4,750,000

Use: 4.75 (moved 6 decimal places)
RATIONAL NUMBERS Answer: 4.75 x 10
- Any number that can be written in the form of , where a and b are
integers and where b is also an integer not equal to 0. Example: 0.000789
Use: 7.89 (moved 4 decimal places)
TERMINATING DECIMALS REPEATING Answer: 7.89 x 10
DECIMALS
- end with a remainder of 0. - have 1 or more digit after To change from Scientific Notation to Standard Form:
(1.25, 0.75, 2.5) decimal point that repeats Move decimal point to RIGHT for POSITIVE exponent of 10.
indefinitely. (1.222, 2.777) Move decimal point to LEFT for NEGATIVE exponent of 10.
Examples:
1) 3,075 =
3.075
3.075 x 103

2) 447 =
4.47
4.47 x 102
3) 0.003 =
0.003
3 x 10-3 (moved to right = negative)

4) 0.94300 =
0.94300
9.43 x 10-1

5) 1,000,000 =
1.000,000 = 1 x 106

6) 1.61 x 107 = 16100000

7) 3.67 x 10-3 = 0.00367