I .

Prokaryotes

termlnologymm.ca#es are sticky layers on bacteria cell wall ,

it helps adhere to a substrate or othe bacteria in
colony
↳
helps against dehydration ,
or can shield from the host immune system
o
Endospores are developed in harsh conditions original cell , produces copy of its chromosome and surrouns It
with resistant cells .
This allows the bacteria to survive long periods when lacking water 1 nutrients

ophotoautotrophe ex .

prokaryote
-

cyanobacteria protists -

algae
rare !

ochemoautotroph energy source inorganic chemicals carbon source coz ex Unique to certain prokaryotes
- -
.

ochemoheterotrophe Is what most prokaryotes are ,

also protists and fungi
2 types : Saprobes ( nutrients from dead matter) Parasites ( nutrients from living hosts)

o
Denitrification is when nitrate is converted to Nz -

nitrogen is removed from nitrogen cycle

o
Nltrogenflxatlon is when atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonium -
make nitrogen available

°0blgateAerob cannot live w/o oxygen

oFaculatweAnaerobe_ can live w/ oxygen but if not available ,

it can do fermentation (anaerobic prod of ATP)

oobllgatettnaerob.ee Is poisoned by oxygen ex.

tetanus
Salmonella
ex .

]
.

°
Endotoxin cause illness by these toxins that are on outer membrane , mostly gram neg -
bacteria

°
Ectotoxins are secreted by bacteria ,
could cause illness even if not present anymore ex .
E coli
.

,
botox

Prokaryote Domains :

-
DomainArcheay
-
no peptidoglycan
-

several kinds of RNA polymerase -

introns

no response to antibiotics
-

some have histones -

circular chromosome
-

are able to live in extreme conditions ( hot 100C

,
cold -
10°C ,
salty environments , acidic)
↳ extremophiles ex halobacterium solfolobus
,
.

Methanogens -

arched that release methane as a bi product ,

use CO2 to oxidize Ha

°
Strict anaerobes poisoned by Oz .
* Can live in cow's intestines to help w/ digestion
,

°
Useful as decomposers in sewage treatment facilities .

Halophl -

arched that prefer salty environments

Methanogens , halophlles ,
and other extremophiles are arched in clade Euryarchaeota ( wide habitat )

Domainfsactena
-
Ecological Impacts of Prokaryotes :
Nutrient cycling , Symbiotic Relationships
De composers -
return non -

living matter to the pool of available compounds

Autotrophic -
create organic compounds from CO2 which benefits up the food chain
 Diversity : →

-
→
a- Rhizobium inside root
of a cell
1 . Proteobacteria ( A .
B .
G, D ,
El Gram -

negative
Alpha -
associated w/ eukaryotic hosts ex - Rhizobium converts atmospheric Nz to comports host use

* mitochondria evolved from alpha

Beta soil bacteria important role in nitrogen recycling by oxidizing ammonium ex Nitrosomonas
-
.

to
Gamma -

autotrophic heterotrophic , ,
include e. coli and legionella
Delta -

slime -

secreting myxo bacteria Thiomarganta containing

sulfur wastes -6
* when food is low cells congregate into
,

a
Fruiting body that releases resistant " myxo spores "
La
Epsilon -

pathogenic to humans / animals Epsilon

Helicobacter
ex .

Campylobacter causes blood poisoning

-
a
stomach ulcer

2. Chlamydias -
survive only w/ animal cells , gram
-

negative
ex . trachomatis causes blindness and is STD , coccus

3. Spirochetes -

helical gram
-

negative heterotrophs spiral though environment w/ flagellum

-

like

* free -

living or pathogenic parasites ex . Borreliacauses Lyme disease

Treponema causes syphilis

4 .
Cyanobacteria -

gram negative
-

, only prokaryotes that are plant like -

* chloroplasts evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria ex .

phytoplankton ,
oscillator l

Alpha -
mltochondla ancestor , agrobacteria , rocky mountain spotted fever
Beta -

nitrogen fixers ,
Bordatella , gonorrhoeae
Gama -

Legionella ,
Salmonella ,
E Coli
.

