ESSENTIALS OF WATER AND LAND TRANSPORTATION

(TOUR02H)

SESSION TOPIC 1: GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TRANSPORTATION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session, you will be able to:

1. Understand the roles and importance of different modes of transportation in the tourism industry.
2. Identify the evolutions of transportations and its innovations.
3. Explain the modes of tourist transport and the role of transportation in relation to destination
development.
4. Define transportation and its roles.

KEY TERMS

ASEAN LAND TRANSPORT EVOLUTION

TRANSPORTATION WATER TRANSPORT

CORE CONTENT

Introduction

Transportation let people and goods move from one place to another using a variety of vehicles
across different infrastructure. If agriculture and industries are supposed to be the body of a country,
transportation are the nerves and veins of the economy for it does not only use technology (namely
infrastructure, vehicles and energy) but also people’s time and their efforts exerted in making this
transportation possible to meet the desired outputs of passenger trips and other freight shipments.
Transportation also has adverse outcomes such as air pollution, noise, congestion, crashes, injuries, and
fatalities.

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TRANSPORTATION

I. Definition of Transportation
Transport (commonly used in the UK), or transportation (used in the US), is the movement of
humans, animals, and goods from one location to another. In other words, the action of transport is
defined as a movement of an organism or thing from a point A to a point B. Modes of transport include
air, land, water, cable, pipeline, and space.
Humans' first means of transport involved walking, running, and swimming.
The domestication of animals introduced a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful
creatures, allowing the hauling of heavier loads, or humans riding animals for greater speed and duration.
Inventions such as the wheel and the sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the
introduction of vehicles. Water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time
immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to
the Industrial Revolution.
The first forms of road transport involved animals, such as horses (domesticated in the 4th or the
3rd millennium BC), oxen (from about 8000 BC) or humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often
followed game trails. Many early civilizations, including those in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley,
constructed paved roads. In classical antiquity, the Persian and Roman empires built stone-paved roads to
allow armies to travel quickly. Deep roadbeds of crushed stone underneath kept such roads dry. The
medieval Caliphate later built tar-paved roads. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks.
Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for
propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities that grew up as
sites for trading being located on rivers or on the seashore, often at the intersection of two bodies of water.
Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption
gravitated as close to each other as feasible.

II. Evolution of Transportation

Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or commonly known as ASEAN, is a regional
organization that promotes economic, political, and security cooperation among its ten member countries
(Albert & Maizland, 2019). It was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing
of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Years after, Brunei Darussalam joined on 7
January 1984, Viet Nam on 28 July 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and Cambodia on 30
April 1999, making up ten Member States of ASEAN.
III. Roles and Importance of Transportation
Transportation exhibits a very close relation to the style of life, location and range if activities to
be transported either human beings or goods and even services which makes it non separable to the
society which makes it essential to the economy in every country. The changes made in advancing these
modes of transportation, either by land, water or air, has made the way of movement much more
accessible and possible that even certain areas such as those in provinces are reachable which has a great
impact on the improvement of civilizations. Transportation is responsible for the development of
movement which greatly affect the way people live and travel. A large fraction of people travels daily for
work, shopping, social gatherings, leisure, exploration, and other ways of shipping goods from a place to
another. Thus, transportation also consumes a lot of time, fuel, equipment or materials, and land.

Transportation for tourism refers to where people are travelling by using those vehicles that moves them
for one place to their specific destinations. Their purpose, mostly, leisure, business travel or social
reasons. Transportation for tourism are for those who are transporting their goods by means of shipment
either by land, water, or air. Today, for example, we face a new normal society or economy which most of
the people are really into selling their products using internet or social medias and deliveries are quite
common. Their means of transporting their goods are by booking an appointment thru mobile apps that
enables them to grab a driver that would send their products from one place to another which also has a
great impact on the role of transportation to the economy.

ACTIVITY: ESSAY WRITING (15pts.)

Refer to the questions below and use the space provided for your answers.

1. WHAT IS THE MEANING OF TRANSPORTATION?

2. WHAT ARE THE ROLES OF TRANSPORTATION?

3.WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION?

1. (5pts)

2. (5pts)

3. (5pts)

SESSION II: TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM - INTERNAL PERSPECTIVE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session, you will be able to:

1. Identify the components and modes of transportation.
2. Understand transportation operators and transportation operating control.
3. Explain the principles of transportation’s system inn internal perspective.

KEY TERMS
VMT TO

TOC

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM-INTERNAL PERSPECTIVE

I. Components and Modes of Transportation
A transport mode is a combination of Infrastructure such as stations, bus terminals, hubs or
airport terminals. In pertaining to Vehicles and Containers those are the motor vehicles, automobiles,
motorcycles, bicycles, trucks, wagons, trains, ships, and aircrafts. Thus, transportation also includes those
stationary or mobile workforce, propulsion system and power supply-traction. In terms of operations
these are driving, management, traffic signals, railway signals, air traffic control, etc.
Freight and passenger movement and mobility are core components of a transport system.
Mode of transportation is a term used to identify the different ways of transporting goods and
transportation of people. The different modes of transportation are land, water and air which includes rails
or railways, road, and off-road transport. Other modes are pipelines, cable transport and space transport.
Animal-powered transport and Human-powered transport are sometimes regarded as their own mode, but
never fall into the other categories. In general, transportation is used for moving people, animals, goods
and other materials or equipment from one place into the another. On the other hand, transport refers to
the (motorized) vehicles which has a fundamentally different technological solution and some require a
separate environment which also leads to each has its own infrastructure, vehicles used and the operations
to perform certain vehicles.

II. Transportation Operators (TO)

Public transportation operators include drivers of school buses, intercity buses, local commuter
vehicles, such as subways and streetcars. Many drivers run a predetermined route within a city or
metropolitan area, transporting passengers from on designated place to another. Intercity drivers travel
between cities and states, transporting passengers and luggage on more lengthy trips. Some public
transportation operators are required to handle additional special duties, such as transporting passengers
with disabilities. In today’s trends, some private vehicles are also used for travelling. People would often
book using their mobile devices through an application which are mostly used by business people who
would be travelling and having a meeting on a destination which makes it easier for them not to be late or
get lost on the area.

III. Transportation Operating Control (TOC)

The two foundations of quality traffic operations are a knowledge of the characteristics and
requirements of the product to be shipped, thus ensuring that the product arrives without degradation and
also a knowledge of alternative transportation operations and the ability to match transportation method
with shipping requirements to maximize service at a minimal cost.

