ASSIGNMENT NO.

1
(CE 513 - Water Resources Engineering)

SUBMITTED BY: BRYAN ROVIC BORJA BSCE 5

SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. MARJORIC A. PENETRANTE

Mayon volcano, is in SE Luzon

in province of Albay in Bicol
Region, is the most active
volcano in the Philippines. Its
classic, symmetrical profile,
which rises above the Albay
Gulf to a height of 2462 m, is
the result of a structurally simple volcano where eruptions have
occurred from a single central conduit. Mayon's frequent
historical eruptions, recorded since 1616, have typically included
powerful explosive activity accompanied by pyroclastic flows,
mudflows, and lava flows that descended to the lower flanks of
the volcano.

In 1993, began unexpectedly with an

explosion. The initial eruption lasted
only 30 minutes but it generated
pyroclastic flows that killed 68 people
and prompted the evacuation of
60,000 others.This photo shows
pyroclastic flows descending Mayon
on March 2, 1993.

The Recent eruption at Mayon

started on 13 January 2018,
with a steam-driven eruption
sending a greyish plume 2,500
metres (m) into the air. The
eruption prompted PHIVOLCS to raise the volcanic alert level
from 1 to 2. Numerous rockfalls and two other steam-driven
eruptions occurred.
Mayon has had many past eruptions, with an average repose of
10 years between eruptions. PHIVOLCS has published
several hazard maps which, in the event of an eruption, outline
the areas that may be impacted by hazards such as pyroclastic
flows, lava flows, lahars, and ashfall. The maps show the location
of the Permanent Exclusion Zone, 6 km from the volcano’s vent,
and the Extended Exclusion zone, 7 km from the vent on the
southern flank of the volcano.
It is challenging to forecast Mayon’s activity because the volcano
is an open system. It is continuously degassing (releasing about
500 tonnes of Sulphur Dioxide emissions per day), which
prevents pressure from building up within the volcano. This
makes it difficult to observe seismicity and deformation before
an eruption.
A resettlement program for communities impacted by volcanic
hazards from Mayon volcano in the Philippines. Two
resettlement sites are selected, the first FVR–FNM village
(named after President Fidel V. Ramos and Mayor Florencio N.
Munoz) was settled after the 1993 eruption. The second,
Bungkaras Village, was settled after the 2006 eruption and
associated typhoon Reming lahar event. These two sites were
selected in order to explore the process of relocation over the
short and longer term, although the main focus of the study is in
the more recently settled Bungkaras Village. 
On 29–30 November 2006, heavy rains from Supertyphoon
Durian remobilized volcanic debris on the southern and eastern
slopes of Mount Mayon, generating major lahars that caused
severe loss of life and property in downstream communities. The
nearby Legaspi City weather station recorded 495.8mm of
rainfall over 1.5days at rates as high as 47.5mm/h, far exceeding
the initiation threshold for Mayon lahars. For about 18h, floods
and lahars from the intense and prolonged rainfall overtopped
river bends, breaching six dikes through which they created new
paths, buried downstream communities in thick, widespread
deposits, and caused most of the 1,266 fatalities. In order to
mitigate damage from future lahars, the deposits were described
and analyzed for clues to their generation and impact on
structures and people. Post-disaster maps were generated from
raw ASTER and SPOT images, using automated density slicing to
characterize lahar deposits, flooded areas, croplands, and
urbanized areas. Fieldwork was undertaken to check the
accuracy of the maps, especially at the edges of the lahar
deposits, and to measure the deposit thicknesses. The Durian
event was exceptional in terms of rainfall intensity, but the dikes
eventually failed because they were designed and built according
to flood specifications, not to withstand major lahars.
 ASSIGNMENT NO. 2
(CE 513 - Water Resources Engineering)

SUBMITTED BY: BRYAN ROVIC BORJA BSCE 5

SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. MARJORIC A. PENETRANTE

1. Definition of Water Resources Engineering

Water Resources Engineering is the quantitative study of the hydrologic cycle -- the
distribution and circulation of water linking the earth's atmosphere, land and oceans. Surface
runoff is measured as the difference between precipitation and abstractions, such as infiltration
(which replenishes groundwater flow), surface storage and evaporation. Applications include the
management of the urban water supply, the design of urban storm-sewer systems, and flood
forecasting.

