General

Chemistry 2 12
General Chemistry 2 – Grade 12
Module 7: Different Ways of Expressing Concentration of Solutions: First
Edition, 2020

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General
Chemistry 2
12

Self-Learning Module
Different Ways of Expressing Concentration of
Solutions
First Edition, 2020
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 2 Self-Learning Module (No. 7) on

Different Ways of Expressing Concentration of Solutions

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 2 Self-Learning Module (No. 7) on

Different Ways of Expressing Concentration of Solutions

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
This module is designed for Senior High School STEM students. Specifically, after
going through this self learning module, you are expected to:
1. Describe the ways of expressing concentrations of solutions.
2. Solve problems involving:
a. Percent by mass
b. Percent by volume
c. Molarity
d. Molality
e. Parts per million

PRETEST

Choose the letter of the best answer:

1. Which way of the following is the common concentration expression of solutions
used for practical purposes at home, in industry, and in medicine?
A. Percent by mass C. molality
B. Percent by volume D. molarity
2. Calculate the grams of NaOH present in 5.0 mL of a 1.0% (m/v) NaOH solution.
A. 0.050 g C. 0.50 g
B. 0.10 g D. 1.0 g
3. A bottle of a tile cleanser contains 135 g of HCl and 775 g of water. What is
the percent by mass of HCl in this cleanser?
A. 1.48 % B. 0.148 % C. 148 % D. 14.8%
4. The unit of molarity is
A. moles of solute/liters of solution.
B. moles of solute/liters of solvent.
C. grams of solute/liters of solution.
D. grams of solute/liters of solvent
5. A solution is made by dissolving 0.40 mole of NaCl in enough water to give a
final volume of 250.0 mL. What is the molarity of the solution?
A. 0.10 M C. 1.6 M
B. 0.80 M D. 2.5 M
 RECAP
Classify the following solutions as DILUTED or CONCENTRATED.
_______________1. 70% rubbing alcohol _____________ 6. fruit extracts
_______________2. ready –to- drink – juices _____________ 7. maple syrup
_______________3. 40 % rubbing alcohol _____________ 8. honey
_______________4. fabric conditioner ______________ 9. coffee in hot water
_______________5. dish washing liquids _____________ 10. salt in water

LESSON

Mass percentages are popular concentration units for consumer products.

For example, in the label of a typical liquid bleach bottle (Figure 1) cites the
concentration of its active ingredient, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), as being 7.4%. A
100.0-g sample of bleach would therefore contain 7.4 g of NaOCl.

Figure 1. Liquid bleach is an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). This brand
has a concentration of 7.4% NaOCl by mass.

The concentration of solution refers to the amount of solute present in a given

quantity of solvent or solution. The concentration of a solution can be expressed
either qualitatively or quantitatively. You use the term diluted or concentrated to
describe a solution qualitatively. When a large amount of solute is present in the
solution, the solution is said to be concentrated. When only a small amount of solute
is present, the solution is said to diluted. Concentrations of solutions may be
expressed quantitatively in several ways such as percent by mass, percent by
volume, molarity, molality and part per million.
Different Ways of Expressing Concentrations of Solutions
1. Percent by mass
One of the simplest quantitative expressions of concentration is the
percent by mass, given by

Sample Problem 1
A 5.0-g sample of spinal fluid contains 3.75 mg or 0.00375 g of glucose. What
is the percent by mass of glucose in spinal fluid?
Solution.
The spinal fluid sample contains roughly 4 mg of glucose in 5000 mg of fluid,
so the mass fraction of glucose should be a bit less than one part in 1000, or about
0.1%. Substituting the given masses into the equation defining mass percentage
yields: 1g

% glucose = 3.75 mg glucose X

_____1000 mg = 0.075%
5.0 g spinal fluid

2. Percent by Volume expresses the volume parts of a solute in 100 volume parts
of solution. Volume may be expressed in mL, L or any other volume units.

Sample Problem 2:
A solution is prepared by mixing 50.00 mL of C2H5OH in 350.0 mL of distilled
water. What is the % by volume and the proof number of the solution?
Given: volume of solute = 50.00 mL volume of solvent = 350.0 mL
Formula :

Proof no. = 2 ( % by volume)

Solution:

= 50.00mL X 100
350.0 mL

=14.29 %
proof no. = 2 (14.28) = 28.58
3. Molarity (M), or molar concentration , is the number of moles of solute in one
liter of solution. Molarity is defined by the equation:

Molarity = moles of solute

L of solution

measured mass
Moles =
molar mass

For example, a 1.46 molar glucose (C6 H12 O6 ) solution, written as 1.46 M
C6H12O6 contains 1.46 moles of the solute in 1 L of the solution.
A 500mL solution containing 0.730 mole of C6 H12O6 , also has a concentration
of 1.46 M:
0.730 mol = 1.46 mol/ L = 1.46 M
M = molarity =
0.500 L
You will see that the unit of molarity is moles per liter, so a 500 mL solution
containing 0.730 mole of C6 H12 O6 is equivalent to 1.46 mol/ L or 1.46 M. Take note
that concentration, like density is an intensive property, so its value does not depend
on how much of the solution is present.
It is important to remember that molarity refers only to the amount of solute
originally dissolved in water and does not take into account any subsequent
processes, like dissociation of a salt or the ionization of an acid.
Sample Problem 3 :
How do we determine the molarity of a solution containing 5 g of NaOH in 250 g
mL of solution?
Solution:

4. Molality is another quantitative expression of concentration of solution. A

molal (m) solution is one that contains one mole of solute in 1000 gram (or
1kg) of solvent.
m= moles of solute
kilogram of solvent
Sample Problem No. 4
Let us see how to determine the molality of a solution, supposing you dissolve
15.0 g of C6 H12O6 (MM=180.0 g/mol) in 1.00 kg of water.
Solution:

Sample problem 5:

How much C6 H12 O6 is needed to prepare a 0.5 m solution using 500 g of water?