IV. Efficient and Effective Transportation

There are different modes of transportation and distinguishing them from most efficient from the
least would be inaccurate since they do have variety of advantages and disadvantages. From the word
“efficient” a transportation achieving the maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense
would only be that efficient if they would be enabling people to get to work or goods to be delivered
while reducing vehicles miles traveled or VMT. Making the nation’s fleet more resilient and less
susceptible to fuel price volatility is also reducing the VMT and the overall costs of transportation. One
good example of efficient transportation is the bicycle. There are also congestion management that allows
vehicles to operate at more constant speeds, with fewer starts and stops and less idling, could increase
overall transportation efficiency.

Transportation also has its goals and missions. One of the missions of any transportation provider
is to know how effective they would be for human travel and the goods they ship from a place to a
specific destination. Successful operation of a transportation would only be effective if they have reached
their desired production or intended results were met. Let us take logistics company as an example. The
only way to know the effectiveness of their shipments is not by competing towards other logistics
companies but the numbers they have sent their shipment from a warehouse to the consumers destination.
They set goals per day for about 60 shipments or trucks. Airline companies also have their goals wherein
they maximize the seats on the plane may it be economy, business or first class per take off same as cruise
ships and even bus companies.

ACTIVITY: QUIZ 1
Refer the questions below and write the correct answer on the space provided.

1. ______________________________
1. LIST THE CORE COMPONENTS OF A
TRANSPORT SYSTEM 2._______________________________

3._______________________________

2. WHAT ARE THE TWO FOUNDATIONS

OF TRAFFIC CONTROL? 4._______________________________

5._______________________________

3. WHAT DOES THE ABBREVIATION VMT

MEANS? 6.________________________________

7.________________________________

4. WHAT ARE THE THREE MAJOR TYPES 8.________________________________

OF TRANSPORTATION
9.________________________________

5. WHAT IS THE MISSION OF

TRANSPORTATION? 10._______________________________

SESSION III: TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM - EXTERNAL PERSPECTIVE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the session, you will be able to:
1. Understand to policies and responsibilities of the governing sectors.
2. Identify the competitors and passengers in the transportation system.
3. Analyze external factors of transportation system.

KEY TERMS

OECD PASSENGERS TRAVELERS

POLICIES COMPETITORS

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM - EXTERNAL PERSPECTIVE

I. Policy and Responsibilities of the Government Sector
The development of transport to facilitate inbound tourism is often motivated by government’s
desire to increase earnings from tourist receipts, especially in less developed countries seeking to
modernize their pos-colonial economies and to achieve a government’s objectives for transport to
facilitate tourist travel, policies are formulated to guide the organizations management and development
of tourist and non-tourist transport. There are four key stages for transport planning, and these are:
Political Stage, Development Stage, Transport Stage and Facility Stage.
The transport policies developed by the national governments are influence by their changing
attitudes, outlook, and political ideology. This often manifests itself in term of the level of expenditure on
capital investments, infrastructure provision and policies to facilitate or constrain tourist travel. As the
distance people travel by car increases, there are obvious environmental consequences. The UK’s
Department of Transport observed: “tourism and leisure depend heavily on travel and transport. In
Britain, travelling by road represents the dominant mode for visitors to get and from their final
destinations of to see places of interest…[and] the tourism industry, in common with many other
industries, also depends heavily on roads for the transport of goods and services people need.”
Turner (1997) states that the policy process is a function of three interrelated issues. One is the
intentional of political and other key factors. The other one is the way in which decisions and non-
decisions are made and lastly, the implications of these decisions.

Policy Makers: ISSUE/PROBLEM DEFINITION PROCESS OF POLICY DEFINITION

POLICY FORMULATION POLICY IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEM
SUPERSEDED OR REDEFINED POLICY OUTCOME (then goes back to the
Issue/Problem Definition)
 National Policy is normally formulated by government organization with economic social factors
in minds, without explicit concerns for tourism, even though transport networks are used for tourist and
non-tourist travel. The development and shape of transport policy is partly affected by the existing
infrastructure, which has resulted from major public and private sector investment to achieve general and
specific transport objectives. Transport policy is reactive element of government activity as changes in
society and the demand for tourist and non-tourist travel require a certain degree of continuity and change
in policy to meet historical patterns of demand and new trends.
The Asia-Pacific region is one of the fastest-growing regions of the world for scheduled air travel.
Despite such crises, the region id becoming the world’s most important airline market, a feature evident
from the forecasts by Airbus and Boeing. Some aspects of airport operation that private firms may
perform efficiently include: Terminal Operation, Retail Outlet Operation, Building and Operating
Runways, and Contracted-Services.
One of the principal objectives of formulating state level transport policy is The Operation for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Tourism Committee is to provide advice and
information on member countries on the issues commonly faces by government tourism administrators.
Its reports and activities are particularly influential in shaping and influencing government policies on
tourism, particularly the issue of globalization and obstacles to improve member state’s tourism
competitiveness. It is arguing that translating policy objectives into a planning framework may pose
problems for tourist transport systems, since the political philosophy of national governments can lead to
different approaches to funding the development of transport infrastructure projects. May et.al (2005)
suggests that interrogation in transport can be achieved by the following:
- Integrating the policy instruments used across different modes of transport.
- Integrating policy instruments associated with the provision of infrastructure, management,
pricing, and information provision.
- Integrating land use planning with different transport schemes and measures.
- Linking policies not currently aligned with transport such as health, education, and other areas
(e.g. tourism)
- Integrating the activities of different public bodies and authorities in large urban areas.
Where countries do formulate a tourist transport policy, the following issues should be considered
in its implementation through planning measures:

• The management of tourist traffic in large urban areas and small historic cities.

• The management of tourist and recreational traffic in rural areas.

• The promotion of off-peak travel by tourist to spread the seasonal and geographical
distribution of tourist travel and the resulting economic, social, and cultural, economic
impacts of tourism.

• Maximizing the use of existing transport and infrastructure and the use of more novel
forms of tourist transport together with the provision of new infrastructure since long-
term traffic forecasts.

• Integration of transport modes

 • More integration between public and private sector.

II. Transportation Competitors

There are different ways of transportation all around the world competing globally which means
that there are different brand names of each variety of firms. Refer to the pictures below for some of the
transportation businesses around the world.