Delta -

myxo bacterium chlamydia -

all parasitic
Epsilon -
helicobacter Spirochete -

Borrelia causes lyme disease

cyanobacteria -
O photosynthetic ,
N fixation
Gram Positive Bacteria
Streptomyces -
o

l .
Acenomycetes -
form colonies containing branched chains of cells

* help decompose organic matter In soil ,

used For .
antibiotics ex .
streptomycin ,
bacillus anthrax

tuberculosis leprosy
Staphylococci , Streptococcus *
Mycoplasma, lack cell walls ,

Hoch 's Postulates :

i . Bacteria present 2. Isolated and grown s . Infect host 4 . Recoverable

* Won noble prize for demonstrating Helicobacter la's relationship to gastritis and ulcers
 Arched Bacteria

ii¥:÷÷÷
Petldoglycan
Multiple RNA

÷ii.
Different Chemicals
" """ Ribosomes

Nuclear Envelope

Histones

Linear DNA

Eukaryotes
" "

2. Protists that are Fungus -

like -

Absorptive Protists
characteristics : small similar to prokaryotes
more in common w/ plants , fungi ,
animals than to other protists
"
eukaryotes that are not plants , fungi ,
or animals

cytoskeleton helps them grow ,

feed ,
move

most are unicellular

contractile VaColes pump out excess water ( not found in other eukaryotes)

Plasmodlal Slime Molds ( amoebozoa) "

feeding Plasmodium
"

-
multinucleated supercell (no cytokinesis) feeding stage →
prepares to fruit -
a
sporandla
diploid cells in sporangia B haploid spore a amoeboid cell ( if dry ) cytoskeleton
- - -

( MEIOSIS) ↳
flagellated cell ( If moist )
-
A 2 haploid gametes fuse -0
diploid zygote 12N
( syngamy)
Diploid Dominant
'

different b/c .

similar to fungi :
crawl around ,
seeding by absorption , important in terrestrial nutrient cycling
Cellular Slime Molds ( Dictyostelida) Haploid ← same as fungi

( only for reproduction

)
-

single ameobold cells during feeding stage ,

when food Is low they form pseudoplasmodium
-

different from plasmodlal ble no flagellated stages and not multi nucleated
(n)
solitary stage a
aggregate
-
a
sporangia o
spores a
solitary amoeba ( again) &

!
-
- - -

(feeding) ( haploid)

when food low or generate

( sexual reproduction)
diversity :
aggregate →
syngamy
→ zygoftsewat.REDYYY.tw
(haploid ) (2h)

different from fungi

Water Molds 100mg Cota) Diploid Dominant cellulose cell walls
( fungi cell walls =
Chitin)
-

important decomposer and parasites in aquatic systems

(true gametes)
-

hyphae ( haploid) strands have an oogonium where meiosis occurs → Fertilization -

(haploid) egg +
sperm
animal like
.

-
a Oospores (zygotes) -
a
germinate -0 Toospores sexual Reproduction
(diploid)

Asexual Reproduction :
creates zoosporangium
-
o
zoospore
(2h)

relatives :
White rusts , downy mildews hyphae similar to fungi but convergent
evolution so not related
* all heterotrophic Stram enophlles ( straw hair )

* Potato Blight !
Similarities to fungi : have hyphae ,

Different :
diploid dominant ,
cellulose cell walls ,
bi flagellated cell stages

3 .
True Fungi
Terminologies

otxoenzyme are on the outside cell walls of fungi to digest

Hyphae network of tiny filaments that consist of tubular cell walls helps w/ absorption growth
°
are +

Mycelium is formed by hyphae interwoven , maximizes surface area makes feeding more efficient

°
Septa are cross walls that divide hyphae into cells

o
A- septate lcoenocitic is when there is no septa ,
meiosis w/out cytokenisls makes multi nucleated cell

o
Hetero Maryon is what mycelium is after plasmogamy but before karyogamy
*
contains coexisting genetically different haploid nuclei that have not completely fused

Plasmogamy is the fusion of cytoplasm of 2 Daren mycelia

°

karyogamy is fusion of nuclei that produces diploid cells

*
zygotes form ,
this is the only diploid stage in fungi
°
Imperfect fungi are fungi that have nd known sexual stage ex .

deuteromycetes

Haploid Dominant ( unlike animals) hyphae , my cell la , spores are all Haploid
cross over
t g
some Mycena fuse 2 genetically distinct hyphae → HeteroMaryon 12 diff nuclei)
General Characteristics Mostly unicellular , more related to animals

°
Nutritional Mode :
absorb nutrients using exo enzymes , Heterotrophs , digest living or dead ,
no ingestion
°
Structural Organization :
Vegetative ( non -

reproductive ) bodies organized around food source ( underground )

Chile cell walls Hyphae ( except yeast ) , mycelium , reproduction structure above ground
t
similar to insects
* Parasitic fungi have haustoria ,
modified hyphae that can penetrate tissues of host
°
Growth :
rapid ! 1km perl day
°
Reproduction : do so by releasing spores ( asexually or sexually)
* feeding stage =
mycelium
°
Evolution : i .
Chytrid 2.
Zygomycota 3 .
Glomeromycota 4. Ascomycota s .
Basidiomycota
aquatic mycorrhizal sac fungi Club -

fungi

\ s
shared ancestor w/ protists ?

