( h 12 :

Thermal Properties 1ms = 1000L -

-
106cm'
"
10
-

1.66×10
A -

-
atomic mass # ( # of protons + neutrons)
=

kg

" "
I moles of a substance terms
Avogardo Na n =
'S # : =
6.02×10 mot -
a in

Na of the # of basic particles

Thermal Energy of an ideal gas of N atoms
.

1.38×10-231
.

HB =

Eth =
N Haug =

Z N KB T K

* thermal energy is directly proportional to temperature

"
Ex .
A large room contains 1×10 molecules of air How much .

gas is required to
raise the temp by 5°C? "
f- =
gk N =
1×10

"

¥ ) ( 5k) 105J
-

11×10 ) 11.38×10 I 100kV

Iz
"
DE th =
= × =

root
"
mean square
" -

Vrms
=3KmBTf speed of an atom of
rms
ideal gas at temp T
mass m in an

1st :
determine mass of nitrogen
:
Imd Nz . 14W = 28 U
lMOI Nr

"

280
1.66×1010-27114
-

m
-

-
. = 4.6×10 kg ←
molecular mass

T, =
178K I =
327k

Vrms
=f5ll.38×l0"4klll78
kg 4.6×10
-
"
= 400 Mls

* b/c rms speed is a to the sort of the temp doubling ,

rms would require increase in temp by factor of 4 .

the ratio of lowest I highest ever recorded is less than :

1.8
TI 3,37%4
not high enough for Nc
= = ←

to move 2x the speed

← constant volume process

Vr .
=
Vi

* a constant volume process -

appears on a PV diagram
as a vertical line
←
.
 °
Pressure in a car tire measures 30.0 psi on a morning when the
cool air temp is 0°C . At noon
the air in tire reaches 30°C . What is the pressure at this temp ?
↳ 14.7 psi 44.7 psi
we are given gauge pressure If Pg lat m 30 psi +
pg
= =
t
p
-

( 44.7 psi ) 49.6 psi

3¥ P
=
=

273.7k ,

*most gauges do not measure absolute pre assure so it is called

the diff between the absolute
gauge cpg)
pressure pressure and
-

the atmospheric pressure .

pg =
p p atoms p Pg t
p
-
=
atoms

to
°
at sea level p atoms
=
1.0 atm lat m -
-
14.7

o what volume is occupied by l moi of an ideal gas at a p I atm ant t 0°C

-
-
- -

( latm) ( V) =
limo) ( 27314118.3101M$ ok) V =
0.0224 m
'
=
22.4L
to b
I atm =
101.3×103 Pa Im' = 1000L 1cm' =
1mL

pVDam-
Idea PV diagram is that
of
each point on graph represents a
single unique state of the gas
,

* this allows us to find T

b/c know
we ( plus and can
assume (n)

each point actually represents

triplet of values (p V , , n)

a- Constant -

pressure Process
( Isobaric) pr =p i
.

&

\ horizontal line
appears as a

↳ stops when pgas =

text →
Egas =

Posas A
A is area of face of piston
text =
pext A

°
A gas in a cylinder Wla movable piston occupies 50.0cm' at 50°C .
The gas is cooled at constant pressure
until the temp is 10°C What is. Vr ?
.
9
Isobaric
Vi = 50cm '
.
-1L = 50L Ti =
323.15k Tr .
=
283.15k
'
1cm

50L Vr 43.8L 43.8cm,

2¥,gy
= =
= -

3273.1k ,
 (a) Push

←
Constant Temp Process Tr . = Ti
( Isothermal)

←
piston is pushed slowly the heat energy transfer through the ,

walls of the cylinder will keep gas at same temp as the

p increases
surrounding liquid

* reverse =
isothermal expansion

a- different temperatures correspond to different isotherms

- the hotter the ,

/ farther from origin

* p and V change !

tf T remains fixed p
nP constant
o = = =

f.
b/c there is an inverse relationship between p and V ,
the graph of a constant -

temperature
process is a Hyperbola .

°
A snorkeler takes a deep breath at the surface , filling his lungs w/ 4.0L of air . He then descends to
a depth of 5. Om , p = 0.50 atm higher than surface . What Is the volume of air in his lungs ?