9
Figure 2.1 Cruise Ship Companies
Figure 2. Airline Firms

III. Passengers
Cohen (1972) distinguish between four (4) types of tourist travelers:
1. The Organized Mass Tourist on a package holiday; they are highly organized and their contract
with the host community in and destination is minimal
2. The Individual Mass Tourist, who uses similar facilities to the organized mass tourist but also
desires to visit other sights not covered on organized tours in destinations
3. The Drifter, who does not seek any contact with other tourists or their accommodation, seeking to
live with the host community.
4. The Explorers, who arrange their travel independently and who wish to experience the social and
cultural lifestyle of the destination.

Transport providers need to recognize the traveler’s choice, behavior and travel intentions at
destinations to understand fully with wider transport requirements beyond simple aggregate pattern of
travel statistics. Pearce (1992) argues that: “Tourism demand should not be equated with tourist
motivation. Tourism demand is the outcome of tourists’ motivation as well as marketing, destinations
features ad contingency factors such as money, health and time relating to the traveler’s choice
behavior...Tourism demand can be expressed as the sum of realistic behavioral intentions to visit
specific location…[which is] reduced to existing travel statistics and forecasts of future traveler
numbers. Tourist motivation is then a part rather the equivalent of tourism demand.”
ACTIVITY: QUIZ 2
Refer the questions below and write the correct answer on the space provided.

1._______________________________

2._______________________________

NAME FIVE (5) AIRLINE FIRMS 3._______________________________

4._______________________________

5. _______________________________

6._______________________________

7._______________________________

NAME FIVE (5) CRUISE LINE BUSINESS 8._______________________________

9._______________________________

10.______________________________

NAME THE PERSON THAT SAID “the policy

process is a function of three interrelated 11.______________________________
issues. One is the intentional of political and
other key factors.”
WHO FORMULATES THE NATIONAL
POLICY OF TRANSPORTATION? 12.______________________________
WHO DISTINGUISHES THE FOUR TYPES
OF TRAVELERS? 13.______________________________

14.______________________________

WHAT ARE THE FOUR TYPES OF 15.______________________________

TRAVELER?
16.______________________________

17.______________________________
 WHAT DOES OECD MEANS
18.______________________________
Who provides advice and information on
member countries on the issues commonly 19.______________________________
faces by government tourism administrators?
It is one of the fastest-growing regions of the
world for scheduled air travel. 20.________________________________

SESSION IV: TRANSPORTATION AND TOURISM

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session, you will be able to:

1. Define what tourism is.
2. Understand the transportation structure in tour business.
3. Know the types of transportation for tourism.
4. Identify the importance of transportation to tourism and the relationship between
transportation and tourism.

KEY TERMS

ASEAN TOURISM BUSINESS WATER TRANSPORT

TOURISM AIR TRANSPORT LAND TRANSPORT

TRANSPORTATION AND TOURISM

I. Tourism
Tourism is the commercial organization and operation of vacations and visits to places of interest.
It comprises the activities if a person travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment
for not more than one consecutive year (12 months) for leisure, special occasion, business, and other
purposes. Tourism promotes the cities or countries and helps raise money for the economy of the country
by tourist spending money to site-see, buy food, purchase souvenirs or gifts, staying in lodging facilities.
Whenever a tourist is spending a time to a destination, they would often seek transportation for them to be
able to switch from places to another. Most of the business travelers gather to one place for a meeting.

II. Transportation Structure in Tourism Business

Transportation Infrastructures are foundational structures and systems for transporting goods and
people. The following are common types of transportation structures:
 Figure 3. Road (ACTEX) Figure 3.1 Rail Road (Metro Manila)

Figure 3.2 NAIA Runway Figure 3.3 Ports

Figure 3.4 Airport building and a train station

III. Relationship of Tourism and Transportation

Transport through its role of movement of goods and people, decisively influences the other
branches of the world economy, including international tourism. In the recent decade, the event tourism

has emerged as an important sector of tourism strategies and leisure behavior globally. Transportation’s
importance consists not only in the function they have in the development of the national socio-economic
complex but also in the importance role exercised over the amplification of the relations between states.
Absence of transportation tourism industry wouldn’t be made possible or it won’t even exist since people
won’t be able to transport goods, people won’t be able to travel to different destinations that they ought to
see. The development on transportation is always linked to the growth of tourism, if international tourism
grows so is the transportation.

IV. Types of Transportation for Tourism

Transportation is the most crucial component of the tourism industry. It is required not only for
reaching the destination but also visiting different sites and moving about at the destination. Variety
modes of transportation adds color to the overall tourism experience. Why? Simply put, with variety of
transportations all around the world there are also different kinds or structure, characteristic and built.
Three kinds of transportation in tourism are:
 1. Air Transportation

• Scheduled Airlines - Operate on the basis of their published timetables.

• Charter Services - Does not operate according to timetables, nor are they
advertised or promoted by the airlines themselves.

• Air Taxi Services - Privately chartered aircraft accommodating between

4 to 18 people only and is used particularly by business travelers.
2. Land Transportation

• The Car - Either privately or publicly used

• Coach and Bus Transport - Used commonly of tourists travelling from

one province to another.

• Rail Travel -The convenience of using this is less traffic for people
travelling to nearby stations or places.

• Cycling

• Tourist on Foot
3. Water Transportation

• Cruise Ships

• Ferries

• Boats

ACTIVITY: QUIZ 3
Refer the questions below and write the correct answer on the space provided.

1.______________________________
NAME 2 (TWO) TRANSPORT STRUCTURE
2.______________________________
WHAT IS TOURISM?
3.______________________________

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF AIR 4.______________________________

TRANSPORT? GIVE ATLEAST 2 (TWO)
5.______________________________

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF WATER

TRANSPORT? GIVE ATLEAST 2 (TWO) 6.______________________________

7.______________________________
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF LAND
TRANSPORT? GIVE ATLEAST 2 (TWO) 8.______________________________

9.______________________________

SESSION V: IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session, you will be able to:

1. Identify human, environmental, social, and political impacts of transportation.

IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION
I. Human Impacts
Humanity has a strong effect on transportation and its innovation. Without humans, transportation
would not be existing and further development would not be met. The human power is to perform mostly
the machines and vehicles that a transportation has. There are certain studies that these machines need to
be operated and these studies are made possible by exerting the human effort.
The health impact of transport emissions is also of concern. A recent survey of the studies on the
effect of traffic emissions on pregnant woman has linked exposures to emissions to adverse effects on
gestational duration and possibly also intrauterine growth.