Parts Per Million and Parts Per Billion

Ppm and ppb are both convenient units for reporting the concentrations of
pollutants and other trace contaminants in water. Very low solute concentrations are
often expressed using appropriately small units like parts per million (ppm) or parts
per billion (ppb). Similar to percentage (“part per hundred”) units, ppm and ppb may
be defined in terms of masses, volumes, or mixed mass-volume units. There are also
ppm and ppb units defined with respect to numbers of atoms and molecules.
 Concentrations of contaminants are typically very low in treated and natural
waters, and their levels cannot exceed relatively low concentration thresholds
without causing adverse effects on health and wildlife. For example, the EPA has
identified the maximum safe level of fluoride ion in tap water to be 4 ppm. Inline
water filters are designed to reduce the concentration of fluoride and several other
trace-level contaminants in tap water (Figure 3).

Figure 3. (a) In some areas, trace-level concentrations of contaminants can render unfiltered
tap water unsafe for drinking and cooking. (b) Inline water filters reduce the concentration of
solutes in tap water. (credit a: modification of work by Jenn Durfey; credit b: modification of
work by “vastateparkstaff”/Wikimedia commons)

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1. Complete the table below for aqueous solution of C6 H12O6 (glucose)
:

Mass Solute Moles Solute Volume of Molarity

Solution
A. ________ 1.62 L 1.08
B. 12.5 _____ 219 mL ________
C. 1.08 ________ 0.519

Activity 2. Complete the table to prepare the given solutions with different
concentrations:

Solutions Volume Solute (if Mass Solute Volume of Water

liquid to be added
A. 5 % by
volume , 25
mL HNO3
solution
 B. 1.5 molar,
50 mL nitric
acid solution
C. 20%, 50 mL
NaCl
solution

Activity 3. Calculate the following solution concentrations:

1. How many grams of glucose (C6H12 O6 ) would you need to prepare 2.0 L of
2% glucose solution (M/V) ?
2. A commercial bleach solution contains 3.62 mass percent NaOCl in
water.Calculate the molality of the solution.
3. A saline solution contains 0.90 g of NaCl per 100 mL of solution. What is
its molarity?

WRAP-UP
Complete the concept map below by filling up the boxes with the appropriate
concepts using the linking words/ phrases as guide on how these concepts are
related to one another.

Source: Chemistry Skills Builder and Exercises

 VALUING
Bleach is a strong and effective disinfectant, but it is readily inactivated in the
presence of organic material. Its active ingredient, sodium hypochlorite, is effective
in killing bacteria, fungi and viruses, including influenza virus. Diluted household
bleach disinfects within 10–60 minutes contact time , is widely available at a low
cost, and may be recommended for surface disinfection in healthcare facilities
Why is it necessary to know the accurate proportion in mixing bleach and water
in cleaning and disinfecting high-touch surfaces daily in household common areas
like tables, hard-backed chairs, doorknobs, light switches, or phones?
What are some ill effects of improper use of bleach in households cleaning?

POSTTEST
Choose the letter of the best answer:
1. It refers to the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or
solution.
A. Amount of solution C. concentration of solution
B. Component of solution D. content of solution
2. The number of moles of solute dissolved per dm3 of the solution is
A. Molality B. percentage C. concentration D. molarity
3. If 125 mL of 1.00 M NaOH is diluted to 1.00 L, the resulting solution contains
A. 0.125 mole of NaOH. C. 1.25 moles of NaOH
B. 1.00 mole of NaOH. D. 10.0 moles of NaOH
4. What is the mass percentage of NaCl in a solution containing 1.50 g of NaCl in
H 2O ?
A. 2.91 % B. 29.1 % C. 30% D. 30.29 %
5. The molarity of solution which contains 40 g urea dissolved in 500cm3 is
A. 1.2 M B. 1.389 M C. 1.334 M D. 1.5 M
 RE F E R E N C E S

Chang, Raymond. 2005. "Chemistry 8th Edition." NewYork: mc Graw Hill.

https://mcqlearn.com/chemistry/g9/concentration-units-mcqs.php. n.d.

https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/3-4-other-units-for-solution-concentrations/. n.d.
Accessed August 2020.

https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/wp-
content/uploads/sites/150/2016/05/CNX_Chem_03_05_faucet.jpg. n.d. Accessed August
2020.

Nudo, Leogarda P., Zaidy B. Mindo, Nenita T. Villamarin, and Jocelyn A. Prado. 2009. "Skill-
Booster.Com." Quezon City: Bookman Inc.