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FINANCIAL  ACCOUNTING  AND  REPORTING      
Prepared by: Bernadette Adelaida M. Cope

 
INVENTORY  ESTIMATION  
 
•   REASONS  for  making  an  estimate  on  goods  on  hand:  
Ø   Inventory  is  destroyed  by  fire  or  other  catastrophe,  or  theft  of  the  goods  has  occurred  
Ø   To  prove  the  correctness  or  reasonableness  of  a  physical  count  that  was  made.  This  is  
known  as  the  “gross  profit  test”  
Ø   For  interim  financial  reporting  
 
•   TWO  (2)  METHODS  in  estimating  the  value  of  inventory  
1.   Gross  Profit  Method  
2.   Retail  Inventory  Method  
 
•   Sales  allowance  and  Sales  discount  are  ignored  (not  deducted  from  Sales)  in  computing  the  Net  
Sales  needed  for  inventory  estimation.    Sales  allowance  and  discounts  do  not  increase  the  physical  
inventory  of  goods,  thus,  an  overstatement  of  inventory  may  result  from  their  recognition.  
 
 
  GROSS  PROFIT  METHOD  
•   Based   on   the   assumption   that   the  gross   profit   remains   approximately   the   same   from   period   to  
period,  thus,  the  ratio  of  the  cost  of  goods  sold  to  net  sales  is  relatively  constant  from  period  to  
period  
•   Basic  formula:  
 
  Net  sales   xx  
  Less:  Cost  of  sales  or  cost  of  goods  sold   xx  
  Gross  profit   xx  
     
 
 
•   Gross  profit  could  be  based  on  Net  sales  or  Cost  of  goods  sold  
 
  Based  on  Net  sales   Based  on  COGS  
Net  sales   100%   120%  
Less:  Cost  of  sales  or  cost  of  goods  sold   80%   100%  
Gross  profit   20%   20%  
     
 
•   Gross  profit  rate  is  used  to  extract  the  cost  of  goods  sold,  which  is  later  used  to  extract  the  Ending  
inventory.      
 
 
 
 
 
 
2  
FINANCIAL  ACCOUNTING  AND  REPORTING      
Prepared by: Bernadette Adelaida M. Cope

 
•   SAMPLE  PROBLEM:  
 
On   October   17,   Dragon   Company   experienced   a   storm   surge   which   caused   severe   damage   to   the  
entire  inventory.    Based  on  recent  history,  the  entity  had  a  gross  profit  of  25%  on  sales.    The  following  
information  is  available:  
 
Beginning  inventory   ₱   520,000  
Purchases     4,120,000  
Purchases  returns     45,000  
Purchase  allowances     5,000  
Purchase  discounts     10,000  
Sales     5,600,000  
Sales  returns     400,000  
Sales  allowances     30,000  
Sales  discounts     70,000  
 
  What  is  the  estimated  cost  of  inventory  damaged  by  the  storm?  
 
Ø   PROCESS  of  computing  the  needed  requirement  
 
1.   Identify  the  basis  of  gross  profit.    Based  on  the  problem,  “gross  profit  is  25%  of  sales”  
2.   Compute  for  the  Cost  of  goods  sold  by:  
 
  Based  on  Net  sales    
Net  sales  (a)   100%   5,200,000  
Less:  Cost  of  sales  or  cost  of  goods  sold  (b)   75%   3,900,000  
Gross  profit   25%   1,300,000  
     
 
    (a)     Sales     5,600,000  
                Less:    Sales  returns     400,000  
    Net  sales     5,200,000  
 
       
 
(b)   Net  sales     5,200,000  
 
  Multiply  by:  Cost  ratio     75%  
 
  Cost  of  sales     3,900,000  
 
         
 
**  it  should  be  noted  that  Sales  ALLOWANCES  AND  DISCOUNTS  are  disregarded  in  the  
computation  of  NET  SALES  
 
 
 
 
 