II. Environmental Impacts

Transportation is the major user of energy consumptions and it burns most the world’s petroleum
that makes air pollution possible including the nitrous oxides and particulates which are also significant
contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide. In all the types of transportation, the
largest contributor to global warming is the Land Transportation. In some developed countries
environmental regulations have reduced or minimize the individual vehicle’s emission. However, this has
been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles, and increased use of each vehicle (an effect called as
Jevons Paradox). Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes, causing environmentalists to call
for a transition from air and road to rail and human-powered transport, and increase transport
electrification and energy efficiency. Also, part of the environmental impact includes traffic congestion
and automobile-oriented urban sprawl, which can consume natural habitat and agricultural lands. By
reducing transportation emissions globally, it is predicted that there will be significant positive effects on
Earth’s air quality, acid rain, smog, and climate changes.
III. Social and Cultural Impacts
According to the study of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, transport systems support complex economic
and social interactions and are thus a component of society. Transportation reflects the aspirations of a
society such as accessibility and mobility, which expands its horizon. For economic activities,
transportation allows access a workforce, reach suppliers and service customers. Transportation
improvements lets workforce interaction much more effective and the costs of distribution usually decline
with the derived competitive benefits. For most people, transportation is the means of travelling for and
going to their work, exportation and importation of different goods, services, leisure, and social networks
and using these transportations if often a social experience, at time negative (e.g. comfort, safety). Thus, a
share of societal consumption is allocated to satisfy mobility needs.
IV. Political Impacts
According to Craven (1990), “economic concerned with the economy or economic system…[and]
the problem-of allocating resources is a central theme of economics, because most resources are scarce”.
The term ‘scarcity’ is used to illustrate the fact that most resources in society are finite and decisions must
be made on the best way to use and sustain them.
ACTIVITY: QUIZ 4 (5pts)
Refer the questions below and write the correct answer on the space provided.
Who said that “transport systems support
complex economic and social interactions and 1._________________________________
are thus a component of society”?
It has a strong effect on transportation and its
innovation. 2.___________________________________
It allows access a workforce, reach suppliers
and service customers. 3.___________________________________
It is the largest contributor to global warming
among the variety of transportations. 4.___________________________________
Who stated that “economic concerned with the
economy or economic system…[and] the
problem-of allocating resources is a central 5.___________________________________
theme of economics, because most resources
are scarce”

SESSION VI: LAND TRANSPORTATION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session, you will be able to:

1. Define land transportation.
2. Know the types and operators of land transportation.
3. Understand the evolution of land transportation and technological innovations.
 4. Identify modes of land transport, history, and technological development, terminologies, and
its regulatory agencies.

KEY TERMS

ASEAN AMTK/AMTZ IOGP IEA

DOTC OTS TRB OTC

PNR

LAND TRANSPORTATION
Land transportation is one way of transporting goods and another way of movement of people
from a certain destination to another on land. The two main forms of land transportation in the tourism
industry can be rail transport and road transport which is also referred to as ground transport.

Types of Land Transportation

• The Cars

• Coach and Bus Transport

• Rail Travel

• Cycling

• Tourist on Foot

Evolution of Land Transportation

In 1769, the French engineer Joseph Cugnot builds a three-wheeled, stream-driven tractor which
records as the first true automobile in history. In 1801, a British engineer Richard Trevithick invents a
steam locomotive designed to travel on rails. In 1818, a German Baron Karl Drais von Sauerbronn
invents the Draisine. In the year 1832, the first horse-drawn streetcars appear in New York City. The
Steam-driven subways was introduced in London by the year 1863. By the year of 1870, a young Parisian
named Ernest Michaux, along with his father Pierre, invent the velocipede, the first bicycle with pedals
installed on the large front wheel. Two Germans, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach invented the
Einspur which is the first motorcycle in 1885. In 1886, Carl Benz invents the Motorwagen, the first
horseless car the be commercially produced. It is equipped with a gasoline engine. The firm Morris and
Salom of Philadelphia perfect the first electronic automobile in 1891. In 1904, the British Company,
North Eastern Railway build the first electric locomotives. The first diesel-electric locomotive is built in
Switzerland in 1912. It first appears on railway lines in 1923. Canadian Joseph-Armand Bombardier
invents the ski-dog, the ancestor of the snowmobile (the Ski-Doo), which makes it easy to travel in snow.
In 1993, the engineers of Canadian company Ballard Power System Inc. perfect a hydrogen battery
powerful enough to run the motor of a bus.
Roles and Importance of Land Transportation
Land transportation has a wide range of access options that are used by visitors when travelling to
and within a destination including self-drive. It also helps to link communities with a district and linking
those communities with the other districts and regions. It also provides economic and social opportunities
and benefits that result in positive multipliers effects such as better accessibility to markets, employment,
and additional investments. It may also operate any time as per the convenience of both client and
operators. Also, land transportation, when comparing to the other transportation, has lower investments.

Issues and Concerns in Land Transportation

Here are some of the Issues and Concerns regarding Land Transportation:

• Traffic Congestion and Parking Difficulties.

• Longer Commuting

• Loss of public space

• High Maintenance costs

• Environmental Impacts and energy consumption

• Accidents and Safety

• Land Consumption

Highways, Railroads, and the other Land Transport Infrastructure

Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allows a vehicle to operate. The highways are public
roads or other public way on land. It is used for major roads, but also includes other public roads and
public tracks while a Railroad is a road composed of parallel steel rails supported by the ties or the other
wheeled vehicles.

Eurail System
This system applies an all-in-one train ticket giving passengers a flexible access to most trains in
Europe. Unlike traditional train tickets, with Eurail a passenger can possibly travel wherever and
whenever they want. Some trains do asks passengers to make reservations, but most trains can be boarded
as easily as flashing a Pass.
Amtrak
 Amtrak or AMTK/AMTZ is a passenger railroad service that provides medium and long-distance
intercity in the contiguous United States and to nine Canadian Cities. It was founded in 1971 as a quasi-
public corporation to operate man U.S passenger rail routes, Amtrak receives a combination of state and
federal subsidies but is managed as a for-profit organization. The United States government through the
Secretary of the United States Department of Transportation owns all the company’s issued and
outstanding preferred stock. Amtrak’s headquarters is located one block west of Union Station in
Washington, D.C.
Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and 3 Canadian Provinces, operating more
than 300 trains daily over 21,400 miles (34,000 km) of track. Amtrak owns approximately 623 miles of
this track and operates an additional 132 miles of track. Some track sections allow trains to run as fast as
150 mph (240 km/h).
In fiscal year 2018, Amtrak served 31.7 million passengers and had 3.4 billion dollars in revenue,
while employing more than 20,000 people. Nearly 87,000 passengers ride more than 300 Amtrak trains
on daily basis.

Japan Bullet Train

The Tokaido Shinkansen line is Japan’s busiest and most popular shinkansen line. It connects the
three biggest metropolitan areas of the country: Tokyo to Yokohama, Osaka to Kyoto, and Nagoya. It is
also famous for being Japan’s first high-speed railway, opening in 1964 for the Japan Olympic Games.
Shinkansen bullet trains are the fastest and most convenient way of discovering Japan. The Japan Rail or
JR is a network intensive and the trains reach a top speed of 320 km/h. This allows you to get to wherever
you need in little time.
International and Philippine Land Transport Regulatory Agencies
International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) is the voice of the global upstream
industry. Oil and gas continue to provide a significant proportion of the world’s energy to meet growing
demands for heat, light and transport.
The IEA or International Energy Agency is an autonomous organization which works to ensure
reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA has four main
areas of focus: energy security, economic development, environmental awareness and engagement
worldwide.
Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) are the primary policy, planning,
programming, coordinating, implementing, and administrative entity of the executive branch of the
government on the promotion, development and regulation of a dependable and coordinated network of
transportation and communication systems, as well as in the fast, safe, efficient and reliable transportation
and communication services.
Office for Transport Security or OTS is the single authority responsible for the security of
transportation systems of the country, including, but not limited to, the following: Civil Aviation, Sea
Transport and Maritime Infrastructure, Land Transportation, Rail Systems and Infrastructures.
TRB or Toll Regulatory Board supervises and regulates the construction, operation, and
maintenance of toll facilities, and is also responsible for the collection of toll fees.
 Office Transport Cooperative (OTC) is originally known as the Committee on Transport
Cooperatives. The current objective of the OTC is to integrate the transport cooperatives program into the
public transport and transit systems, in order to achieve economic of scale with respect to fuel
consumption.
Philippine National Railways (PNR) was created via legislation in June 1964, in order to provide
nationwide railway transport system.
Land Transportation Agency is an agency of the Philippine Government under the Department of
Transportation and Communications and is responsible for all land transportation in the Philippines,
especially implementing transportation laws, rules and regulations.

OPERATING LAND TRANSPORTATION

Two ways of operating these land transportations and those are:
1. Human Powered Transportation - this is where the transportations used by transporting
passengers and goods are used by human muscle power in the form of operating certain vehicle such as
trains and public or private transportations
2. Animal - powered Transportations-is the use of working animals for the movement of people
and goods. One common animal are the horses which are effective and efficient animal in terms of
transportation. Horses were useful in the history of mankind. Today, horses were mostly used for
recreational activities or sports. Also, for tourist transports around a small area.

ACTIVITY: QUIZ 5
Refer the questions below and write the correct answer on the space provided.

What agency of the Philippine Government

under the Department of Transportation and
Communications and is responsible for all land 1.______________________________
transportation in the Philippines, especially
implementing transportation laws, rules and
regulations?
What agency is the single authority responsible
for the security of transportation systems of the 2._______________________________
country?
What agency supervises and regulates the
construction, operation, and maintenance of 3.______________________________
toll facilities, and is also responsible for the
collection of toll fees?
What agency is the voice of the global
upstream industry? 4.______________________________
What the fastest and most convenient way of
discovering Japan? 5.______________________________
This system applies an all-in-one train ticket
giving passengers a flexible access to most 6.______________________________
trains in Europe.
It was founded in 1971 as a quasi-public
corporation to operate man U.S passenger rail 7.______________________________
routes. A passenger railroad service that
provides medium and long-distance intercity in
the contiguous United States and to nine
Canadian Cities.
This is where the transportations used by
transporting passengers and goods are used by 8._______________________________
human muscle power
NAME 2 (TWO) ISSUES IN LAND
TRANSPORTATION. 9._______________________________

10.______________________________

SESSION VII: WATER TRANSPORTATION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session, you will be able to:

1. Define water transportation.
2. Understand the evolution of water transportation and technological innovations.
3. Identify sea transportation systems, definition, history and technological development,
terminologies and its regulatory agencies.

KEY TERMS

IMO PCG MARINA CPA

PMMA
WATER TRANSPORTATION
Water transportation is the international movement of water over large distances. Due to its
weight, the transportation of water is very energy intensive. Unless it has the assistance of gravity, a canal
or long-distance pipeline will need pumping stations at regular intervals. In this regard, the lower friction
levels of the canal make it more economical solution than the pipelines. Water transport is also quite
common in rivers and oceans.

EVOLUTION OF WATER TRANSPORTATION AND ITS INNOVATIONS

In ancient maritime history, the first boats are presumed to have been dugout canoes, developed
independently by various stone age populations, and used for coastal fishing travel. A dugout or dugout
canoe us a boat made from hollowed tree trunk. The first sailing boat was the Egyptian Reed Boat
(4,000BC) and it was believed that the Egyptians has knowledge of sail construction which is governed
by the science of aerodynamics.
Khufu’s Solar Boat (2500bc) was entirely made from woods and it is held together by ropes.
Dhow was used on the eaters of the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Persian Gulf. Historians are
divided whether the Dhow was Invented by Arabs.
During the Medieval Period there were also Southeast Asian Seafarer and Polynesians, and the
Northern European Vikings, developed ocean going vessels and depended heavily upon them for travel
and population movements prior to 1000AD. China’s ships in the medieval period were particularly
massive; multi-mast sailing junks were carrying over 200 people as early as 200 AD while the Vikings
Longboats and Chinese Junks uses 60 men to row the ship in the early 1000AD. Various ships were used
during the Middle Ages. Long ships were sea vessels made and used by the Vikings from Nordic
countries for trade, commerce, exploration and warfare during the Viking Age although scientific analysis
of the oak timber shows at least one well known ship was built in Dublin, Ireland.
SS Savannah was an American hybrid sailing ship/side wheel streamer built in 1818. It is notable
for being the first steamship in the world to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
The Zoroaster (1870) is the first oil tanker in the world built by the Nobel Brothers.
RMS Titanic (1912) was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on April
15, 1912 after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton, UK to New York
City, US. The sinking of Titanic caused the deaths of 1502 people in one of the deadliest peacetime
maritime disasters in modern history. It was the largest ship afloat at the time of maiden voyage.
Wakamiya was the first seaplane carrier and it was created by the Japanese. It was used for wars.
Modern passenger ships us a merchant ships whose primary function is to carry passengers while
the Modern Warship is a naval ship that is built and primarily intended for naval warfare. Warships are
designed to withstand damage and are usually faster and more maneuverable than merchant ships.
Modern Cargo Ships that carries cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another.

WATERWAYS, PORTS AND OTHER SEA TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

 There are different waterways and infrastructure of ports and other sea transport and these are:

• Boat Lift- a machine for transporting boats between water at two different elevations and
is an alternative to the canal lock and the canal inclined plane.

• Canals-human-made channels for water conveyance (supply), or to service water

transport vehicles.

• Ports and Harbors-a location on a coast of chore containing one or more harbor’s where
ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land.

• Lighthouse-a tower or other structure containing a beacon light to warn or guide ships at
the sea.

• Pier-raised structure in a body of water, typically supported by well-spaced piles or

pillars.

CRUISE LINES AND SEA TRANSPORT IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

Offering adventures and relaxation on the high seas, these cruise lines have long been trusted
names in the business. Allowing you to enjoy the peace of mind that comes with a reputation for
excellence, our range of cruise lines are almost as diverse as the destinations themselves. Each cruise line
offers its own unique benefits, however the biggest names in the business are all competitive on price,
onboard facilities and itineraries. Here are some of the Cruise Lines in the Tourism Industry:

• P&O AUSTRALIA - an excellent array of on-board facilities visiting Australia, New

Zealand, the South Pacific and Asia and boasts architect-designed superliners.

• PRINCESS CRUISES - one of the most recognized names in the industry, Princess
Cruises rose to stardom with the concept of cruising holidays. Beginning with a single
cruise in 1965, Princess now boasts an impressive fleet of ships.

• CARNIVAL - pioneered affordable cruises. Featuring décor and entertainment inspired

by the neon lights of Las Vegas, Carnival Cruises are ideal for the young and young-at-
heart.

• ROYAL CARIBBEAN INT. - One of the newest and most innovative fleets in the
industry, Royal Caribbean cruises offer some of the most unique facilities of any cruise
line including the now-famous observation capsule.

• CELEBRITY CRUISES - sets the standard with its grand style and spacious staterooms.
Holiday like a star with Celebrity and enjoy large pools, signature nightlife, elegant spas,
and aft-glass dining rooms

• NORWEIGAN CRUISE LINE - An innovator in the cruise industry, Norweigan Cruise

Line pioneered the introduction of the Freestyle Cruising concept. NCL has a proud 48
years history of pushing the boundaries of traditional cruising.

• AZAMARA CLUB CRUISES - is known for its smaller and intimate cruising
experiences. With a focus on spending more time in port, Azamara allows guests to truly
immerse themselves in the destination.
 • CUNARD - Sailing aboard a Cunard Ship is like stepping back in the to the grand old
days of ocean voyages. Steeped in maritime history, Cunard is famous for luxury and
elegance, representing a bygone era of cruising.

ROLES AND IMPORTANCE OF WATER TRANSPORTATION

The cargo ships or cruise ships are useful for shipping bulky goods and an important factor for
foreign trading. Comparing to other tourism transportations, water transport is the most safe and reliable
way of travelling from one place to another. During the warfare, water transport is the most helpful in
defense mechanism, useful during natural calamities and are environmentally friendly.

ISSUES AND CONCERNS IN WATER TRANSPORT

One major and devastating issues in water transportations are oil spills. There are many incidents
in the pasts that killed hundreds of fish and natural habitats in the oceans due to oil spills of some water
transportation. Water transportations is the slowest means of all kinds of transportation. Also, failure of
monsoons results into fall in the water level of rivers making navigations difficult. The water
transportations are also risky compared to other means because there is always danger of sinking boats or
ships.

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT FOR WATER TRANSPORTATION

The physiography of maritime transportation is composed of two major elements, which are
rivers and oceans. Although they are connected, each represents a specific domain of maritime
circulation. The notion of maritime transportation rests on the existence or regular itineraries, better
known as maritime routes. The port infrastructures is the base for port operations to serve the vessel,
cargo and passengers which pass through different ports. This means that the design of port infrastructures
should anticipate the need of the Waterborne, logistics and transport sector.

INTERNATIONAL AND PHILIPPINE WATER TRANSPORT REGULATORY AGENCIES

The following are agencies governing the water transportation:

• IMO or International Maritime Organization - specialized agency in the United Nations

and they are responsible for regulating shipping. Its primary purpose is to develop and
maintain a comprehensive regulatory framework for shipping and its remit today includes
safety, environmental concerns, legal matters, technical co-operation, maritime security
and the efficiency of shipping.

• PCG or The Philippine Coast Guard - armed and uniformed service primarily tasked with
enforcing all applicable laws within the Philippine waters, conducting maritime security
operations, safeguarding of life and property at sea and protecting the marine
environment and resources.
 • MARINA or Maritime Industry Authority - oversees the promotion and development of
the maritime industry and provides effective regulation of shipping enterprises. Other
function of the agency includes the registration of vessels, the issuance of licenses, the
addressing of safety concerns pertaining to vessel construction, and the enforcement of
maritime law.

• CPA or Cebu Ports Authority - administer all ports located in Cebu Province, thus
effectively separating these ports from the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) system.

• PMMA or Philippine Merchant Marine Academy - formerly known as Philippine

Nautical School produces efficient and well-trained merchant marine officers of an
international caliber.

TRAVELER AND FREIGHT TRANSPORT

A freight transport is the physical process of transporting commodities and merchandise goods
and cargo. The term shipping originally referred to transport by sea but in American English, it has been
extended to refer to transport by land or air as well. Shipment of cargo by trucks, directly from the
shipper’s place to the destination, is known as a door-to-door shipment, or more formally as multimodal
transport. Trucks and trains make deliveries to sea and airports where cargo is moved in bulk. An
individual nation’s fleet and the people that crew it are referred to as its merchant navy or merchant
marine. Merchant shipping is the lifeblood of the world economy, carrying 90% of international trade
with 102,194 commercial ships worldwide. On rivers and canals, barges are often used to carry bulk
cargo.

