CEE 350 Environmental

Engineering

Dr. Muhammad Muhitur Rahman

Topic 1: Introduction and Review

of Chemistry
 Instructors
Dr. Muhammad Muhitur Rahman
Tel.: (013) 5898965
Email: mrahman@kfu.edu.sa
Office Number: 2081

Eng. Ziad Shatnawi

Tel.: (013) 5895420
Email: zshatnwi@kfu.edu.sa
Office Number: 2080
Office Hours: Will be announced later
 Major Topics covered and
schedule in weeks:
# Contact
Topic # Weeks
hours *
Introduction 1.5 4.5
Environmental chemistry 1.5 4.5
Material balances 1 3
Water quality 2 6
Wastewater treatment 2 6
Drinking water treatment 2 6
Environmental Experiments 10 45
 Grading Distribution

Assessment Tool % Grade SO related

Laboratory Reports 10% 6
Final Lab exam 10% 1
Quizzes 10% 1
Case Study 10% 4
Design Project 10% 2&3
Exam I 20% 1
Final Exam 30% 1
 Assessment Schedule
Assessment Tool Week # % Grade
Quiz 1 Week 3 (Wednesday, in the class) 5%
Exam 1 Week 6 (Wednesday, in the class) 20%
Field trip (case study Week 8 (TBA) 10%
report)
Quiz 2 Week 9 (Wednesday, in the class) 5%
Design Project & Week 11 (Wednesday, in the 10%
presentation class)
Final Exam Week 12-13 30%
 Outline
 Basics
 Chemical Reactions
 Balancing Reactions
 Types of Reactions

 Chemical Equilibrium
 Equilibrium Constant
 pH
 Acid-base equilibria
 Environmental Science Vs
Environmental Engineering
There is an old saying that “Scientists discover things and
engineers make them work.”

From an educational point of view, environmental

engineering is founded on environmental science.

Environmental science and, in particular, quantitative

environmental science provides the fundamental theories
used by environmental engineers to design solutions for
environmental problems.

In many instances the tasks and tools of environmental

scientists and environmental engineers are the same.
 Environmental Science Vs
Environmental Engineering
Environmental Science
 The disciplines of biology, chemistry, and physics (and their sub
disciplines of microbiology, organic chemistry, nuclear physics,
etc.) are focused on a particular aspect of natural science,
environmental science in its broadest sense encompasses all the
fields of natural science.
 The historical focus of study for environmental scientists has been,
of course, the natural environment. By this, we mean the
atmosphere, the land, the water and their inhabitants as
differentiated from the built environment.
 Environmental Science Vs
Environmental Engineering
Environmental Engineering
 Environmental engineering is manifest by sound engineering thought and
practice in the solution of problems of environmental sanitation, notably
in the provision of safe, palatable, and ample public water supplies; the
proper disposal of or recycle of wastewater and solid wastes; the
adequate drainage of urban and rural areas for proper sanitation; and the
control of water, soil, and atmospheric pollution, and the social and
environmental impact of these solutions.
 Furthermore it is concerned with engineering problems in the field of
public health, such as control of diseases, the elimination of industrial
health hazards, and the provision of adequate sanitation in urban, rural,
and recreational areas, and the effect of technological advances on the
environment.

(ASCE, 1977)
Atom, Elements and Periodic
Table
 Atom, Elements (Contd.)
 Nucleus, Electron, Proton, Neutron
 Atomic number: number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom
 Na – 11
 Cl - 17
 Isotopes:
 Example: C12 – 6 proton+6 neutron
C14 – 6 proton+8 neutron
 Atomic weight: average atomic mass (amu)
 Na – 23
 Cl – 35.45
 Anions and Cations
 Charged atom or atom groups

 Anions (negatively charged)

 Cations (positively charged)

 Substance and Solution
 Chemical Substance
 Simple Substance
Example: oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen,
sulphur, iron, gold, mercury
 Compounds
 Acid, Base, Salts
 Inorganic, organic (C and H)
 Solution
 Solute
 Solvent
Solubility of typical salts in
water
 Soluble
Salts of sodium, potassium, ammonium

 Insoluble
CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, MgCO3, Mg(OH)2,
Fe(OH)3, AgCl, Al2(SO4)3

 Soluble/insoluble is relative
 Mole, Molar units
Basic SI Units
Mass: kilogram (kg)
Amount of substance: mole (mol)
Volume: cubic meter (m3)

 Molecular formula
 e.g. Benzene – C6H6
 Molecular weight
 e.g. C6H6 – (12.01 x 6) + (1.008 x 6) = 78.11 g/mol