2. Principle and Analysis of Water Resources Engineering

Water Resource Engineering is a specific kind of civil engineering that involves the
design of new systems and equipment that help manage human water resources. Some of the
areas Water Resource Engineers touch on are water treatment facilities, underground wells, and
natural springs.
 Water Resource Engineers must create new equipment and systems to increase the
effectiveness and efficiency of water treatment and aquatic resource management. A typical
workday involves the analysis of data from relevant areas, then designing new or improved
facilities to enhance the cleansing effects of the water treatment system. A Water Resource
Engineer must take budgetary constraints, government regulations, and other factors into
consideration when designing these systems. A Water Resource Engineer may then oversee the
construction and implementation of these systems to ensure that they are properly assembled.
After completion, they may manage the maintenance of these systems.

3. Definition of Terms

 Water Resources

Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful to

humans. It is important because it is needed for life to exist. Many uses of water include
agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Virtually all
of these human uses require fresh water.

 Water Supply Engineering

A branch of engineering concerned with the development of sources of supply,

transmission, distribution, and treatment of water.
 Water Supply Distribution System
A Water Supply Distribution System is a part of water supply network with
components that carry potable water from a centralized treatment plant or wells to water
consumers in order to adequately deliver water to satisfy residential, commercial,
industrial and fire fighting requirements.
 Stormwater Drainage
Stormwater Drainage is infrastructure designed to drain excess rain and ground
water from impervious surfaces such as paved streets, car parks, parking lots, footpaths,
sidewalks, and roofs. Storm drains vary in design from small residential dry wells to large
municipal systems.
 Irrigation System
An irrigation system. The (main) intake structure, or (main) pumping station,
directs water from the source of supply, such as a reservoir or a river, into the irrigation
system. The conveyance system assures the transport of water from the main intake
structure or main pumping station up to the field ditches.
 Agricultural Distribution System
An agricultural system is an assemblage of components which are united by some
form of interaction and interdependence and which operate within a prescribed boundary
to achieve a specified agricultural objective on behalf of the beneficiaries of the system.

 River
 A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an
ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes
dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water.

 Flood Control
Flood Control measures on many large rivers include levees to contain high
discharge. When floods do occur, the levees constrain the water, making it move faster
and deeper in the main channel instead of spreading out across the floodplain and flowing
with a lower average velocity as it would naturally.
 Drought
A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water.
 Drought Mitigation
The word mitigate means making something less painful, severe, or serious. Thus,
drought mitigation strategies are things that can be done to lessen the force or intensity of
dry periods.

4. Discuss Water Resources Planning & Management

Water resource systems have benefited both people and their economies for many
centuries. The services provided by such systems are multiple. Yet in many regions of the world
they are not able to meet even basic drinking water and sanitation needs. Nor can many of these
water resource systems support and maintain resilient biodiverse ecosystems. Typical causes
include inappropriate, inadequate and/or degraded infrastructure, excessive withdrawals of river
flows, pollution from industrial and agricultural activities, eutrophication resulting from nutrient
loadings, salinization from irrigation return flows, infestations of exotic plant and animals,
excessive fish harvesting, flood plain and habitat alteration from development activities, and
changes in water and sediment flow regimes. The inability of water resource systems to meet the
diverse needs for water often reflect failures in planning, management, and decision-making—
and at levels broader than water. Planning, developing, and managing water resources to ensure
adequate, inexpensive, and sustainable supplies and qualities of water for both humans and
natural ecosystems can only succeed if we recognize and address the causal socioeconomic
factors, such as inadequate education, corruption, population pressures, and poverty.
Water resource management is, nevertheless, the activity of planning, developing,
distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. Ideally, water resource
management planning has regard to all the competing demands for water and seeks to allocate
water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands.