COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

1. MODES
Mode of transport is a term used to distinguish substantially different modes of
conveyance. The different modes of transport are air, water, and land transport, which
includes Rails or railways, road and off-road transport.

ANIMAL-POWERED
-Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and
goods.

AIR
-Air transportation is the movement of passengers and freight by any conveyance that can
sustain controlled flight.

HUM
AN-
POWERED
-Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries. Human powered
transport, a form of sustainable transportation, is the transport of people and/or goods
using human muscle-power, in the form of walking, running and swimming.

LAND

-Land transport covers all land-based transportation systems that provide for the
movement of people, goods and services. Land transport plays a vital role in linking
communities to each other. Land transport is a key factor in urban planning.

2 kinds of Land Transportation:

1. Rail

Rail transport is a means of conveyance of

passengers and goods by way of wheeled
vehicles running on rail track, known as a
railway or railroad. The rails are anchored
perpendicular to railroad train consists of
one or more connected vehicles that run on
the rails.
 2. Road

A road is an identifiable route of travel, usually

surfaced with gravel, asphalt or concrete,
and supporting land passage by foot or by a
number of vehicles.

WATER TRANSPORT

-Water transport is the process of transport that a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship
or sailboat, makes over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. If a boat or
other vessel can successfully pass through a waterway it is known as a navigable waterway.

2. INFRASTRUCTURE
  is the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or other area, including
the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function. Infrastructure is composed of
public and private physical improvements such as roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, water
supply, sewers, electrical grids, and telecommunications (including Internet
connectivity and broadband speeds). In general, it has also been defined as "the physical
components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable,
sustain, or enhance societal living conditions".

There are two general types of ways to view infrastructure, hard or soft. 

Hard infrastructure refers to the physical networks necessary for the functioning of a

modern industry. This includes roads, bridges, railways, etc.
Soft infrastructure refers to all the institutions that maintain the economic, health, social,
and cultural standards of a country. This includes , official
statistics, parksand recreational facilities, law enforcement agencies, and emergency services.

PHYSICAL SUPPORT OF TRANSPORT MODES

The physical support of transport modes, where routes (e.g. rail tracks, canals or
highways) and terminals (e.g. ports or airports) are the most significant components.
Infrastructures also include superstructures which are movable assets that usually have a
shorter lifespan. So, for an airport the infrastructure would be assets such as the runways while
the superstructure would be the terminals and control equipment. For a port, the infrastructure
would be piers and navigation channels while the superstructure would be cranes and yard
equipment.
INFRASTRUCTURE
Is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of a roadway, a
terminal, and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport,
the entire way the vehicle travels must be constructed. Air and watercraft are able to avoid this,
since the airway and seaway do not need to be constructed. However, they require fixed
infrastructure at terminals.
Terminals such as airports, ports, and stations, are locations where passengers and
freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport,
terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders, who are interchanging between
modes, to take advantage of each mode's benefits. For instance, airport rail links connect
airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while
buses and coaches can operate from simple stops. For freight, terminals act
as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of
production to the point of use.
The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often
a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and
airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can have high costs and are
often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners, therefore, impose usage fees, such
as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may
impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles. Because of poor forecasting and
overestimation of passenger numbers by planners, there is frequently a benefits shortfall for
transport infrastructure projects.

VEHICLES
A vehicle is a non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure,
the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Unless being pulled/pushed by a cable or
muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done
through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though
other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into
movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure.
Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people
movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must
have a compartment, seat, or platform for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as
automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver.

OPERATION
Private transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle
themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private
enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by
the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries
have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have
been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little
regulation, but ports can be public-owned.
POLICY
As the population of the world increases, cities grow in size and population—according
to the United Nations, 55% of the world’s population live in cities, and by 2050 this number is
expected to rise to 68%.Public transport policy must evolve to meet the changing priorities of
the urban world. The institution of policy enforces order in transport, which is by nature chaotic
as people attempt to travel from one place to another as fast as possible. This policy helps to
reduce accidents and save lives.
3. FLOWS
Flow is amovement of people, vehicles, freight and information over their respective networks.
Flows have origins, intermediary locations and destinations. An intermediary location is often
required to go from an origin to a destination. Figure 1 shows the flow of vehicles.