Chota Aquatic Saprobes 1 Parasites Zoospores ( flagellated spores)

o ° °

*
associated w/ plants °
Coenocyte Hyphae ( no Septa) o
Unicellular o
motile spores

-
hw
2.
Zygomycota terrestrial Zygo sporangium coenocyte Hyphae
o o o

)
Unique
-

mycellla have It ) and l I -

→
plasmogamy
-
o heteroKarlotic -0
karyogamy
-0
Diploid Nuclei →
Meiosis -0
sporangium Sexual Reproduction COI

A- sexual Reproduction spores →

mycelium
- o
sporangia rf ( identical )

ex .
Rhizopus ( strawberry gone bad ) ,
black bread mold , dung fungus ,
Pilo bows

*
sporangia are the white fuzz

3.co/0meromycWete# Mychorrhlzae Relationship

(mutualism )
( arbuscules) w/ plant roots

AsTomyD Isac fungi) oases

°
Super diverse ,
marine , terrestrial ,
freshwater o
yeasts ,
lichens odlkaryotic
*
ascogonium ( mating type ) -
o ascus -0 4 haploid nuclei → 8 ascospores
(dlkaryottc)

--

(5dn ( Club Fungi ) Clingan )

Ota o
important decomposers o
mycorrhiza
°
Septate my cell la o
di Karyotic 12 diff nuclei) pl cell
Plasmogamy
°
Basidlocarp -0 Basidia -
a
karyogamy -0
Diploid Nuclei -
a Basidium

°
sexual spores borne externally on club shaped
-

structures :
Basidia

Ecological Roles 1 Adaptations :

*
imperfect fungi :
deuteromycetes
I .
Molds -

grow rapidly ,
saprobes or parasites ex .
penicillium ( Ascomycete) Asexual
Reproduction
2 . Yeasts -
unicellular fungi in moist 1119010
*
Basidiomycota , Ascomycota
o
reproduce asexually by simple division or budding Imperfect Fungi

3. Lichen -

symbiotic association of algae , cyanobacteria Whn a mesh of fungal hyphae

4. Mychorrhlze -
mutualistic associations of plant roots * vascular plants

-
Endo -

penetrate cell wall but not membrane (helps w/ phosphorus stress )

-
Ecto -

sheath outer layer ( helps with nitrogen stress)

*
Fungi are chemoheterotrophic ( like animals)

* Parasitic and Mutualistic fungi absorb nutrients from living organisms

* Haustoria are modified my cellla of parasitic fungi
*
Mycorrhizal fungi assist plants in the absorption of essential nutrients

* Fungi cell walls made out of chitin

* general fungal sexual reproduction -

plasmogamy →
karyogamy →
meiosis -
a germination
* Fungi are a monophyletic group
* Evidence suggests that fungi and animals have a common acesfor

* Chytrid s unique feature is the zoospores ( flagellated spores)

↳ evidence that fungi evolved from flagellated protists
*
zygo sporangia areresistant to heating and drying , produced through plasmogamy ,

metabolically inactive , multinucleate formations

* Asexual spores produced by members of Ascomycota are called conidia

* Mushrooms have dlkaryotlc cells w/ haploid nuclei

* Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and phothosynthesizers

* Chestnut is a pathogenany of ascomycetes

4 .
Algae Diatoms
* Not monophyletic
Red Algae
Stramenopiksfff Oomycota
Golden
Brown
Algae
Algae
( absorptive protist)
(
-

green Algae
(
-
Chlorophytes

*
Photosynthetic (Algae)

1. Diatoms glass
-

like ( silica) mainly asexual reproduction

* laminar in to store food reserve * pesticide *

flagella
*
Stramenophlles are not ancestors of land plants

2. Golden Algae lchrysophytes )

Mlxotrophlc flagellated unicellular