( I atm) ( 4. OL) =
( 1.5 atm) Vz Vz =
2.67L

Thermodynamics of Ideal Gas Law Processes

-

when gases expand , they de work on the piston

Egas IS due to the

gas pressure and has a

magnitude of
-
Egas =p A A =
piston area
-
*

gas volume D
text is =
in magnitude and
DV =D A
opposite in direction

* The force due to gas pressure does worth

Wgas =
Egas d =
( p A) ( *p -
Xi ) =
p ( Xr A
-
Xi A) ( XIA is
cyllner's Vi and xr It is Vt )

(
.

a W gas =p ( Vr .
-
Vi) =p D V Wgas=plQ ← Work done by a gas in a constant
pressure process

←
Calculating work done in an ideal gas -
law process

area under the graph DDV is the work done by the gas as
It expands from Vi to Vf .

only for constan

Pf * no W is done w/ constant V ,
V must change to do work
W gas =
area
*
p must be in Pa and V in Cms

Ipa =

Nz
,
Ms =
N m
-
( but Nem is IU )
 * Wga is ,
Lt) if gas expands ( DV > O) -0
gas does W by pushing against piston
-
W done is
energy transfer of the system and energy of gas decrease

* Wga , is t) If piston compresses against the gas ( DV < O) ble tf Force Egas is opposite the
the displacement of the piston

energy is transferred system as work energy of gas increases

-

" "
Work is done on gas = W gas is l I
-

In 1st law of thermodynamics ,

D Eth =
Q +
W (W is the work done by the env ) -
Fen acting
.
on system
* since text and Egas are equal and opposite forces : W = -

W gas ,
1st Law can then be written as :

1st Law =
DEth=Q-Wg#
* thermal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature as

Eth =
IN KB T ( N KB =
nR ) so ,
DE th =
Z n RDT

°
A cylinder Wla movable piston contains 0.016M of helium A researcher expands the .

gas via the process

Illustrated .
To achieve this , does she need to heat the gas? If so how much heat , energy must be added I removed ?

n = 0.016 MOI He pi
=
400 KPa Pr .
=
2001hPa
Vi
=
100cm' Vp =
300cm'

as piston expands it does work ,

use 1st law DE th =
In RDT
then look at how much W is done by looking at A .

once we know W gas and DE th use first law to determine sign

-

we

PV -
-

n RT -
o T '
-
-

PI T, =
14.0×10514111.0×10%312 = 300K
nR ( 0.016mW) ( 8.314mV K) -

DE th 10.016) 18.314mA x) ( 150*1 300

Z
'
-
-
=

Tz = (2.0xl0sPa1l3.0xlO"m# = 450 K
( 0.016mot ) ( 8.314 Molik)

* now we to find the area to be able to find W

Pa .
m
3 =
U
(Pal
p

¥
* the gas does work but heat is
m'll 2×107 20 U
"

triangle I 12×10
-

area of = =
added so it makes sense heat must
be added
£
i
4nos -

a.
y¥., area of rectangle =
, , , ,o pa,
,
, , ,o ,m ,
,
.

.
you

=¥y Vimy Wgas 200 400 600

To hop,wngUsf
this
= '
-
=

Vi Vr
.

Q -

Eth t
W gas =
300 + 600 =
9047

Steps :
l ) com to SI units
.
2.) Use gas law to find T 3.) Use 1st law to find Eth

4.) find area of shape to find W 5.) Use W and Eth to find Q
-
ACHabatlcproces.SI 1st law :

doing work on gas increases thermal energy

* suppose an insulated container contains gas that is compressed and no heat is transferred to the environment
or gas is compressed so fast that it does not have time to transfer heat Q = O
↳ for a compression or expansion we call this an adiabatlcprocess
* an adiabatic expansion the temperature of the gas DE th L O

* an adiabatic compression the temperature of the gas DE th s O

°
Figure shows the PV diagram of a gas
undergoing an isothermal compression from point I to 2.
Sketch
how PV diagram would look like if the gas were compressed from point I to the same final pressure
by rapid diabetic compression

* in anisothermal compression heat energy is transferred

,

out of the gas so that temperature stays the same

↳
↳ higher temp of same
gas
↳ this does not happen in a adiabatic process

aastymmeraiureawidhsiiaitematpoonmtanttnan.me

12.4 Thermal Expansion

:

DV is linearly related to DT

B Vi DT
"
• DV =
B =
coefficient units =
K

Yolo me thermal expansion

a DL = a Li DT

[ near thermal expansion