(Figure 1)

The equation to measure flow is:

q= (k) (v)
Where:
q=vehicle flow (vehicles per hour)
k=density (vehicles per mile)
v=average speed (mph)

Another equation to measure flow:

3600 N
q=
tmeasured
N
k=
L
Where:
N = number of vehicles occupying a highway segment of length L
q = equivalent hourly flow
L = length of roadway
k = density
Speed
Measuring speed of traffic is not as obvious as it may seem; we can average the measurement
of the speeds of individual vehicles over time or over space, and each produces slightly
different results.
Time mean speed
Time mean speed ( v s❑❑) = arithmetic mean of speeds of vehicles passing a point
N
v t= 1 ∑ Vn
N n=1

Space mean speed

Space mean speed ( v s) is defined as the harmonic mean of speeds passing a point during a
period of time. It also equals the average speeds over a length of roadway.
N
N
( v s) = 1
∑ Vn
n=1

The relationship between vehicle flow, density and average speed can be expressed graphically
in what is known as Greenshield's model. As demonstrated in the top left figure showing the
flow-density relationship, there is a critical density where any addition vehicles in a segment
will decrease total vehicles flow. This is due to the incremental decrease in speed for each
vehicle added as shown in the lower left graph.
Nature of flows
Flow behaves differently depending on the network type. In electrical and hydraulic networks
for example, flows are instantaneous throughout a link. Any entering electrons or liquid at one
end of a link will simultaneously force out the same amount at the other end. In road networks,
flows have a wavelike pattern. There is a delay from the change in speed at any given time. A
change in speed also occurs at different locations on a link. This is referred to as a shockwave
which is expressed in the equation:
q2– q1
v w=
k 2– k 1

Where:
v w ❑ = the propagation velocity of the shockwave (mph)
❑
q2 = flow prior to change in conditions (vph)
q1= flow after change in conditions (vph)
k2 = traffic density prior to change in conditions (vpm)
k1 = traffic density after change in condition (vpm)

Figure 3 reveals graphically the delay in a change in velocity with respect with to time. Here, the
top line representing the first vehicle leads the remaining seven. Note the increase in delay for
each subsequent vehicle after the changes in speed of vehicle 1. Figure 4 illustrates shockwave
behavior with the free-flowing green vehicles coming upon denser conditions. Note the positive
or negative sign for shockwave velocity. A positive number indicates a shockwave moving in the
direction of traffic as a negative number indicates a counter flow direction.
FIGURE 3
 FIGURE 4

Example Problems:
1. Given that 40 vehicles pass a given point in 1 minute and traverse a length of 1 kilometer,
what are the flow and density?
2. Four vehicles are traveling at constant speeds between sections X and Y (280 meters apart)
with their positions and speeds observed at an instant in time. An observer at point X observes
the four vehicles passing point X during a period of 15 seconds. The speeds of the vehicles are
measured as 88, 80, 90, and 72 km/hr respectively. Calculate the flow, density, time mean
speed, and space mean speed of the vehicles.
3. Given five observed velocities (60 km/hr, 35 km/hr, 45 km/hr, 20 km/hr, and 50 km/hr), what
is the time-mean speed and space-mean speed?
4. TRANSPORT NETWORK
A transport network, or transportation network is a realisation of a spatial network, describing
a structure which permits either vehicular movement or flow of some commodity. Examples
include but are not limited to road networks, railways, air routes, pipelines, aqueducts, and
power lines.

A spatial network (sometimes also geometric graph) is a graph in which the vertices or edges
are spatial elements associated with geometric objects, i.e. the nodes are located in a space
equipped with a certain metric.

Methods

Transport network analysis is used to determine the flow of vehicles (or people) through a
transport network, typically using mathematical graph theory. It may combine different modes
of transport, for example, walking and car, to model multi-modal journeys. Transport network
analysis falls within the field of transport engineering. Traffic has been studied extensively using
statistical physics methods
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS
The primary function of transportation is the transfer of messages and information. It is also
needed for rapid movement of troops in case of emergency and finally movement of persons
and goods. The political decision of construction and maintenance of roads has resulted in the
development of transportation system.

TRANSPORT NETWORK VEHICLE SERVICE

Transportation network company as a company that uses an online-enabled platform to

connect passengers with drivers using their personal, non-commercial vehicles.

Example :

*Grab

* UBER
 OVERVIEW

The mobility of people and freight is fundamental to economic and social

activities such as commuting, manufacturing, distributing goods, or supplying
energy. Each movement has a purpose, an origin, a potential set of intermediate
locations, and a destination. Mobility is supported and driven by transport
systems which are composed of infrastructures, modes and terminals. They
enable individuals, institutions, corporations, regions and nations to interact and
assume economic, social, cultural or political activities. 

For transportation to take place, four components are essential, they are
the Modes, Infrastructures, Networks, and Flows.
OBJECTIVES:

1. To be able to know the different kinds of modes of transportation and

the vehicles used in each mode.
2. To define what is flow in transportation network and explain the
relationship between vehicles flow and density of vehicles.
3. To define what is infrastructure.
4. To understand the physical support of infrastructure in transportation.
 COMPONENTS OF
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

REPORTERS:

JULIOS M. BENTILLO
LOREN MAE C. JARCE
PATRICK SHEEN ANDRADA
JOHN RAY ALENTIJO
(BSCE-5)

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. MARJORIC ANDUTAN-PENETRANTE
TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPICS PAGES

COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

OVERVIEW 1
OBJECTIVES 2
MODES OF TRANSPORTATION 3-5
INFRASTRUCTURES 6-9
FLOWS 10-13
TRANSPORT NETWORK 14-16