3  
FINANCIAL  ACCOUNTING  AND  REPORTING      
Prepared by: Bernadette Adelaida M. Cope

 
3.    Compute  for  the  Ending  inventory  which  is  damaged  by  storm.  
 
    Beginning  inventory       520,000  
             Add:  
  Net  purchases        
                 Purchases     4,120,000    
                 Less:    Purchase  returns   45,000      
 
                                     Purchase  allowances   5,000      
 
                                     Purchase  discounts   10,000   60,000   4,060,000  
 
  Goods  available  for  sale       4,580.000  
 
  Less:  Cost  of  sales       3,900,000  
    Ending  inventory,  damaged  by  storm       680,000  
           
           
 
4.    Supposing,   some   inventories   were   recovered   from   the   storm   and   can   still   be   sold   for   ₱180,000,  
how  much  is  the  inventory  damaged  by  storm?  
 
    Beginning  inventory       520,000  
             Add:  
  Net  purchases        
                 Purchases     4,120,000    
                 Less:    Purchase  returns   45,000      
                                       Purchase  allowances   5,000      
                                       Purchase  discounts   10,000   60,000   4,060,000  
    Goods  available  for  sale       4,580.000  
    Less:  Cost  of  sales       3,900,000  
    Ending   i nventory,   s hould   b e       680,000  
    Less:  Recovered  inventory       180,000  
    Inventory   d amaged   b y   s torm       500,000  
           
 
  RETAIL  INVENTORY  METHOD  
•   This   is   often   used   in   the   retail   industry   for   measuring   inventory   of   large   number   of   rapidly  
changing  items  with  similar  margin.    RETAIL  because  the  selling  price  is  tagged  to  each  item.  
•   Basic  formula:  
 
  Goods  available  for  sale  @  selling  price  or  retail   xx  
Less:  Net  sales   xx    
Ending  inventory  @  selling  price  or  retail   xx    
Multiply  by:  Cost  Ratio**   x%    
Ending  inventory  @  cost   xx    
     
 
 
 
 
4  
FINANCIAL  ACCOUNTING  AND  REPORTING      
Prepared by: Bernadette Adelaida M. Cope

 
 
Ø   **COST  RATIOS  
A.   Conservative  or  conventional  or  lower  of  cost  or  net  realizable  value  approach  
 
Goods  available  for  sale  (GAS)  @cost  
 
Cost  Ratio  (%)   =   Goods  available  for  sale  (GAS)  @  selling  price  
 
Inclusive  of  net  markups  
 
B.   Average  cost  approach  
 
Goods  available  for  sale  (GAS)  @cost  
 
Cost  Ratio  (%)   =   Goods  available  for  sale  (GAS)  @  selling  price  
 
Inclusive  of  net  markups  and  net  markdowns  
 
C.   FIFO  approach  
 
Goods  available  for  sale  (GAS)  @cost  –  Beg  inventory  
 
Goods  available  for  sale  (GAS)  @  selling  price    
  Cost  Ratio  (%)   =  
Inclusive   of   net   markups   and   net   markdowns   –   Beg  
 
inventory  
 
 
Ø   How  to  compute  Ending  Inventory  @  Retail  or  selling  price  
 
  COST   RETAIL  
Beginning  inventory   xx   xx  
Purchases   xx   xx  
Purchase  returns   (  xx  )   (  xx  )  
Purchase  allowances   (  xx  )    
Purchase  discounts   (  xx  )    
Freight  in   xx    
Departmental  transfer  in   xx   xx  
Departmental  transfer  out   (  xx)   (  xx  )  
GAS  @  cost     xx    
Markup       xx  
Markup  cancelation     (  xx  )  
GAS  @  conservative     xx  
Markdown     (  xx)  
Markdown  cancelation     xx  
GAS  @  average     xx  
Less:  Sales   xx    
                   Sales  returns   (  xx  )    
                   Employee  discounts   xx    
                   Normal  shortage   xx   xx  
Ending  inventory  @  retail     xx  
 

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