Concentration Units
Molarity (M) = number of moles of solute per liter of
solution (mol/L)
Molality (m) = number of moles of solute per kg of
solution (mol/kg)
 Mole, Molar units
Example 2-2

Solution
 Chemical Reactions and
Stoichiometry
 Stoichiometry:
 Concerned with measuring the proportion of
elements or compounds involved in a reaction
 Mass balance –atoms are not created or destroyed
in chemical reactions
 Charge balance –net charge in the reactants equals
the net charge in the products
 Chemical Reactions and
Stoichiometry (contd.)
 Chemical reaction:
 Symbolically represent the relationships
between reactants and products
Balancing Chemical Reactions
Example 2-3
 Types of Reaction

 Precipitation/Dissolution
 Acid-Base
 Oxidation/Reduction
 Complexation
 Types of Reaction (Contd.)
 Precipitation/Dissolution

 Acid-Base

 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)

When iron metal corrodes, it release electrons

 Oxidation State
 An indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a
chemical compound
 Represented by integers (usually, sometimes non-integer
oxidation state is also possible) which can be positive,
negative, or zero
 Some rules:
 Element of simple substance has an oxidation state of 0
 Simple ion: oxidation state = net charge on the ion
 H (+1), O(-2) (there are some exceptions)
 Some elements can have multiple oxidation states
 Carbon: +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4
 Sulfur: +6, +4, +2, 0, -2
 Chlorine: +7, +5, +3, +1, 0, -1
 Sum of the oxidation states of all atoms in a neutral molecule must be
zero
 Chemical Equilibrium
 Most of the reactions are not unidirectional

 Reaction at equilibrium: Rate of forward reaction

equals rate of backward reaction
 Equilibrium constant
Acid Dissociation Equilibrium
 Acid dissociation equilibrium constant Ka
 Since Ka is small, we typically define pKa=-logKa
 Dissociation for acids with more than 1 H+ happens
in multiple steps
 Strong acids: pKa < -1.74
 Moderate strong acid (HSO4-), pKa=1.9
 Weak acids: Acetic acid, pKa=4.75
 Carbonic acid, pKa1=6.33
 Hypochlorous acid, pKa=7.54
 Solubility
All compounds are soluble in water to a certain extent. Likewise, the concentration
of all compounds is limited by how much of a chemical can be dissolved in water.

Some compounds, such as NaCl, are very soluble; other compounds, such as AgCl,
are very insoluble, that is, only a small amount will go into solution.

If you add baking soda (NaHCO3), a solid compound, to distilled water, some of
the compound will go into solution. After you have added a certain mass of baking
soda, no more of it will go into solution (dissolve). At this point, equilibrium is
reached. The solubility reaction for sodium bicarbonate is written as follows.

For any precipitation reaction we can write a solubility product

No reactant term. The solubility products were
defined using activities not molar concentrations.
By definition, the activity of a pure solid is 1.
Solubility
Example 2-6
Example 2-10

A solution can be supersaturated with the ions,

Solution and precipitation of a solid can occur
Example 2-10 (contd.)

OR 1.25 x 10-3 M
 Acid-Base Equilibria
Water ionizes according to

Dissociation constant of water, Kw

pH + pOH = 14
 pH
The term pH is defined as the negative log of the H+ activity

pH = 7 is neutral
pH < 7 is acidic
pH > 7 is basic

In most natural waters: pH lies between 6 and 9

 pH (contd.)
Example 2.11
If 100mg of H2SO4 (MW =98) is added to water, bringing the
final volume to 1.0 L, what is the final pH?

Convert 100 mg H2SO4 to mol/L

98 gm = 1 mole
100 mg or (100/1000) gm = 1.02 x 10-3 mol/L

The reaction is:

Two moles of protons (H+) released for
every mole of sulfuric acid that dissociates

Total H+ produced = 2 x 1.02 x 10-3 M

So, pH = -log (2.04 x 10-3) = 2.69

Acid-Base Equilibria (For Weak Acid)
Weak acids are acids that do not completely dissociate in
water. Equilibrium exists between the dissociated ions and un-
Example 2-12 dissociated compound.

A solution of HOCl is prepared in water by adding 15 mg HOCl to a

volumetric flask, and adding water to the 1.0 L mark. The final pH is
measured to be 7.0. what are the concentrations of HOCl and OCl? What
percentage of HOCl is dissociated? Assume temperature as 250C
Acid-Base Equilibria (For Weak Acid)
Thank You