WATER TRANSPORTING OPERATORS

There are different types of water transportation operators. Captains are sometimes called as
masters and they have the overall command of a vessel. They have the final responsibility for the safety
of the crew, cargo, and passengers. The captain’s tasks composed of steer and operation of the vessels,
they are direct to crew members, they must ensure the proper safety procedures are being followed by the
employees of the passengers, purchases equipment and supplies that are necessary for maintenance and
repair, oversees the loading and unloading of cargo or passengers. They also keep the logs and other
records that track the ship’s movements and activities. Lastly, they interact with passengers on cruise
ships.
Mates or deck officers directs the operation of a vessel while the captain is off duty. Large ships
have three officers, called as first, second and third mates. The first mate has the highest authority and
takes command of the ship if the captain is incapacitated. Usually, the first mate is in charge of the cargo
and/or passengers, the second mate is in charge of navigations and the third mate is in charge of safety.
On smaller vessels usually there are only one of two mates.
The pilots guide the ships in harbors, on rivers and on other confined waterways. They are not
part of a ship’s crew but go aboard a ship to guide it through a particular waterway that they are familiar
with. They work in places where a high degree of familiarity with local tides, currents, and hazards is
needed. Some, called harbor pilots, work for ports and help many ships that come into the harbor during
the day. When coming into a commercial port, a captain will often have to turn control of the vessel over
to a pilot, who can safely guide it into the harbor.
Sailors or also called as deckhands are the operators who maintain the vessel and deck equipment.
The make up the deck crew and keep all parts of a ship, other than area related to the engine and motor, in
good working order.
New deckhands are called ordinary seaman and the least complicated tasks. Experience
deckhands are called as able seaman and usually make up most of a crew. Some of the large ships have a
boatswain who is the chief of the deck crew.

EFFECTS OF WATER TRANSPORTATION IN TOURISM (CRUISE INDUSTRY)

In 1972, Carnival Cruise Lines introduced the concept of the “Fun Ship” involving the promotion
of cruises as mass tourism. In the 1980s, the cruise industry introduced to its fleet, giant passenger liners
capable of carrying more than 2,000 passengers. The design of the mega vessels, with all the amenities of
magnificent, all-inclusive, floating hotels, fully established the marketing of the shipboard experience as
the main selling point for travelers, rather than the attraction of the ports of call. The presence of big and
mega ships in ports has continued to increase over many decades. The cruise sector constitutes one of the
fastest growing sectors of tourism industry. With the continued growth of the industry comes the need to
develop new ports to accommodate the increased volume of ships as well as the increasing size of modern
cruise ship. Give the size and volume of the industry, it is important to understand how the development
of new cruise ports impacts the local community.
ACTIVITY: QUIZ 6
Refer the questions below and write the correct answer on the space provided.

They have the overall command of a vessel 1.______________________________

On what year did Carnival Cruises launched

the “Fun Ships”? 2._______________________________
They have the highest authority and takes
command of the ship if the captain is 3.______________________________
incapacitated.
It is the physical process of transporting
commodities and merchandise goods and 4.______________________________
cargo.
What specialized agency in the United Nations
and they are responsible for regulating 5.______________________________
shipping?
How many passengers does Carnival Cruises
may hold? 6.______________________________
What cruise ship that is one of the most
recognized names in the industry, Princess 7.______________________________
Cruises rose to stardom with the concept of
cruising holidays?
What cruise ship that is known for its smaller
and intimate cruising experiences? 8._______________________________
It is the first oil tanker in the world built by the
Nobel Brothers. 9._______________________________
What is the first seaplane carrier and it was
created by the Japanese? 10.______________________________

SESSION VIII: PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN LAND & SEA TRANSPORT

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session, you will be able to:

1. Identify areas of public-private partnership in sea and land transport development.

KEY TERMS

OTS OECD

PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN LAND AND SEA TRANSPORT

Office for Transport Security or OTS is the single authority responsible for the security of
transportation systems of the country, including, but not limited to, the following: Civil Aviation, Sea
Transport and Maritime Infrastructure, Land Transportation, Rail Systems and Infrastructures.
The Operation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) tourism Committee is
to provide advice and information on member countries on the issues commonly faces by government
tourism administrators. Its reports and activities are particularly influential in shaping and influencing
government policies on tourism, particularly the issue of globalization and obstacles to improve member
state’s tourism competitiveness.

SESSION IX: TENDENCY OF THE TOURISM TRASNPORTATION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session, you will be able to:

1. Identify factors affecting current transportation system and transportation trends.
2. Understand the tendency of growth tourism transportation, challenges, demands and
opportunities.
KEY TERMS

TRENDS AI DEMANDS OPPORTUNITIES

TENDENCY OF THE TOURISM TRANSPORTATION

FACTORS AFFECT CURRENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Road users can be defined as drivers, passengers, pedestrians etc. who use the streets and
highways. Together, they form the most complex element of the traffic system - the human element -
which differentiates Transportation Engineering from all other engineering fields. It is said to be the most
complex factor as the human performances varies from individual to individual. Thus, the transportation
engineer should deal with a variety of road user characteristics. For example, a traffic signal timed to
permit an average pedestrian to cross the street safely may cause a severe hazard to an elderly person.
Thus, the design considerations should safely and efficiently accommodate the elderly persons, the
children, the handicapped, the slow and speedy, and the good and bad drivers.
It is important to know about the vehicle characteristics because we can design road for any
vehicle but not for an indefinite one. The road should be such that it should cater to the needs of existing
and anticipated vehicles.
The vehicular dimensions which can affect the road and traffic design are mainly: width, height,
length, rear overhang, and ground clearance. The width of vehicle affects the width of lanes, shoulders,
and parking facility. The capacity of the road will also decrease if the width exceeds the design values.
The height of the vehicle affects the clearance height of structures like over-bridges, under-bridges and
electric and other service lines and placing of signs and signals. Another important factor is the length of
the vehicle which affects the extra width of pavement, minimum turning radius, safe overtaking distance,
capacity, and the parking facility. The rear overhang control is mainly important when the vehicle takes a
right/left turn from a stationary point. The ground clearance of vehicle comes into picture while designing
ramps and property access and as bottoming out on a crest can stop a vehicle from moving under its own
pulling power.

TRANSPORTATION TRENDS
What are the most transformational trends in mobility today?
• Integrated, frictionless travel: Transportation planners see a growing need to make
travel more seamless, with minimal stoppages or checkpoints. This trend is manifesting in many ways,
including mobility hubs that enable multimodal transportation, the rise of mobility-as-a-service (MaaS),
platforms for ticketless travel, and innovations in micro-mobility and last-mile connections.

• Digital identity: Transit and transportation agencies across the country are using
digital technology to increase throughput, improve security, and help drive a better experience for users.
This trend includes a move toward digital driver’s licenses to enhance security, and experimentation with
biometric and facial recognition to improve efficiency and throughput at airports.

• Customer experience: Transportation agencies and the broader mobility ecosystem

are placing more emphasis on customer experience—putting the user’s needs front and center and making
it easier to use digital transportation tools. They are also simplifying in-person transactions at local
departments of motor vehicles, providing better infrastructure for pedestrians, and offering more inclusive
travel options in urban areas.

• Innovation accelerators: Transportation agencies are tapping into private sector

expertise and building public-private coalitions to drive innovations in multimodal transportation,
autonomous and connected vehicle technologies, mileage-based pricing programs, and much more.

• AI (augmented mobility): A transportation ecosystem enabled with artificial

intelligence (AI) can harness the power of data, analytics, and cloud to help reduce travel time, manage
congestion, improve regulatory compliance, support air traffic control, enable dynamic policymaking, and
deliver many other benefits.

TENDENCY OF GROWTH OF TOURISM TRANSPORTATION

Tourism sector is one of the main important sectors of the economy. Many countries take
advantage of covering the budget deficit with the help of profits coming from tourism. That is why
tourism sometimes is called a factory without chimney. But tourism has its own unique features that
differentiate this sector from the others. Like in the other service industries, in tourism the customers, that
is, the tourists come to the destination where the tourism services are provided.
As the matter of fact, it is difficult to think of tourism sector without transportation.
Transportation is the main mean to carry passengers, that is, the tourists to the actual site where tourism
services are performed.

CHALLENGES IN TRANSPORTATION
The most important transport challenges take place when urban transport systems, for a variety of
reasons, cannot adequately satisfy the requirements or urban mobility. Below are some of the challenges
faced by transportations:
1. Urban transportation at the Crossroads - cities are locations having a high level
of accumulation and concentration of economic activities. They are complex spatial structures
supported by infrastructures, including transport systems. The larger a city, the greater its
complexity and the potential for disruptions, particularly when this complexity is not effectively
managed.
2. Automobile Dependency - Automobile use is related to a variety of advantages, such as
on-demand mobility, comfort, status, speed, and convenience. These advantages jointly illustrate
why automobile ownership continues to grow worldwide, especially in urban areas and
developing economies.
3. Congestion - occurs when transport demand exceeds transport supply at a specific
point in time and in a specific section of the transport system. Under such circumstances, each
vehicle impairs the mobility of others.
 4. Mitigating Congestion - In some areas, the automobile is the only mode for which
adequate transportation infrastructures are provided. This implies less capacity for using
alternative modes such as transit, walking, and cycling. At some levels of density, no public
infrastructure investment can be justified in terms of economic returns. Longer commuting
trips in terms of average travel time, the result of fragmented land uses, and congestion levels are
a significant trend.

DEMANDS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Transport demand is about the movement of people and goods and we travel to satisfy a need
(work, education, recreation, etc…) and we transport goods as part of the overall economic activity. The
demand for transport is a derived demand, an economic term, which refers to demand for one good or
service in one sector occurring because of demand from another. Users of transport are primarily
consuming the service not because of its direct benefits, but because they wish to access other services.

There are different ways of transportation there are also varieties of opportunities. Airline
businesses hires Ground Crews, Cabin Crews, Pilots, Airline Reservations Agents, Crew Scheduling
Officer, etc... While the Cruise Line Industry Hires Captains, Deck Officers, Chefs and many more. In the
Land Transportation when it comes to tourism industry, Tour Guides are one of the busiest persons,
especially on a peak season. The transportation industry has a great impact on the economy of a country
since everyone is travelling from a certain destination to another. And every travel of a certain person,
when using the transportation, has a huge growth on the economy. The more a person travels the more the
income a country has.

ACTIVITY: QUIZ 7 (10/10)

Refer the questions below and write the correct answer on the space provided.

1.______________________________

What is the trend for transportation? Give at EXPLANATION (4pts)

least one and explain further.
What part of challenges of transportations
occurs when transport demand exceeds 2._______________________________
transport supply at a specific point in time and
in a specific section of the transport system?
What is about the movement of people and
goods and we travel to satisfy a need? 3.______________________________
This implies less capacity for using alternative
modes such as transit, walking, and cycling. 4.______________________________
What trend is manifesting in many ways,
including mobility hubs that enable 5.______________________________
multimodal transportation?
It is the main mean to carry passengers, that is,
the tourists to the actual site where tourism 6.______________________________
services are performed.

References:
https://en.n.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals-of-transpo/introduction
https://civil.iitb.ac.in/tvm/1100_Lntse/102_Intse/plain/plain.html
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/geography/transportation/5-commonly-used-transportation-
modes/49155
https://vault.com/industries-professionals/professions/p/public-transportation-operators
https:///www.nap.edu>read>chapter
https://afdc.energy.gov>conserve
https://transportfutures.institue/transport-demand
https://www.neda.gov.ph/national-transport-policy
https://simplicable.com/new/transportation-
infrastructureideas.repec.org/alkne/seajes/v4y2018i4p183187.html
https://transportgeography.org
https://civil.iitb.ac.in/~vmtom/1100_LnTse/103_lntse/plain
https://www2.dcloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/public-sector/transportation-trends.html
https://transportfutures.institute/transport-
demand/#:~:text=Transport%20demand%20is%20about%20the,of%20residence%20and%20the%20work
place.
https://ideas.repec.org/a/khe/scajes/v4y2018i4p183-
187.html#:~:text=Without%20transportation%20there%20won't,grows%2C%20international%20transpor
tation%20also%20grows.
https://collegegrad.com/careers/water-transportation-occupations